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INSIGHT TAROM Prim\var\/Spring 2007 35 „Apocalypto“, regizat de Mel Gibson, este un film despre o realitate uitat\ /“Apocalypto“, directed by Mel Gibson, is a movie about a forgotten reality Ora[ele maya[e se `ntindeau pe teritoriile a cinci state din zilele noastre: Mexic, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize [i El Salvador. Ruinele din jungla tropical\ au fost cunoscute doar de b\[tina[i p‚n\ `n 1839, c‚nd scriitorul John Lloyd Stephens [i arhitectul Frederick Catherwood au vizitat Copan, Palenque [i alte situri. C‚]iva ani mai t‚rziu, Alfred Maudslay a realizat primele fotografii ce dezv\luiau sofisticata arhitectur\ [i sistemul de scriere ale culturii maya. Dup\ colonizarea spaniol\, `n 1562, franciscanul Diego de Landa a ars toate c\r]ile maya, consider‚ndu-le „supersti]ii [i cuvinte ale diavolului“. S-au p\strat fragmente, la Dresda, Paris, Madrid, Mexico City. Au supravie]uit c‚teva scrieri importante despre obiceiurile, `mbr\c\mintea [i stilul de via]\ ale maya[ilor. ORA{ELE, CA FLORI ALE P|DURII ~ntre 250 [i 900 d.Hr., cultura maya a cunoscut o puternic\ dezvoltare a arhitecturii monumentale, a creat o art\ rafinat\, matematica, propriul sistem de scriere, cuno[tin]e avansate de astronomie. Ora[ele au `nflorit `n p\durea tropical\. Maya[ii erau agricultori pricepu]i [i artizani, dar [i adep]i ai practicilor brutale. ~ntre sacrificiile `nchinate zeilor, fiin]ele umane erau ofrande supreme [i reveneau frecvent, cu speran]a c\ zeii pot fi domoli]i `n vremurile tumultuoase. Templele piramidale `n trepte sunt decorate cu sculpturi, basoreliefuri [i picturi sofisticate, cu o extraordinar\ fine]e [i precizie a detaliilor. Una dintre cele dou\ picturi murale ce au rezistat timpului - o scen\ din mitul crea]iei, cu un zeu central, a fost numit\ „Capela Sixtin\ a culturii maya[e“. Pentru monumentalele cl\diri, colorate `n ro[u [i alb, erau adu[i mii de sclavi. Ei defri[au sute de hectare de p\dure, aprinz‚nd focuri imense, necesare ob]inerii cimentului din argil\. ~n 1952 a fost descoperit primul morm‚nt `ntr-o piramid\, morm‚ntul regelui Pacal. Pe capacul sarcofagului era povestit\ c\l\toria sa c\tre zeii Maya cities spread over what nowadays is the territory of five countries: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize and El Salvador. The ruins in the rainforests were known only by the locals until 1839, when writer John Lloyd Stephens and architect Frederick Catherwood visited Copan, Palenque and other sites. A couple of years later, Alfred Maydslay took the first photos that revealed the sophisticated architecture and the writing system of the Maya culture. After the Spanish colonization in 1562, a Franciscan monk, Diedo de Landa, burned all Maya books, considering them full of “superstitions and words of the devil“. Fragments were preserved in Dresden, Paris, Madrid and Mexico City. Several important writings about the Maya customs, clothes and lifestyle also survived. Sacrificiul. Reprezentare / The sacrifice. Representation CITIES AS FLOWERS OF THE FOREST Between 250 and 900 BC, Maya culture spawned a great deal of monumental architecture, it created a sophisticated form of art, mathematics, its own system of written communication, and developed an advanced knowledge of astronomy. Cities flourished in the tropical forest. The Maya were skilled farmers and craftsmen, but also followers of brutal practices. Among the sacrifices made for their gods, human beings were supreme and frequently offered in hopes the gods would be appeased during troubled times. The stepped pyramid temples are decorated with sculptures, bas-relief carvings and sophisticated paintings that exhibit an extraordinary fineness and precision of details. One of the two mural paintings that stood the test of time - a scene depicting the creation, having a god at the center, has been called “the Sistine Chapel of Maya culture“. Thousands of slaves were brought for the construction of the monumental buildings, painted in red and white. These slaves would clear hundreds of hectares of forest and light huge fires that were necessary for obtaining the hardened clay. The first tomb in a pyramid, ® ®
