Nuclear Proliferation TechnologyTrends Analysis - International ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PNNL-14480 Technology Sufficient Technology Level Critical Materials Header piping systems Vacuum systems Shut-off and control valves Arrays of pipes > 5 cm in diameter. Made of or lined with UF 6 resistant materials, normally of the double header system type, fabricated to very high vacuum and cleanliness standards, for handling UF 6 within the gaseous diffusion cascades Large vacuum manifolds, vacuum headers, and vacuum suction pumps having a suction capacity of 5m 3 /min or more. UF 6 corrosion-resistant positive displacement vacuum pumps that may have special working fluids. Manually or automatically operated, 5 mm or greater in nominal size, made of UF 6 –resistant materials. Materials resistant to UF 6 including stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, nickel, or alloys containing > 60% nickel. Aluminum, nickel or alloys containing > 60% nickel. Hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon vacuum pump oils. UF 6 resistant materials. Bellows seals instead of packing glands because a bellow seal is the more effective technology. Unique Test, Production, and Inspection Equipment None identified None identified None identified Unique Software and Parameters None identified None identified None identified Product storage and sampling cylinders Cylinders designed for operation up to 30 atmospheres, with appropriate diameter and length to avoid criticality with HEU Valves and connectors resistant to corrosion None identified None identified form UF 6 Table 1 Technologies and components used in gaseous diffusion enrichment facilities (cont) 6
PNNL -14480 Technology Barrier Materials Diffuser Housings Gas Blowers and Compressors Rotary Shaft Seals Heat Exchangers Feed Systems Product and Tail Withdrawal systems Vacuum Systems Shutoff and Control Systems Product Storage and Sampling Cylinders Technical Issues Fabrication of barrier. Maintain fine pore size, high permeability, and structural integrity over long periods of operation. Control non-separative flow mechanisms. Procurement of large quantities required, sealing and welding technologies, aerodynamic efficiency, minimum leakage and corrosion. Procurement of large quantities required, blade design, nozzle design, lubrication system for bearings, minimum leakage and corrosion. Procurement of large quantities required, minimize in-leakage and out-leakage, long-term running reliability Minimize leakage and corrosion, cooling tower design Maintain material balance: reveal cascade leakage, consumption on surfaces or material freeze-outs Maintain material balance: reveal cascade leakage, consumption on surfaces or material freeze-outs. Criticality concerns with HEU. Minimize leakage. Containment and cleanliness. Procurement of large quantities required, minimize leakage and corrosion, provide proper pressure drop to move UF6 inventory and minimize stage efficiency losses, isolation of stages for maintenance Maintain operational integrity with minimum leakage and corrosion. Criticality concerns with HEU. consumption, the requirement for procuring large quantities of specialized stage equipment, large in-process inventory requirements, and long process times. Table 2 4 lists important technologies used in gaseous diffusion enrichment and associated technical issues. Table 2 Technology and technical issues involved with gaseous diffusion enrichment 3.1.2.2 Changes/improvements in technology Once a gaseous diffusion plant is designed, constructed, and put into successful operation, evolutionary changes tend to occur at widely-spaced intervals. The first facility that showed significant changes was the French “Eurodif” gaseous diffusion facility, which was an improvement on the American and British design. The components were arranged more compactly, greatly reducing the length of interconnecting piping and consequent required floor area and building space. Additional improvements included development of new diffusion barrier technologies. Beginning in 1977, the U.S. diffusion plants underwent a major revision. New diffusion barriers were installed allowing operation at higher gas pressure and throughput. Gas compressors were improved via upgrades in blades, flow paths, stators, and nozzles. These modifications reportedly improved productivity by a factor of twenty-three 5 . 3.1.3 Countries that have used/attempted to use technology 5 Topics in Applied Physics: Uranium Enrichment, S. Villant, Editor, Springer-Verlag, 1979 7
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-14480 Nuclear Proliferation Te
Page 3 and 4: PNNL-14480 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION TE
Page 5 and 6: PNNL-14480 4.1 GRAPHITE MODERATED R
Page 7 and 8: PNNL-14480 1.0 INTRODUCTION One app
Page 9 and 10: PNNL-14480 3.0 ENRICHMENT TECHNOLOG
Page 11: PNNL-14480 Technology Sufficient Te
Page 15 and 16: PNNL -14480 Country Program initiat
Page 17 and 18: PNNL -14480 Construction began on a
Page 19 and 20: PNNL -14480 3.2.2.1 Origin The firs
Page 21 and 22: PNNL -14480 3.2.2 Technology Develo
Page 23 and 24: PNNL -14480 Technology Sufficient T
Page 25 and 26: PNNL -14480 Technology Rotating Com
Page 27 and 28: PNNL -14480 The first production ce
Page 29 and 30: PNNL -14480 history, with only a fe
Page 31 and 32: PNNL -14480 network for manufacturi
Page 33 and 34: PNNL -14480 Iraq began its centrifu
Page 35 and 36: PNNL -14480 For what was reportedly
Page 37 and 38: PNNL -14480 resembling one used in
Page 39 and 40: PNNL -14480 technology was not init
Page 41 and 42: PNNL -14480 uranium tetrachloride (
Page 43 and 44: PNNL -14480 Technology Ion Source I
Page 45 and 46: PNNL -14480 China France India Iran
Page 47 and 48: PNNL -14480 program (eight years to
Page 49 and 50: PNNL -14480 • Feed preparation sy
Page 51 and 52: PNNL -14480 Technology Liquid-liqui
Page 53 and 54: PNNL -14480 As a part of its nuclea
Page 55 and 56: PNNL -14480 3.5.1.2.2 Advanced Vort
Page 57 and 58: PNNL -14480 Technology Sufficient T
Page 59 and 60: PNNL -14480 Table 16 provides a lis
Page 61 and 62: PNNL -14480 Country Germany/ Brazil
Page 63 and 64:
PNNL -14480 The laser serves only a
Page 65 and 66:
PNNL -14480 For example, in 1978 Am
Page 67 and 68:
PNNL -14480 4.1 GRAPHITE MODERATED
Page 69 and 70:
PNNL -14480 Figure 6 X-10 Reactor 4
Page 71 and 72:
PNNL -14480 The successor to the Ma
Page 73 and 74:
PNNL -14480 larger ones. Late in 20
Page 75 and 76:
PNNL -14480 Country 1940s 1950s 196
Page 77 and 78:
PNNL -14480 Canada pioneered the tr
Page 79 and 80:
PNNL -14480 heavy water moderated r
Page 81 and 82:
PNNL -14480 Country Reactor Type Nu
Page 83 and 84:
PNNL -14480 Stage Period Primarily
Page 85 and 86:
PNNL -14480 Following are highlight
Page 87 and 88:
PNNL -14480 It was heavy-water mode
Page 89 and 90:
PNNL -14480 A simple graphite-moder
Page 91 and 92:
PNNL -14480 Three types of nonaqueo
Page 93 and 94:
PNNL -14480 for the final purificat
Page 95 and 96:
PNNL -14480 explosion, fire, etc.),
Page 97 and 98:
PNNL -14480 Based on India’s expe
Page 99 and 100:
PNNL -14480 this reactor. In spite
Page 101 and 102:
PNNL -14480 steps and maximize pote
Page 103 and 104:
PNNL -14480 second, larger facility
Page 105 and 106:
PNNL -14480 burn-up fuel only for t
Page 107 and 108:
PNNL -14480 France assisted Israel
Page 109 and 110:
PNNL -14480 technology development
Page 111 and 112:
PNNL -14480 Word Feed material Fert
show all

Nuclear Proliferation TechnologyTrends Analysis - International ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?