範疇文法による非構成素等位接続の分析

kubota@ling.ohio-state.edu
PD
1
(1)
(NCC)
(1)
Kageyama (1993); Mukai (2003); Fukui and Sakai (2003); Fujino (2008); Ito and Chaves (2008)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(
) (3)
NCC
(3)
Kuno (1978); Saito (1987); Abe and Hoshi (1997); Takano (2002)
(1)
Saito
(1987) (1) (4)
ATB
(4) [[
t i ] [
t i ]] i
(5)
(
) ((5)
) (5)
NCC
(
(3)(5)
Kubota (2010) )

2
Takano (2002)
(6)
(internal reading)
(
) (6)
(6)
LF
(6) (7)
(7) (7)
(8)
(8)
(
)
3
(Ajdukiewicz, 1935; Bar-Hillel, 1953)
(i)
(ii) (
GB
GPSGHPSGLFG
)
(
)
(
Kubota (2010)
)
(Multi-Modal Categorial Grammar with Structured Phonology; MMCG+SP)
(Kubota 2010) NCC
3.1
3.1.1
MMCG+SP
(9)
( HPSG
(sign)
)
(9) a. taroo-ga; t; NP n
b. hanako-o; h; NP a
c. mi-ta; see; NP a \NP n \S
NPS
(/)
(\)
S/NP NP S
NP\S NP S (
)
(
) (
)
(
)

(10) a. Forward Slash Elimination
b. Backward Slash Elimination
a; ϕ; A/B b; ψ; B
b; ψ; B a; ϕ; B\A
a ◦ b; ϕ(ψ); A /E b ◦ a; ϕ(ψ); A \E
(11) a. Forward Slash Introduction
b. Backward Slash Introduction
. .
. .
. .
. .
. . [p ; x; A] n . .
. . [p ; x; A] n . .
.
. . .
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
. .
. .
b ◦ p ; ϕ; B
p ◦ b; ϕ; B
/I n \I n
b; λx.ϕ; B/A
b; λx.ϕ; A\B
(1)
( VP NP n \S
◦
)
(12)
hanako-o; h; NP a [p; f; NP a \VP] 1
\E
. .
taroo-ga; t; NP n
hanako-o ◦ p; f(h); VP
. .
\E ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-o;
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o ◦ p; f(h)(t); S
/I 1 λf.f(m)(j);
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o; λf.f(h)(t); S/(NP a \VP) S/(NP a \VP)
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-o; λf.f(h)(t) ∧ f(m)(j); S/(NP a \VP)
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-o ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-o ◦ mi-ta ; see(h)(t) ∧ see(m)(j); S
& 1
mi-ta; see;
NP a \VP
(12)
(hypothetical reasoning)
(12) (
)
1.
p
p S( )
(
; 3 )
2.
(NP a \VP) S
S/(NP a \VP) ( ; 4 )
3.
S/(NP a \VP) (4 )
4.
S/(NP a \VP)
S/(NP a \VP) (5 )
5.
( S/(NP a \VP))
( NP a \VP)
S (6 )
Dowty (1988)
(type raising) (function composition)
NCC
3.1.2
/\ (|)
Someone loves
everyone
(∀ > ∃)
(13) a. Vertical Slash Introduction
.
.
.
.
.
.
[p ; x; A] n
.
.
.
.
.
b; ϕ; B
λp.b; λx.ϕ; B|A
.
.
.
b. Vertical Slash Elimination
a; ϕ; A b; ψ; B|A
|I n b(a); ψ(ϕ); B |E
/E