DISCOVERY 36 ® Subteranului, despre care se credea c\ are nou\ ® niveluri. Dup\ asfin]it, zeul Soarelui se transforma `n jaguar. Trupul ne`nsufle]it era `nf\[urat `n p‚nz\ de bumbac [i acoperit cu vopsea ro[ie - suger‚nd s‚ngele, esen]a vie]ii. Masca de jad reprezenta „fa]a pentru restul eternit\]ii“. CALENDARUL - FASCINA}IE {I AMENIN}ARE Sistemul calendarului maya este extrem de complex [i chiar mai exact dec‚t cel pe care `l folosim ast\zi. Observa]iile preo]ilor-astronomi erau notate `n codexuri ce cuprindeau calcule exacte ale mi[c\rii Soarelui, Lunii [i altor planete. Templele, ridicate dup\ cercet\ri minu]ioase, marcau solsti]iul sau echinoc]iul. La Chichen Itza, cel mai important ora[ maya[ din peninsula Yucatan, sute de oameni se str‚ng anual, `n timpul echinoc]iului de toamn\, pentru a observa cum razele soarelui iau forma unui [arpe pe treptele piramidei dedicate zeului Quetzacoatl. Calendarul `ncepe cu 11 august 3114 `.Hr. [i ]ine p‚n\ la 20 decembrie 2012 d.Hr., c‚nd un eveniment major va pune cap\t celei de-a 13-a perioade de 400 de ani, dar nu va aduce sf‚r[itul lumii. „Pentru ei era foarte limpede c\ societatea urma s\ se ridice [i s\ decad\. Profe]ie sau nu, le era clar c\ exista o perioad\ de 400-500 de ani `n care o societate putea prospera `nainte ca totul s\ se pr\bu[easc\“, spune exploratorul Richard D. Hansen, cel care l-a ajutat pe Mel Gibson la realizarea filmului „Apocalypto“. Imagine din filmul „Apocalypto“ Image from “Apocalypto“ movie home to the remains of King Pacal, was discovered in 1952. The lid of his coffin told the story of his journey towards the gods of the Underworld, which was thought to have two levels. After sunset, the Sun God would turn into a Jaguar. The lifeless body was wrapped in a cotton cloth and covered in red paint - suggesting blood, the essence of life. A jade mask represented “the face for the rest of eternity“. THE CALENDAR - FASCINATION AND THREAT The system of the Maya calendar is extremely complex and even more exact than the one in use today. The observations of the priests-astronomers were noted in codices which included exact calculations of the movement of the Sun, the Moon and other planets. The temples, erected following detailed research, marked the solstice or the equinox. Hundreds of people gather annually in Chichen Itza, the most important Maya town on the Yucatan peninsula, to see how the rays of the sun take the form of a snake on the steps of the pyramid dedicated to the god Quetzacoatl. The Maya calendar began on August 11, 3114 BC and ends December 20, 2012 AD, when a major event is to end the 13 th 400-year period, not necessarily bringing about the end of the world, but rather a new beginning. “For them it was very clear that society was to rise and fall. Whether it was a prophecy or not, it was clear for them that there was a period of 400-500 years in which a society could prosper before everything would crumble,“ says explorer Richard D. Hansen, who helped Mel Gibson for the film “Apocalypto.“ DEC|DEREA {I „APOCALYPTO“ „Cercet\torii cred c\ problemele grave cu care s-a confruntat civiliza]ia maya sunt similare cu cele ale societ\]ii din zilele noastre: degradarea mediului, consumul excesiv, corup]ia politic\“, spune scriitorul Rahad Safinia, care i-a fost al\turi regizorului Mel Gibson la documentarea pentru filmul „Apocalypto“. Pentru ca spectatorul s\ p\trund\ `n lumea misterioas\ a str\vechii civiliza]ii, Gibson a folosit actori amatori, unii chiar cu r\d\cini maya[e. Completate de folosirea limbii maya din Yucatan [i de machiaj, personajele exceleaz\ prin expresivitate [i realism. Interpre]ii au fost ajuta]i de nativii din Yucatan s\ deprind\ pronun]ia corect\, iar debutantul Rudy Youngblood (Jaguar