gnuplot

Gnuplot
0.08
1
2007 8 31 ()
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10 .
1 gnuplot . gnuplot
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3 gnuplot . , 4 gnuplot
, gnuplot , gnuplot .
gnuplot , gnuplot . ,
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6 gnuplot
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7 , 8 , 9 2 , 3
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10 plus . , L A TEX plus
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, Enter . , [Enter] Enter
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gnuplot x11, postscript, tgif, latex, png,
pbm . ,
. , TEX , latex
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2 , financebars
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gnuplot 3 , gnuplot 3
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gnuplot , .
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1 gnuplot 1
2 2
2.1 gnuplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 gnuplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.5 eps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.6 gnuplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 gnuplot 6
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.3.1 -- load -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.3.2 -- call -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.4 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 gnuplot 22
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
iv

4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6.1 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5 33
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.3.1 x11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.3.2 postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3.3 tgif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3.4 latex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.5 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.6 png . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.3.7 pbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6 gnuplot 41
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.1.1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.1.2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.2 -- set with -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.2.1 with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.2.2 set show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7 2 47
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.1.1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.1.2 y x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.1.3 y x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
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7.1.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.1.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.1.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.1.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.1.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.1.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.1.4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1.4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.1.4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.1.6 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.1.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.1.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.1.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.1.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.1.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.1.8.4 x y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.1.10 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.1.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.1.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.1.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.1.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.1.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.1.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8 3 81
8.1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8.1.1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
vi

8.1.6 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.1.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.1.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.1.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.1.10 PostScript BoundingBox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2.6 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9 97
9.1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
9.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
9.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.1.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
9.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.1.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.1.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.1.7.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.1.7.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9.1.7.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9.1.7.2.4 . . . 115
9.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
9.1.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
9.1.8.2 unique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
9.1.8.3 csplines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
9.1.8.4 bezier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
9.1.8.5 sbezier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
9.1.8.6 acsplines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9.1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
9.2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.2.1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.2.3 x y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
vii

9.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.2.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.2.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.3 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.3.2 fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10 plus : 131
10.1 plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10.2 plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
10.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
10.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.4.2 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
10.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
10.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.8.5 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.8.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
viii

1
gnuplot
gnuplot , 2 3 .
gnuplot (CUI) . , gnuplot
, . , help
, ,
.
gnuplot 2 ,
. gnuplot . gnuplot ,
PostScript EPS , tgif , PNG , PBM ,
. gnuplot 3 ,
2 .
, gnuplot , 2
.
1

2
,
[Enter] Enter .
2.1 gnuplot
gnuplot , kterm
gnuplot [Enter]
.
.
, 2.1 gnuplot , gnuplot
2.1: gnuplot
2.2 gnuplot
gnuplot , gnuplot
quit [Enter]
.
2

2.3
gnuplot (t)csh bash .
Enter , . ,
.
1 2
[Ctrl]+ f → 1
[Ctrl]+ b ← 1
[Ctrl]+ p ↑ 1
[Ctrl]+ n ↓ 1
[Ctrl]+ e
[Ctrl]+ a
[Ctrl]+ d [Del]
[Ctrl]+ h [BackSpace]
[Ctrl]+ k
[Ctrl]+ l
[Ctrl]+ u
[Ctrl]+ w
2.4 1
plot .
, gnuplot
plot sin(x) [Enter]
, 2.2 .
.
1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
2.2:
2.5 eps
L A TEX eps (encapsulated PostScript) , set terminal
postscript .
set terminal postscript eps [Enter]
3

,
Options are ’eps noenhanced monochrome
dashed defaultplex "Helvetica-Ryumin" 14’
.
, set output .
.
, test.eps
set output ’test.eps’ [Enter]
replot [Enter]
, test.eps .
2.3 .
gnuplot
2.3: gnuplot
postscript , ,
, postscript . ,
postscript , .
,
set terminal x11 [Enter]
.
2.6 gnuplot
gnuplot , .
2.4 .
4

plot sin(x)
pause -1
2.4: gnuplot
test.gnuplot .
kterm
gnuplot test.gnuplot [Enter]
, .
, gnuplot , gnuplot
.
pause -1
, [Enter] gnuplot .
2.7
gnuplot , gnuplot load ,
. load ,
’.
, test.gnuplot .
,
load ’test.gnuplot’ [Enter]
.
2.8
save , plot
.
save , ’.
, test2.gnuplot .
save ’test2.gnuplot’ [Enter]
save , gnuplot
, .
5

