Transformer models in EMTP/ATP
Transformer models in EMTP/ATP
Transformer models in EMTP/ATP
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<strong>Transformer</strong> <strong>models</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>EMTP</strong>/<strong>ATP</strong><br />
Okt 29, 2012, Bp<br />
S<strong>in</strong>gle phase <strong>Transformer</strong><br />
Ac<br />
i 1<br />
i 2<br />
+<br />
N<br />
V<br />
1 +<br />
1 V 2<br />
-<br />
N 2<br />
-<br />
ϕ
Core design of 3-phase transformers<br />
Triplex core (3 x s<strong>in</strong>gle phase trf)<br />
3-legged stacked core<br />
5-legged stacked core<br />
3/ 19<br />
11/6/2012<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong> <strong>models</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>ATP</strong>Draw<br />
• Saturable <strong>Transformer</strong><br />
• BCTRAN<br />
• Hybrid <strong>Transformer</strong><br />
BCT<br />
Y<br />
Y<br />
Y<br />
Z<br />
SAT<br />
XFMR<br />
• Ideal<br />
n:<br />
1<br />
P S<br />
YY<br />
4/ 19<br />
11/6/2012
<strong>Transformer</strong> <strong>models</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>ATP</strong>Draw<br />
Selection Object name <strong>ATP</strong> card Description<br />
Ideal 1 phase TRAFO_I SOURCE S<strong>in</strong>gle-phase ideal transformer.<br />
type 18<br />
Ideal 3 phase TRAFO_I3 SOURCE<br />
type 18<br />
3-phase ideal transformer.<br />
Saturable<br />
1 phase<br />
TRAFO_S<br />
BRANCH<br />
TRANSFORMER<br />
S<strong>in</strong>gle-phase saturable transformer.<br />
Saturable<br />
3 phase<br />
SATTRAFO<br />
≥v. 4.0<br />
BRANCH<br />
TRANSFORMER<br />
General saturable transformer.<br />
3-phase. 2 or 3 w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs. All phaseshifts,<br />
zigzag- and Auto-coupl<strong>in</strong>gs. High<br />
and low reluctance <strong>models</strong>.<br />
# Sat. Y/Y<br />
3-leg<br />
TRAYYH_3<br />
BRANCH<br />
TRANSFORMER<br />
THREE PHASE<br />
3-phase saturable transformer. High<br />
homopolar reluct. (3-leg). 3-ph node.<br />
Preprocess<strong>in</strong>g of manufacturer data.<br />
5/ 19<br />
BCTRAN BCTRAN BRANCH<br />
Type 1...9<br />
Hybrid model XFRM BRANCH<br />
Type 1...9<br />
Direct support of Bctran transformer<br />
matrix model<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Advanced model based on: Design, test<br />
report or typical values. Direct calculation<br />
of the A-matrix. Sophisticated core<br />
model.<br />
11/6/2012<br />
Saturable <strong>Transformer</strong><br />
H1<br />
R1<br />
X1<br />
R2<br />
X2<br />
X1<br />
Rmag<br />
Xmag<br />
H2<br />
X2<br />
H3<br />
X3<br />
H0<br />
Wye - Delta <strong>Transformer</strong>
Saturable <strong>Transformer</strong> Model<br />
• Uses a star-circuit representation<br />
• User could <strong>in</strong>clude saturation data<br />
• Good for s<strong>in</strong>gle-phase transformers<br />
• Should not be used for 3-phase high<br />
reluctance transformers (if no delta w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
present)<br />
• The model requires the follow<strong>in</strong>g data:<br />
The voltage rat<strong>in</strong>g of each w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g (w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g!)<br />
The leakage impedance of each w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
The transformer connectivity <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
BCTRAN<br />
• Admittance matrix model<br />
• Represents a l<strong>in</strong>ear relationship between the primary<br />
and secondary voltages and currents<br />
• [R] and [ωL] -1 must be separated<br />
• BCTRAN support<strong>in</strong>g rout<strong>in</strong>e generates 3-phase<br />
coupled R-L {Type 1,2,3,... .PCH file}<br />
• Data Required<br />
MVA rat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Nom<strong>in</strong>al L-L voltage (term<strong>in</strong>al and not! w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
W<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g connections<br />
Short circuit impedances, losses<br />
No-load current and loss
Magnetiz<strong>in</strong>g core model<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Must be considered <strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g studies<br />
• <strong>Transformer</strong> energization studies<br />
• Load rejection studies<br />
• Switch<strong>in</strong>g of transformer term<strong>in</strong>ated l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
• Ferroresonance studies<br />
• CT saturation<br />
• CCVT model<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• No-load losses <strong>in</strong>clude:<br />
• Eddy current loss and<br />
• Hysteresis loss<br />
• Could be represented with a resistance Rm <strong>in</strong> parallel with the<br />
