範疇文法による非構成素等位接続の分析
範疇文法による非構成素等位接続の分析
範疇文法による非構成素等位接続の分析
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kubota@ling.ohio-state.edu<br />
<br />
PD<br />
1 <br />
(1) <br />
(NCC) <br />
<br />
(1) <br />
Kageyama (1993); Mukai (2003); Fukui and Sakai (2003); Fujino (2008); Ito and Chaves (2008) <br />
<br />
(1) <br />
(2) <br />
<br />
(2) <br />
<br />
(<br />
) (3) <br />
NCC <br />
<br />
(3) <br />
Kuno (1978); Saito (1987); Abe and Hoshi (1997); Takano (2002) <br />
<br />
(1) <br />
Saito<br />
(1987) (1) (4) <br />
ATB <br />
(4) [[<br />
t i ] [<br />
t i ]] i<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(5) <br />
<br />
(<br />
) ((5) <br />
) (5) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
NCC <br />
<br />
(<br />
(3)(5) <br />
Kubota (2010) )
2 <br />
<br />
<br />
Takano (2002) <br />
(6) <br />
(internal reading)<br />
(<br />
<br />
) (6) <br />
<br />
(6) <br />
LF <br />
(6) (7) <br />
(7) (7) <br />
(8) <br />
<br />
(8) <br />
<br />
<br />
(<br />
) <br />
3 <br />
(Ajdukiewicz, 1935; Bar-Hillel, 1953) <br />
(i) <br />
(ii) (<br />
GB <br />
GPSGHPSGLFG <br />
) <br />
(<br />
) <br />
(<br />
<br />
Kubota (2010) <br />
) <br />
(Multi-Modal Categorial Grammar with Structured Phonology; MMCG+SP)<br />
(Kubota 2010) NCC <br />
3.1 <br />
3.1.1 <br />
MMCG+SP <br />
(9) <br />
<br />
( HPSG <br />
(sign) <br />
)<br />
(9) a. taroo-ga; t; NP n<br />
b. hanako-o; h; NP a<br />
c. mi-ta; see; NP a \NP n \S<br />
NPS <br />
(/)<br />
(\) <br />
<br />
S/NP NP S <br />
NP\S NP S (<br />
) <br />
(<br />
<br />
) (<br />
) <br />
(<br />
)
(10) a. Forward Slash Elimination<br />
b. Backward Slash Elimination<br />
a; ϕ; A/B b; ψ; B<br />
b; ψ; B a; ϕ; B\A<br />
a ◦ b; ϕ(ψ); A /E b ◦ a; ϕ(ψ); A \E<br />
(11) a. Forward Slash Introduction<br />
b. Backward Slash Introduction<br />
. .<br />
. .<br />
. .<br />
. .<br />
. . [p ; x; A] n . .<br />
. . [p ; x; A] n . .<br />
.<br />
. . .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. . .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. .<br />
. .<br />
b ◦ p ; ϕ; B<br />
p ◦ b; ϕ; B<br />
/I n \I n<br />
b; λx.ϕ; B/A<br />
b; λx.ϕ; A\B<br />
<br />
(1) <br />
( VP NP n \S <br />
<br />
◦ <br />
)<br />
(12)<br />
hanako-o; h; NP a [p; f; NP a \VP] 1<br />
\E<br />
. .<br />
taroo-ga; t; NP n<br />
hanako-o ◦ p; f(h); VP<br />
. .<br />
\E ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-o;<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o ◦ p; f(h)(t); S<br />
/I 1 λf.f(m)(j);<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o; λf.f(h)(t); S/(NP a \VP) S/(NP a \VP)<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-o; λf.f(h)(t) ∧ f(m)(j); S/(NP a \VP)<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-o ◦ mi-ta ; see(h)(t) ∧ see(m)(j); S<br />
& 1<br />
mi-ta; see;<br />
NP a \VP<br />
<br />
<br />
(12) <br />
(hypothetical reasoning)<br />
<br />
(12) (<br />
) <br />
1. <br />
p <br />
p S( )<br />
<br />
(<br />
; 3 )<br />
2. <br />
(NP a \VP) S <br />