Paw) [i-a f\cut singur cascadoriile. Probabil c\ nu a existat o singur\ cauz\ a pr\bu[irii civiliza]iei maya, ci o serie nefast\: defri[area, problemele climaterice, r\zboaiele, bolile, pierderea c\ilor comerciale. Pe m\sur\ ce ora[ele se dezvoltau, puterea politic\ a regalit\]ii [i a preo]ilor sporea. Conduc\torii controlau resursele [i manipulau popula]ia prin fric\, umilire [i venerare. Cei puternici cereau f\r\ `ncetare mai mult [i mai bine. Aceast\ cre[tere de dragul cre[terii trebuia s\ aib\ un pre] - c\derea uneia dintre cele mai mari civiliza]ii pe care le-a cunoscut omenirea. La `nceputul secolului XXI existau [ase milioane de maya[i, `n c‚teva state din America Central\. O parte s-au integrat `n lumea modern\. Al]ii continu\ s\ tr\iasc\ conform tradi]iilor de secole, maya fiind limba lor matern\. Ast\zi, chiar [i jaguarul, alt\dat\ venerat ca o mare putere `n cultura maya, este `n primejdie... ∫ THE DECLINE AND “APOCALYPTO“ “Researchers believe that the serious problems faced by the Maya civilization are similar to those in present society: the degradation of the environment, excessive consumption and political corruption“, says writer Rahad Safinia, who helped Mel Gibson with the documentation for the film “Apocalypto.“ For the spectator to be able to enter the mysterious world of the ancient civilization, Gibson used amateur actors, some even with Maya roots. Their use of the Mayan dialect spoken in Yukatan, as well as makeup, added to the expressiveness and realism of the characters. The performers were helped to learn the correct pronunciation and newcomer Rudy Youngblood (Jaguar Paw) performed his own stunts. There probably was not one cause for the fall of the Maya civilization, but an ill-fated series of occurrences: deforestation, climate change, wars, disease, the loss of commercial practices. As the towns became increasingly developed, the political power of the ruling family and the priests enlarged. The rulers controlled the resources and manipulated the population through fear, humiliation and worship. The strong and powerful would continually ask for more and better things. This development simply for the sake of developing came with a price - the fall of one of the greatest civilizations the world has known. At the beginning of the 21 th century there were 6 million Maya in Mexico and several countries in Central America. Some of them adapted to the modern world. Others continue to live according to century-old traditions, Maya being their mother tongue. Today, even the jaguar, once worshiped as a great power in the Maya culture, is in danger... ∫
Page 2 and 3: ITINERARII COLABORATORI Air Treks C
Page 4 and 5: VIP 6 PInterviu cu / Interview with
Page 6 and 7: ITINERARII Air Treks 8 Cluj beneath
Page 8 and 9: ITINERARII Air Treks 10 ® nic\ - s
Page 10 and 11: ITINERARII Air Treks 14 MUNCHENMUNI
Page 12 and 13: ITINERARII Air Treks 16 Vedere pano
Page 14 and 15: JURNAL DE VACAN}| Holiday Diary 20
Page 16 and 17: INTERVIU Interview 24 By Diana Boic
Page 18 and 19: INTERVIU Interview 26 ® Chapman, G
Page 20 and 21: INTERVIU Interview 28 Trei stele al
Page 22 and 23: EXPLORATOR Explorer 30 ZEUS ~{I ~ND
Page 24 and 25: EXPLORATOR Explorer 32 ® urma mea,
Page 28 and 29: CAMPIONII The Champions 38 By Otili
Page 30 and 31: CAMPIONII The Champions 40 Bunicii
Page 32 and 33: COVER STORY 44 „Am vrut s\ `napoi
Page 34 and 35: COVER STORY 46 „Am sim]it o feric
Page 36 and 37: BUCURE{TIUL REDESCOPERIT Bucharest
Page 38 and 39: BUCURE{TIUL REDESCOPERIT Bucharest
Page 40 and 41: OBICEIURI Customs 56 Domni[oara [i
Page 42 and 43: OBICEIURI Customs 58 BRADUL, PENTRU
Page 44 and 45: LOCURI DE POPAS Peaceful Retreats 6
Page 46 and 47: LOCURI DE POPAS Peaceful Retreats 6
Page 48: BANI & AFACERI Money & Business ADV
Page 51: ITINERARII FOCUS TAROM Air Treks 72
Page 55 and 56: INSIGHT TAROM Prim\var\/Spring 2007
Page 67: INSIGHT TAROM Prim\var\/Spring 2007

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