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provided by the manufacturers indicated that it was not intended to be used for longer than one year, the product was not investigated further. Because one of the aims of the project was to contribute to the conservation of industrial objects in Europe, any protection systems which were not widely available were not investigated further. A corrosion inhibitor, FPTS (3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole- 5-thione) was claimed to reduce the oxygen and chloride content of iron surfaces and showed promising results. However, because FPTS had been specially synthesized in the researchers’ laboratory and was not commercially available, it was not included in the screening [8]. Excellent wetting of metals is essential if they are to be protected against corrosion for prolonged periods. Protection systems based on non-drying oils which did not make good contact with steel during trial application were not investigated further. 18 materials met the specifications and were evaluated in the laboratory screening (table 1 and table 2). Application of protection systems Q panels type R (low carbon, cold-rolled steel panels with a dull finish and a thickness of 0.8 mm) are the standard substrates used to evaluate industrial coatings for vehicles. In addition, they have been used in earlier research projects at the National Museum of Denmark so were selected as the test substrate in the present project. Q panels were used as supplied immediately after degreasing with acetone. Because many of the published references stated that protection systems had been applied according to manufacturer’s instructions, a trial was made to determine the variation in film thicknesses achieved using such an approach. Conservators at the National Museum of Denmark prefer to apply treatments by brush to large objects that are situated outside and cannot be dismantled. Brushing is a slow process but the applied film thickness can be readily controlled and the health protection equipment required for brushing is generally less than that required for spraying where the area may have to be enclosed to also protect the public. Where there was a choice between application of the protection systems under investigation by brush, roller or spray, brush was selected unless the coating was supplied in an aerosol can, in which case it was sprayed. Each surface treatment protection system was applied at the concentration or dilution specified by the manufacturer using a 1 inch (2.5cm) flat bristle brush to three, freshly cleaned, pre-weighed Q panels. They were allowed to dry horizontally for 7 days at 18-20°C and 35-40% RH. The dry film thickness of each treatment was determined using a Fischer Dualscope MP4C probe. The instrument uses eddy currents to nondestructively measure the thickness of nonconductive coatings on ferrous metal substrates. A coil of fine wire conducting a high-frequency alternating current (above 1 MHz) is used to set up an alternating magnetic field at the surface of the instrument’s probe. When the probe is brought near a conductive surface, the alternating magnetic field will set up eddy currents on the surface. The substrate characteristics and the distance of the probe from the substrate (the coating thickness) affect the magnitude of the eddy currents. The probe was placed in 5 places on each panel, at least 1cm from edges to minimize the influence of edge thickening. The mean value given in microns was calculated (table 1). The thicknesses varied from less than 1 micron to 50 microns. To compare them equally, it was decided to apply all surface treatments so that they attained the same dry film thickness by adjusting the number of applications or concentration of material applied. Evaluation of protection systems The standard techniques used to evaluate industrial coatings were applied in this project. They include appearance, dry film thickness, adhesion, hardness and resistance of surfaces to corrosion. The electrochemical measurements include electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in which small perturbations in the electrical potential on a sample give an indication of how resistant the surface is to corrosion. EIS is a well established technique for examining the effectiveness of coatings and has been used by other researchers in 177
Table 1: Selected protection systems which meet the requirements of longevity, stability and health and safety according to literature sources. protection system description mean dry film thickness (microns) literature source Corroheat 4010 heat resistant, corrosion prevention giving a hard film 25.0 [2] Tectyl 506 rust preventative anticorrosive coating 23.2 [2] Ship-2-shore Industrial colourless liquid barrier coating-removable with water non-drying [6] SP400 long term indoor/outdoor corrosion inhibitor 24.1 [2] Rustilo 2000 dark brown solvent-based coating with corrosion 22.4 regularly used at National inhibitor Museum of Denmark Rustilo 3000 anticorrosive coating containing bitumen 25.0 regularly used at National Museum of Denmark VpCI-386 acrylic primer/ fast-drying, water-based acrylic primer/topcoat with 9.8 [5] topcoat corrosion inhibitors-non-toxic Tectyl Glashelder/Klar spray acrylic-based anticorrosive coating 22.6 www.eurodeal.<strong>dk</strong> Renaissance wax mixture of 100g Cosmoloid H80, 25g polyethylene wax 4.0 heated and thinned in 300mL hydrocarbon solvent [13] Cosmoloid H80 blend of microcrystalline waxes 5.5 [13] Tromm III WaxTeCerowax 30201 and TeCerowax 30401 (1:1) 20.0 [1] Paraloid B72 acrylic consolidant in solid form 7.0 [2] Perfluorodecyl iodide wetting additive-perfluoro compound (aliphatic) 6.8 (in Paraloid B72) [14] Dinitrol Car/4941 thixotropic corrosion preventive-forms tough, elastic, 49.9 regularly used at National black, waxy protective film on drying Museum of Denmark LPS3 soft, self-healing waxy film 23.1 www.itw-scan.com Poligen ES91009 wax (ethylene emulsion 24% in water) dries to film in 24 hours 6.8 [13] Frigilene cellulose nitrate lacquer dissolved in acetone 6.7 regularly used at National Museum of Denmark for silver Incralac acrylic blend with benzatriazole and ultraviolet stabilizer the conservation profession [2,9]. To date only the protection systems applied to bare Q panels have been evaluated. Evaluation of protection systems after application to pre-corroded panels will follow. Dry film thickness The dry film thickness of each coating was determined using a Fischer Dualscope MP4C probe as described previously. All surface treatments were applied so that they attained 20-25 microns by adjusting the number of applications or concentration of material applied (table 3). Coatings of less than 25 microns are known to offer poor protection to car bodies exposed to water, oxygen, salt and abrasion during their lifetimes [10]. However, because a single application of the waxes produced dry films 178 20.4 regularly used at National Museum of Denmark for silver thinner than one micron, it was impractical and time consuming to apply them thicker than 20 microns. Appearance Surface treatments were either colourless and transparent, gold and transparent or black and opaque (table 3, figure 2 and figure 3). All the goldcoloured coatings contained corrosion inhibitors which often impart a brown colouration. Treatments based on waxes did not form cohesive films and brushstrokes and crazing were visible with the naked eye (figure 4). The wetting agent, perfluorodecyl iodide, imparted a milkiness to Paraloid B72 on drying which indicated that they were poorly compatible. Vp CI-386 acrylic primer/topcoat, Tectyl Glashelder and Poligen ES91009 produced
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
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need tons of cans to fully understa
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one of the first to be industrializ