3
gnuplot
3.1 gnuplot .
.
3.1: gnuplot
exit, quit
pwd
cd
call, load
1
reread
save
2 plot
3 splot
clear
replot
pause
test
print
set
show
reset
fit
update
if
shell
help
6

3.1
3.1.1
, pwd .
pwd UNIX ,
pwd [Enter]
.
pwd , 3.1 , .
3.1: pwd
3.1.2
cd .
cd UNIX ,
.
, /home/test ,
cd ’/home/test’ [Enter]
.
, .( 1 ) , ..(
2 ) 1 . , /
(), /
() .
UNIX , ~.
7

3.1.3
gnuplot , load call 2
.
3.1.3.1 – load –
load , gnuplot .
gnuplot load ,
.
load ,
load ’ ’ [Enter]
. , , gnuplot
.
, 3.2 ( sample1.gp ), gnuplot
load ’sample1.gp’ [Enter]
,
set terminal x11 [Enter]
set xrange [0:10] [Enter]
set yrange [0:10] [Enter]
plot x+1 [Enter]
set terminal postscript eps [Enter]
set output ’test.eps’ [Enter]
replot [Enter]
1 .
set terminal x11 set xrange [0:10] set yrange [0:10] plot x+1 set
terminal postscript eps set output ’test.eps’ replot
3.2: sample1.gp
, load , .
,
, cd .
,
load ’/home/test/sample1.gp’ [Enter]
.
8

3.1.3.2 – call –
call load , load
call 10 . , call
, gnuplot
, , .
call , $0 $9 .
, , 3.3 . , sample2.gp
.
plot [$0:$1] sin(x) with $2
3.3: sample2.gp
call , ,
.
, plot 7
. , $0 , $1
, $2 lines] , $2
points] .
, 3.3 , gnuplot
call ’sample2.gp’ 0 10 lines [Enter]
3.4 ,
call ’sample2.gp’ 5 25 points [Enter]
3.5 .
,
.
call , .
,
, cd .
, gnuplot
call . load .
3.1.4 1
load 1 reread
.
reread ,
reread [Enter]
.
9

1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
3.4: call (1)
1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
5 10 15 20 25
3.5: call (2)
3.2: save
plot save ’ ’ [Enter]
,
save functions ’ ’ [Enter]
save var ’ ’ [Enter]
save set ’ ’ [Enter]
3.1.5
, save .
.
3.2 .
save 4
10

, .
save gnuplot
, .
11

3.2
, ,
.
3.2.1
pause . gnuplot
, .
pause 2 .
,
pause [Enter]
.
,
, gnuplot .
pause -1 [Enter]
. , [Enter] .
,
pause ’ ’ [Enter]
pause -1 ’ ’ [Enter]
, .
3.2.2
,
. test .
test [Enter]
.
12

3.3
3.3.1
set .
set
set 1 2 ...
[Enter]
, set , .
.
3.3.2
set ,
. show .
show ,
show [Enter]
.
.
3.3.3
print .
gnuplot , pi .
,
print pi [Enter]
.
, 3.6 , π () .
3.6: pi
3.3.4
set reset .
reset [Enter]
.
13

3.4
help .
help [Enter]
.
help ,
help help [Enter]
.
,
q
.
help , ,
.
, gnuplot ,
help help [Enter]
, 3.7 .
3.7: help
help , ,
1 , (END) .
,
q
.
14

,
help plot [Enter]
, 3.8 .
3.8: plot
3.8 ,
\texttt{:}\prompt
. , ( less, jless, more
, PAGER ) , . ,
.
, [Space] 3.9
. 3.9
Subtopics available for plot:
.
15

3.9: plot
16

3.9
q
, 3.10 .
3.10: plot subtopic
,
Subtopic of plot: \prompt
. 3.10 , 3 . 3.3
.
3.3: subtopic
[Enter]
[Enter]
[Enter]
, ,
17

, 3.10 , with ,
with [Enter]
.
, , 3.11 with .
3.11: with
q
, 3.12 .
18

3.12:
19

3.5
3.5.1
if .
if()
.
.
3.5.2
gnuplot , shell .
shell [Enter]
.
exit [Enter]
.
20