S/(NP a \VP) ( ; 4 )<br />
3. <br />
S/(NP a \VP) (4 )<br />
4.<br />
S/(NP a \VP) <br />
S/(NP a \VP) (5 )<br />
5. <br />
( S/(NP a \VP)) <br />
( NP a \VP) <br />
<br />
S (6 )<br />
<br />
<br />
Dowty (1988) <br />
(type raising) (function composition)<br />
<br />
NCC <br />
3.1.2 <br />
<br />
/\ (|) <br />
Someone loves<br />
everyone <br />
(∀ > ∃) <br />
(13) a. Vertical Slash Introduction<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
[p ; x; A] n<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
b; ϕ; B<br />
λp.b; λx.ϕ; B|A<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
b. Vertical Slash Elimination<br />
a; ϕ; A b; ψ; B|A<br />
|I n b(a); ψ(ϕ); B |E<br />
/E
(14)<br />
loves;<br />
love;<br />
(NP\S)/NP [p; x; NP] 1<br />
[q; y; NP] 2 loves ◦ p; love(x); (NP\S) /E<br />
λP.P (someone);<br />
\E<br />
so;<br />
q ◦ loves ◦ p; love(x)(y); S<br />
|I 2<br />
S|(S|NP)<br />
λq.q ◦ loves ◦ p; λy.love(x)(y); S|NP<br />
λP.P (everyone);<br />
|E<br />
eo;<br />
someone ◦ loves ◦ p; so(λy.love(x)(y)); S<br />
|I 1<br />
S|(S|NP)<br />
λp. someone ◦ loves ◦ p; λx.so(λy.love(x)(y)); S|NP<br />
|E<br />
someone ◦ loves ◦ everyone; eo(λx.so(λy.love(x)(y))); S<br />
<br />
(13a) λ <br />
(<br />
<br />
(covert movement) <br />
) <br />
<br />
( ) <br />
<br />
Montague<br />
(1973) quantifying-inLF <br />
QR (May, 1985) <br />
<br />
λ <br />
Oehrle (1994) 3.2 <br />
3.2.1 <br />
<br />
NCC <br />
<br />
Takano (2002) <br />
right-node raising Abbott (1976) <br />
<br />
<br />
Barker (2007) (parasitic scope) <br />
Barker <br />
same <br />
same <br />
Barker <br />
λ <br />
Pollard (2009) the same<br />
(15) <br />
(15) λP λQλX.∃f[partial(f) ∧ constant(f) ∧ dom(f) = λx.x< a X ∧<br />
∀x[x ∈ dom(f) → [Q(f(x))(x) ∧ P (f(x))]]]<br />
<br />
The same waiter serverd John and Bill <br />
(16)<br />
.<br />
.<br />
john ◦ and ◦ bill;<br />
j ⊕ b;<br />
NP<br />
λq λP.P (the ◦ same ◦ q);<br />
same;<br />
((S|X )|((S|X )|NP))|N<br />
λP.P (the ◦ same ◦ waiter);<br />
same(waiter);<br />
(S|X )|((S|X )|NP)<br />
waiter;<br />
waiter;<br />
N<br />
|E<br />
served;<br />
serve;<br />
VP/NP [p; x; NP] 1<br />
[q; y; NP] 2 served ◦ p; serve(x); VP /E<br />
\E<br />
q ◦ served ◦ p; serve(x)(y); S<br />
λp.q ◦ served ◦ p; λx.serve(x)(y); S|NP |I1<br />
λqλp.q ◦ served ◦ p;<br />
λyλx.serve(x)(y);<br />
(S|NP)|NP<br />
λp. the ◦ same ◦ waiter ◦ served ◦ p; same(waiter)(λyλx.serve(x)(y)); S|NP<br />
the ◦ same ◦ waiter ◦ served ◦ john ◦ and ◦ bill; same(waiter)(λyλx.serve(x)(y))(j ⊕ b); S<br />
<br />
the same waiter <br />
(<br />
〈〈e, et〉, et〉) John and Bill<br />
<br />
same John and Bill <br />
(<br />
) <br />
|I 2<br />
|E<br />
|E
(17) <br />
(17) same(waiter)(λyλx.serve(x)(y))(j ⊕ b) =<br />
∃f[partial(f)∧constant(f)∧dom(f) = λx.x< a j⊕b∧∀x[x ∈ dom(f) → [serve(x)(f(x))∧<br />
waiter(f(x))]]]<br />
Barker <br />
same <br />
<br />
NCC (6) <br />
<br />
(18) (6) ( DTV TV <br />
NP d \NP a \NP n \S NP a \NP n \S <br />
)<br />
(18)<br />