nonl<strong>in</strong>ear magnetiz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ductance, or<br />
• As external, nonl<strong>in</strong>ear (hysteretic) <strong>in</strong>ductance connected to a<br />
low voltage w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Hybrid model - XFMR<br />
• The user can construct the transformer model on<br />
three sources of data:<br />
– Design parameter: specify geometry and material<br />
parameters of the core and w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
– Test report: standard transformer tests.<br />
– Typical values: typical values based on the voltage and<br />
power rat<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
• The model <strong>in</strong>cludes:<br />
– an <strong>in</strong>verse <strong>in</strong>ductance matrix for the leakage description,<br />
– frequency dependent w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g resistance,<br />
– capacitive coupl<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
– and a topologically correct core model with <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
saturation and losses <strong>in</strong> legs and yokes.<br />
10 / 19<br />
11/6/2012
Hybrid transformer model<br />
BCTRAN<br />
11 / 19<br />
11/6/2012<br />
Hybrid transformer model<br />
12 / 50<br />
11/6/2012
W<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g resistance R(f)<br />
• Their dependence on the frequency is due to<br />
- Sk<strong>in</strong> effects<br />
- Proximity effects<br />
- Eddy currents<br />
• The frequency-dependency of R is represented us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Foster equivalent circuit (two cells)<br />
13 / 19<br />
11/6/2012<br />
Capacitive effects<br />
• Capacitances between high and low voltage w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
and core<br />
• Capacitance between high voltage phases, outer legs,<br />
and grounded elements<br />
14 / 19<br />
11/6/2012
Core representation<br />
• Attached to the fictitious N+1th w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Topologically “correct” core model, with<br />
nonl<strong>in</strong>ear <strong>in</strong>ductances represent<strong>in</strong>g<br />
each leg and limb<br />
– Triplex<br />
– 3- and 5-legged core<br />
• Flux l<strong>in</strong>kage-current relation by Frolich<br />
equation and relative lengths and<br />
areas.<br />
• Fitt<strong>in</strong>g to Test Report<br />
λ<br />
i<br />
λ =<br />
a'<br />
+ b'<br />
⋅|<br />
i |<br />
i<br />
R o<br />
L l R l<br />
L o<br />
R y<br />
L y<br />
L l R l<br />
R y<br />
L y<br />
L l R l<br />
R o<br />
L o<br />
15 / 19<br />
11/6/2012<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong> model<strong>in</strong>g at high<br />
frequency<br />
• <strong>Transformer</strong> <strong>models</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>EMTP</strong> are valid for<br />
frequencies up to 2 kHz<br />
• To study phenomena with characteristic frequency <strong>in</strong><br />
range of 2 - 30 kHz, capacitive coupl<strong>in</strong>g among<br />
w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs and to ground must be added<br />
• Above 30 kHz a more detailed representation of<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternal w<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g arrangement is required<br />
– Interw<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>terturn/disks capacitances must be taken<br />
<strong>in</strong>to account<br />
• Above 100 kHz the presence of ferromagnetic<br />
material has just secondary importance.
<strong>Transformer</strong> model<strong>in</strong>g guidel<strong>in</strong>es<br />
PARAMETER/<br />
EFFECT<br />
Low Frequency<br />
Transients<br />
Slow Front<br />
Transients<br />
Fast Front<br />
Transients<br />
Very Fast Front<br />
Transients<br />
Short-circuit<br />
impedance<br />
Very important Very important Important Negligible<br />
Saturation<br />
Very important<br />
Very<br />
Important (1)<br />
Negligible<br />
Negligible<br />
Iron losses Important (2) Important Negligible Negligible<br />
Eddy currents Very important Important Negligible Negligible<br />
Capacitive<br />
coupl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Negligible<br />
Important<br />
Very<br />
important<br />
Very important<br />
(1) Only for transformer energization phenomena, otherwise important<br />
(2) Only for resonance phenomena<br />
17 / 19<br />
11/6/2012<br />
Application: CT model<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ip’ Rp Lp Rs Ls<br />
Es<br />
is<br />
im<br />
imr<br />
Rm<br />
imx<br />
Lm<br />
Rl<br />
18 / 19<br />
11/6/2012
Application: CCVT model<strong>in</strong>g<br />
HV Bus Bar<br />
C<br />
1<br />
LC<br />
SDT<br />
C<br />
2<br />
LP<br />
FSC<br />
ZB<br />
PLC<br />
L d<br />
19 / 19<br />
11/6/2012