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Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s packing seal and propeller shaft. [13] fastener heads were padded to prevent damage, and unique wrenches were fabricated for unusual fittings. To date, four components and seven fasteners have been removed from the ventilation engine. Components are removed as they become loose and are immediately treated. A specific disassembly goal is to separate the copper alloy components from the iron materials to prevent further galvanic corrosion. This has proved difficult despite the excellent condition of the copper alloy parts. The major treatment roadblock is the safe disassembly of components. Future work will focus on methods of removing corroded wrought iron fasteners from cast iron substrates and separating surfaces joined by rubber gaskets. End-point considerations such as replacement fasteners and fit tolerances will also be addressed before re-assembly is started. Packing Seal A complex 30-ton side-lever steam engine was the heart of Monitor’s propulsion system. It directly powered a wrought iron propeller shaft and 9-foot diameter cast iron propeller. The packing seal, also known as a gland seal or stuffing box, is a lesser known but important feature of the propulsion system. The packing seal was a water-tight sleeve around the shaft that prevented large volumes of water from leaking into the hull while allowing the propeller shaft to rotate freely. NOAA and Navy salvage divers recovered a Figure 9: Packing material and aft packing ring revealed by crack in cast iron. ten-foot section of Monitor’s wrought iron propeller shaft including the packing seal assembly in 2000. Monitor’s packing seal (Figure 8) consists of two ¾-inch diameter metal packing rings and a currently unidentified fibrous packing material, possibly oakum. [12] The rings and packing material are housed within two overlapping cast iron sleeves. The aft-most cast iron sleeve was originally fastened to Monitor’s hull with sixteen ¾-inch diameter bolts and overlaps the forward cast iron sleeve. The forward sleeve is bolted to the aft sleeve with four one-inch diameter bolts and four sets of double hex nuts. Monitor’s crew would compress the packing material within the sleeves by tightening the nuts. The packing seal section of the shaft packing seal assembly surrounds the aft-portion of recovered propeller shaft, which is composed of two 9-inch diameter shaft sections that are flanged and fastened with eight 2-inch bolts. The flanges surround a 19” x 2-1/2” x 1-1/2” wrought iron key, which prevented the bolts from fretting due to heavy torque and likely indicated flange and bolt alignment. Upon recovery in 1998, conservators used mechanical methods, including hammers, chisels, and pneumatic hand tools, to remove concreted sediment from the surface of the packing seal assembly. The combination of these methods was successful at removing the majority of concretion, and the process revealed details about the physical condition of the assembly. The 9-inch diameter wrought iron coupled shaft was visibly bent, approximately a few degrees off centerline. This likely occurred as a result of 133
Figure 10: 11-3/4” bolt removed from shaft flange. the wrecking process, during which the Monitor slammed stern-first into the seafloor. The majority of the deformation is aft of the bolted flange and in close proximity to the packing seal. In consequence, a 6-inch x 8-inch section of the aft cast iron packing sleeve fractured, revealing the aft packing ring and some packing material (Figure 9). The packing material is heavily impregnated with iron corrosion products and concreted sediment. Conservators have also utilized electrolytic reduction on the packing seal. The assembly currently rests in a 1.0% sodium hydroxide solution in de-ionized water, pH 12. The artifact is wired to a rectifier with stainless steel connections including threaded rods and alligator clips. The rectifier is also hooked to platinum-niobium wire anodes. An initial potential of -0.978 V vs. SHE proved effective at surface cleaning and reducing corrosion products. The artifact remains in electrolytic reduction, and chlorides continue to be released into the solution. Conservators opted to partially disassemble the shaft coupling. Prior to disassembly, conservators documented and reproduced the wrought iron nuts by molding them with an algae-based dental molding material. This material proved highly effective because it sets in a warm, wet environment, provides detail, and cures quickly. Conservators then used a commercial gypsum material to create casts of the individual nuts. Modern pipe wrenches and a chain wrench with rubber and canvas padding were used to remove the eight wrought iron nuts that secure the bolts to the flanged shaft assembly. The threads were well preserved even though the surfaces of the fasteners were highly corroded. Removal of a single bolt revealed well preserved inner metal surfaces that appeared unaffected by 138 years of immersion in salt water (Figure 10). Conservators decided not to separate the coupling because of the tight tolerances 134 between the two joined surfaces and the remaining fasteners, and they also opted against removing the cast iron packing gland because of the fragility of the graphitized cast iron. Treatment of the packing seal is now in its final stages of desalination before drying, surface coating and re-assembly. Conclusion Mariners’ Museum conservators have expanded their knowledge insight into the treatment of large industrial artifacts by documenting and treating the Worthington pumps, ventilation engine, and packing seal assembly. This process continues to provide insight into the materials and fabrication techniques used by Ericsson and other shipbuilders to expand the art of shipbuilding in the 19 th century while laying the groundwork for the next stage in the conservation of Monitor’s large mechanical components, including the condenser and vibrating side-lever steam engine. The general treatment method for large marinerecovered artifacts from Monitor includes many steps. Metal artifacts are stored in corrosion inhibiting solutions such as sodium hydroxide. Each object is then examined, documented, and investigated to better understand their composition and condition. Active treatment begins with manual and electrochemical removal of concretion and corrosion, followed by disassembly of component parts. Thorough desalination through chemical and electrochemical means is followed by dehydration, and application of protective coatings prior to reassembly and museum display. Experience in the treatment of these large marinerecovered industrial artifacts has demonstrated that a multitude of skills such as rigging, welding, plumbing, fabricating, electrical work, engineering, metallurgy, photography, and x-radiography are necessary to support the conservation effort. Substantial facilities are also required, including large volumes of chemicals and de-ionized water, rugged and flexible workspaces, cranes and rigging equipment, storage and treatment tanks, and artifact storage areas. The combination of these factors and good treatment practices are necessary when conserving large industrial artifacts.
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
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need tons of cans to fully understa
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one of the first to be industrializ
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manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
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have very similar characteristics;
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MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