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manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
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have very similar characteristics;
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MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
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16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
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Table 1. Collections containing pla
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Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
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diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
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Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
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Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
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Contributions
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Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
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weaving, the imported machine spun
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Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
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Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
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22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
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The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
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Prior to the St Just Coast Project
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shaft. Considering the considerable
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In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
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Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
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Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
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Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
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The EWO is available on direct orde
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Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
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3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
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Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
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Flameproofed textiles in museums an
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y strong acidity created as an effe
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textile fibres, especially those of
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Cold storage as an alternative to m
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% of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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% of very brittle objects (3 hand f
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lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
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Preservation of sponsored films Int
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In the case of A & B rolls the diff
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Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
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Table 3 “The preservation route
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The scientific committee considered
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DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
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Developing a policy and procedure f
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at the (very) occasional public ope
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• the object’s current conditio
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Polymers in watches manufactured in
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as a result of the Watch Valley con
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Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
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of status of the watch is obvious i
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[26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
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Gramophones and Records - the first
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Record manufacturing process 1925-1
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Gramophones The reproducing machine
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Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
Page 128 and 129: USS Monitor conservation: preservin
Page 130 and 131: Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
Page 132 and 133: Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
Page 136: Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
Page 139 and 140: Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
Page 141 and 142: During its time in storage at the N
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
Page 145 and 146: [14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
Page 147 and 148: The instability of iron when subjec
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
Page 153 and 154: 5. Conservation options: Preserving
Page 156 and 157: Another look at painted finishes on
Page 158 and 159: the currency of the finishes. The w
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
Page 162 and 163: paint chips that are simulated with
Page 164 and 165: Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
Page 166 and 167: Industrially produced paint and the
Page 168 and 169: twentieth century. In the same peri
Page 170 and 171: table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
Page 172 and 173: Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
Page 174 and 175: Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
Page 176 and 177: Protection of iron and steel in ind
Page 180 and 181: Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
Page 182 and 183: Table 3: Application, appearance an
Page 184 and 185: Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
Page 186: 3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
Page 189 and 190: The choice of coating system depend
Page 191 and 192: Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
Page 194 and 195: Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
Page 196 and 197: Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
Page 198 and 199: Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
Page 200 and 201: problematic since the colliery clos
Page 202 and 203: Despite all our rational attempts a
Page 204 and 205: Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
Page 206 and 207: The conservation of a Victorian shi
Page 208 and 209: sold to the Falkland Islanders and
Page 210 and 211: Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
Page 212 and 213: Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
Page 214 and 215: Figure 21 View from bow after the w
Page 216: [3] Transactions of the Institute o
Page 219 and 220: 38 in total, included on the Norweg
Page 221 and 222: published a new version of their fi
Page 223 and 224: Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
Page 225 and 226: Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
Page 227 and 228: Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
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for us to think that the treatment
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certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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