[q; x; NP] 2 kasi-ta; lend; DTV<br />
[p; f; S/TV]<br />
hon-o;<br />
1 q ◦ kasi-ta; lend(x); TV \E<br />
/E<br />
book;<br />
p ◦ q ◦ kasi-ta; f(lend(x)); S<br />
|I<br />
N<br />
1<br />
λp. p ◦ q ◦ kasi-ta; λf.f(lend(x)); S|(S/TV)<br />
/E<br />
|I 2<br />
λqλp. p ◦ q ◦ kasi-ta; λxλf.f(lend(x));<br />
(S|(S/TV))|NP<br />
|E<br />
λp.p ◦ onazi ◦ hon-o ◦ kasi-ta; same(book)(λxλf.f(lend(x))); S|(S/TV)<br />
λq λP.P (onazi ◦ q); same;<br />
((S|X )|((S|X )|NP))|N<br />
λP.P (onazi ◦ hon-o); same(book);<br />
(S|X )|((S|X )|NP)<br />
taroo-ga; t; NP n<br />
hanako-ni; h; NP d [p; f; TV] 1<br />
hanako-ni ◦ p; f(h); VP \E<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ p; f(h)(t); S<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ p; f(h)(t); S<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni; λf.f(h)(t); S/TV<br />
\E<br />
PI<br />
/I 1 . .<br />
. .<br />
ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni; λf.f(j)(m); S/TV<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni; λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m); S/TV<br />
& 2<br />
.<br />
.<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni;<br />
λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m);<br />
S/TV<br />
.<br />
.<br />
λp.p ◦ onazi ◦ hon-o ◦ kasi-ta;<br />
same(λfλg.g(lend(x)));<br />
S|(S/TV)<br />
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni ◦ onazi ◦ hon-o ◦ kasi-ta;<br />
same(book)(λxλf.f(lend(x)))(λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m));<br />
S<br />
<br />
(19) <br />
〈 , 〉〈 , 〉<br />
<br />
<br />
(6) <br />
(19) same(book)(λxλf.f(lend(x)))(λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m)) =<br />
∃f[partial(f) ∧ constant(f) ∧ dom(f) = λg.g < a (λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m)) ∧<br />
∀g[g ∈ dom(f) → [g(lend(f(g))) ∧ book(f(g))]]]<br />
(6) <br />
<br />
<br />
3.2.2 <br />
<br />
<br />
(8) <br />
<br />
(20a) (20b) (<br />
<br />
Bach and Partee (1980); Carpenter (1997) <br />
(8)<br />
<br />
Kubota (2010) )<br />
|E
(20) a. λxλy.cause(y, dance-in-the-room-of(x, x))<br />
b. λyλx.cause(x, dance-in-the-room-of(y, x))<br />
(8) NCC <br />
<br />
(20a) (20b) <br />
<br />
<br />
4 <br />
<br />
(i) NCC <br />
<br />
(ii) NCC <br />
<br />
<br />
Abbott, Barbara (1976) “Right Node Raising as a Test for Constituenthood.”, Linguistic Inquiry., Vol. 7. pp.<br />
639–642.<br />
Abe, Jun and Hiroto Hoshi (1997) “Gapping and P-Stranding.”, Journal of East Asian Linguistics., Vol. 6.<br />
No. 1. pp. 101–136.<br />
Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz (1935) “Die Syntaktische Konnexität.”, In Storrs McCall. ed. Polish Logic 1920–1939.,<br />
Oxford University Press, pp. 207–231, Translated from Studia Philosophica, 1, 1–27.<br />
Bach, Emmon and Barbara Partee (1980) “Anaphora and Semantic Structure.”, In Kreiman, K.J. and<br />
A. Ojeda. eds. Papers From the Parasession on Pronouns and Anaphora., pp. 1–28, Chicago University,<br />
Chicago, Illinois. Chicago Linguistics Society.<br />
Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua (1953) “A Quasi-Arithmetic Notation for Syntactic Descriptions.”, Language., Vol. 29.<br />
pp. 47–58.<br />
Barker, Chris (2007) “Parasitic Scope.”, Linguistics and Philosophy., Vol. 30. pp. 407–444.<br />
Carpenter, Bob (1997) Type-Logical Semantics., Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.<br />
Dowty, David (1988) “Type Raising, Functional Composition, and Non-Constituent Coordination.”, In<br />
Richard T. Oehrle, Emmon Bach, and Deirdre Wheeler. eds. Categorial Grammars and Natural Language<br />
Structures., Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company., pp. 153–198.<br />
Fujino, Takeshi (2008) “Coordination and Backward Ellipsis in Japanese.”, ms., University of Tokyo.<br />
Fukui, Naoki and Hiromu Sakai (2003) “The Visibility Guideline for Functional Categories: Verb Raising in<br />
Japanese and Related Issues.”, Lingua., Vol. 113. pp. 321–375.<br />
Ito, Chizuru and Rui P. Chaves (2008) “Apparent Non-Constituent Coordination in Japanese.”, In Müller, Stefan.<br />
ed. The Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar.,<br />
pp. 95–115, Stanford. CSLI Publications.<br />
Kageyama, Taro (1993) Bunpoo to Go-Keisei (Grammar and Word Formation)., Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.<br />
Kubota, Yusuke (2010) “(In)flexibility of Constituency in Japanese in Multi-Modal Categorial Grammar with<br />
Structured Phonology.”, Ph.D. dissertation. , The Ohio State University.<br />
Kuno, Susumu (1978) “Japanese: A Characteristic OV Language.”, In Winfred Lehmann. ed. Syntactic Typology:<br />
Studies on the Phenomenonology of Language., Austin: University of Texas Press., pp. 57–138.<br />
May, Robert (1985) Logical Form: Its Structure and Derivation., Cambridge, Massacusetts: The MIT Press.<br />
Montague, Richard (1973) “The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English.”, In Jaakko Hintikka,<br />
Julius M.E. Moravcsik, and Patrick Suppes. eds. Approaches to Natural Language: Proceedings of the 1970<br />
Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics., Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel., pp. 221–242.<br />
Mukai, Emi (2003) “On Verbless Conjunction in Japanese.”, In Kadowaki, Makoto and Shigeto Kawahara.<br />
eds. Proceedings of NELS 33., pp. 205–224, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. GLSA.<br />
Oehrle, Richard T. (1994) “Term-Labeled Categorial Type Systems.”, Linguistics and Philosophy., Vol. 17.<br />
No. 6. pp. 633–678.<br />
Pollard, Carl (2009) “[Presentation on a Treatment of Parasitic Scope in a Categorial Grammar with ϕ-<br />
Labelling].”, Presentation at Synners meeting, May 27, 2009.<br />
Saito, Mamoru (1987) “Three Notes on Syntactic Movement in Japanese.”, In Takashi Imai and Mamoru<br />
Saito. eds. Issues in Japanese Linguistics., Dordrecht: Kluwer., pp. 301–350.<br />
Takano, Yuji (2002) “Surprising Constituents.”, Journal of East Asian Linguistics., Vol. 11. pp. 243–301.