(14)
loves;
love;
(NP\S)/NP [p; x; NP] 1
[q; y; NP] 2 loves ◦ p; love(x); (NP\S) /E
λP.P (someone);
\E
so;
q ◦ loves ◦ p; love(x)(y); S
|I 2
S|(S|NP)
λq.q ◦ loves ◦ p; λy.love(x)(y); S|NP
λP.P (everyone);
|E
eo;
someone ◦ loves ◦ p; so(λy.love(x)(y)); S
|I 1
S|(S|NP)
λp. someone ◦ loves ◦ p; λx.so(λy.love(x)(y)); S|NP
|E
someone ◦ loves ◦ everyone; eo(λx.so(λy.love(x)(y))); S
(13a) λ
(
(covert movement)
)
( )
Montague
(1973) quantifying-inLF
QR (May, 1985)
λ
Oehrle (1994) 3.2
3.2.1
NCC
Takano (2002)
right-node raising Abbott (1976)
Barker (2007) (parasitic scope)
Barker
same
same
Barker
λ
Pollard (2009) the same
(15)
(15) λP λQλX.∃f[partial(f) ∧ constant(f) ∧ dom(f) = λx.x< a X ∧
∀x[x ∈ dom(f) → [Q(f(x))(x) ∧ P (f(x))]]]
The same waiter serverd John and Bill
(16)
.
.
john ◦ and ◦ bill;
j ⊕ b;
NP
λq λP.P (the ◦ same ◦ q);
same;
((S|X )|((S|X )|NP))|N
λP.P (the ◦ same ◦ waiter);
same(waiter);
(S|X )|((S|X )|NP)
waiter;
waiter;
N
|E
served;
serve;
VP/NP [p; x; NP] 1
[q; y; NP] 2 served ◦ p; serve(x); VP /E
\E
q ◦ served ◦ p; serve(x)(y); S
λp.q ◦ served ◦ p; λx.serve(x)(y); S|NP |I1
λqλp.q ◦ served ◦ p;
λyλx.serve(x)(y);
(S|NP)|NP
λp. the ◦ same ◦ waiter ◦ served ◦ p; same(waiter)(λyλx.serve(x)(y)); S|NP
the ◦ same ◦ waiter ◦ served ◦ john ◦ and ◦ bill; same(waiter)(λyλx.serve(x)(y))(j ⊕ b); S
the same waiter
(
〈〈e, et〉, et〉) John and Bill
same John and Bill
(
)
|I 2
|E
|E

(17)
(17) same(waiter)(λyλx.serve(x)(y))(j ⊕ b) =
∃f[partial(f)∧constant(f)∧dom(f) = λx.x< a j⊕b∧∀x[x ∈ dom(f) → [serve(x)(f(x))∧
waiter(f(x))]]]
Barker
same
NCC (6)
(18) (6) ( DTV TV
NP d \NP a \NP n \S NP a \NP n \S
)
(18)
[q; x; NP] 2 kasi-ta; lend; DTV
[p; f; S/TV]
hon-o;
1 q ◦ kasi-ta; lend(x); TV \E
/E
book;
p ◦ q ◦ kasi-ta; f(lend(x)); S
|I
N
1
λp. p ◦ q ◦ kasi-ta; λf.f(lend(x)); S|(S/TV)
/E
|I 2
λqλp. p ◦ q ◦ kasi-ta; λxλf.f(lend(x));
(S|(S/TV))|NP
|E
λp.p ◦ onazi ◦ hon-o ◦ kasi-ta; same(book)(λxλf.f(lend(x))); S|(S/TV)
λq λP.P (onazi ◦ q); same;
((S|X )|((S|X )|NP))|N
λP.P (onazi ◦ hon-o); same(book);
(S|X )|((S|X )|NP)
taroo-ga; t; NP n
hanako-ni; h; NP d [p; f; TV] 1
hanako-ni ◦ p; f(h); VP \E
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ p; f(h)(t); S
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ p; f(h)(t); S
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni; λf.f(h)(t); S/TV
\E
PI
/I 1 . .
. .
ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni; λf.f(j)(m); S/TV
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni; λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m); S/TV
& 2
.
.
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni;
λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m);
S/TV
.
.
λp.p ◦ onazi ◦ hon-o ◦ kasi-ta;
same(λfλg.g(lend(x)));
S|(S/TV)
taroo-ga ◦ hanako-ni ◦ ziroo-ga ◦ mitiko-ni ◦ onazi ◦ hon-o ◦ kasi-ta;
same(book)(λxλf.f(lend(x)))(λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m));
S
(19)
〈 , 〉〈 , 〉
(6)
(19) same(book)(λxλf.f(lend(x)))(λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m)) =
∃f[partial(f) ∧ constant(f) ∧ dom(f) = λg.g < a (λf.f(h)(t) ⊕ λf.f(j)(m)) ∧
∀g[g ∈ dom(f) → [g(lend(f(g))) ∧ book(f(g))]]]
(6)
3.2.2
(8)
(20a) (20b) (
Bach and Partee (1980); Carpenter (1997)
(8)
Kubota (2010) )
|E

(20) a. λxλy.cause(y, dance-in-the-room-of(x, x))
b. λyλx.cause(x, dance-in-the-room-of(y, x))
(8) NCC
(20a) (20b)
4
(i) NCC
(ii) NCC
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