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16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
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Table 1. Collections containing pla
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Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
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diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
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Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
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Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
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Contributions
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Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
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weaving, the imported machine spun
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Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
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Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
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22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
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The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
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Prior to the St Just Coast Project
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shaft. Considering the considerable
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In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
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Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
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Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
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Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
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The EWO is available on direct orde
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Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
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3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
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Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
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Flameproofed textiles in museums an
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y strong acidity created as an effe
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textile fibres, especially those of
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Cold storage as an alternative to m
Page 84 and 85: % of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 86 and 87: % of very brittle objects (3 hand f
Page 88 and 89: lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
Page 90 and 91: Preservation of sponsored films Int
Page 92 and 93: In the case of A & B rolls the diff
Page 94 and 95: Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
Page 96: Table 3 “The preservation route
Page 99 and 100: The scientific committee considered
Page 101 and 102: DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
Page 104 and 105: Developing a policy and procedure f
Page 106 and 107: at the (very) occasional public ope
Page 108 and 109: • the object’s current conditio
Page 110 and 111: Polymers in watches manufactured in
Page 112 and 113: as a result of the Watch Valley con
Page 114 and 115: Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
Page 116 and 117: of status of the watch is obvious i
Page 118 and 119: [26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
Page 120 and 121: Gramophones and Records - the first
Page 122 and 123: Record manufacturing process 1925-1
Page 124 and 125: Gramophones The reproducing machine
Page 126 and 127: Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
Page 128 and 129: USS Monitor conservation: preservin
Page 130 and 131: Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
Page 132 and 133: Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
Page 136: Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
Page 139 and 140: Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
Page 141 and 142: During its time in storage at the N
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
Page 145 and 146: [14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
Page 147 and 148: The instability of iron when subjec
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
Page 153 and 154: 5. Conservation options: Preserving
Page 156 and 157: Another look at painted finishes on
Page 158 and 159: the currency of the finishes. The w
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
Page 162 and 163: paint chips that are simulated with
Page 164 and 165: Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
Page 166 and 167: Industrially produced paint and the
Page 168 and 169: twentieth century. In the same peri
Page 170 and 171: table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
Page 172 and 173: Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
Page 174 and 175: Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
Page 176 and 177: Protection of iron and steel in ind
Page 178 and 179: provided by the manufacturers indic
Page 180 and 181: Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
Page 182 and 183: Table 3: Application, appearance an
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Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
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3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
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The choice of coating system depend
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Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
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Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
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Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
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Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
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problematic since the colliery clos
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Despite all our rational attempts a
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Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
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The conservation of a Victorian shi
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sold to the Falkland Islanders and
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Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
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Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
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Figure 21 View from bow after the w
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[3] Transactions of the Institute o
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38 in total, included on the Norweg
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published a new version of their fi
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Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
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Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
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Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
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for us to think that the treatment
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certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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