3.6
gnuplot .
.
,
,
plot sin(x) [Enter]
,
p sin(x) [Enter]
,
pl sin(x) [Enter]
, . , ppl plot
.
, , .
, , ,
, .
21

4
gnuplot
4.1
gnuplot , 1 . ,
1 () .
[Tab] , gnuplot
( [Tab] , 4 8 )
. 2 1 . ,
.
, (’) .
2 (") , ,
.
x y , .
, x y z , .
gnuplot .
#. gnuplot , 3.1.3
gnuplot , #
,
.
. , #. , gnuplot
#.
, gnuplot , gnuplot
\() [Enter] , ,
>.
,
plot \ [Enter]
, gnuplot 4.1 .
4.1 2 ,
4.1: \
22

gnuplot>
>
.
,
sin(x) [Enter]
,
plot sin(x) [Enter]
.
,
\ [Enter]
, .
, 3.1.3 , gnuplot
load . ,
\, .
4.2 , \.
plot [-2*pi:2*pi] [-1:1] sin(x)
title ’ ’
with linespoints
linetype 3 linewidth 4
pointtype 4 pointsize 4
4.2:
, \() ,
.
4.2
gnuplot , 4.1 .
.
.
,
,
x**4- 2*x + 3
, **,
(x**4)- 2*x + 3,
x 4 − 2x + 3
23

4.1: gnuplot
** † (x**2 x 2 )
- †
~
!
!
* †
/ †
%
+ †
- †
==
!=
& (and)
^ (xor)
| (and)
&& (and)
|| (or)
:
.
() .
, , .
† , , ,
.
4.3
, 3.3.3 print .
, 2 ,
print sqrt(2) [Enter]
.
4.3 .
4.4
.
.
24

4.3: 2
4.4.1
,
.
, gnuplot
show variables [Enter]
.
gnuplot , 4.4 .
pi
4.4:
, π .
4.4.2
, .
,
= [Enter]
.
, _() .
. . , .
, e ( 2.71828) ,
e=2.71828 [Enter]
25

.
e=2.71828 [Enter]
show variables [Enter]
, 4.5 .
4.5 e .
4.5: e
, ,
, , 3.1.3
.
4.4.3
.
.
save var ,
, save var
save var ’ ’ [Enter]
. , .
. _, -], .
.
,
e=2.71828 [Enter]
save var ’test.gp’ [Enter]
quit [Enter]
, test.gp . 4.6
.
4.6 , gnuplot ,
#, 2 .
# EOF.
3.1.3 load
. , .
26

4.6: save var
4.5
gnuplot . , {}
.
, 4+3i gnuplot {4,3} .
, 4.4
.
, I( i) ,
I = {0,1}
.
4.6
gnuplot .
, .
4.6.1 , ,
gnuplot 4.2 .
4.2 , .
exp . .
, log log10 2 .
sin(), cos(), tan() . gnuplot
, .
, asin, acos, atan 3 .
.
, set angles .
27

4.2: , ,
exp(x)
log(x)
log10(x)
sin(x)
cos(x)
tan(x)
asin(x)
acos(x)
atan(x)
−1 y
atan2(y,x) , tan
x
set angles degrees [Enter]
,
set angles radians [Enter]
.
1 , ( 1 )
.
, , , .
4.6.2
gnuplot .
4.3 .
4.6.3
gnuplot , . 4.4
.
, .
4.7
.
.
28

4.3: ,
abs(x) .
sgn(x) . 1, 0 . 0 0
arg(x) . . set angles
sqrt(x)
ceil(x) .
floor(x)
int(x) ,
real(x)
imag(x)
4.4:
sinh(x) .
cosh(x)
tanh(x)
asinh(x)
acosh(x)
atanh(x)
gamma(x)
igamma(x)
lgamma(x)
ibeta(x)
besj0(x) , 0 J
besj1(x) , 1 J
besy0(x) , 0 Y
besy1(x) , 1 Y
rand(x) , 0 1
erf(x)
erfc(x) 1-erfc(x)
inverf(x)
norm(x)
invnorm
4.7.1
,
.
29

, gnuplot
show functions [Enter]
.
gnuplot , 4.7 .
4.7:
.
4.7.2
, .
,
(x)= [Enter]
(x,y)= [Enter]
.
, _() .
. . , .
x, y, z , x, y, z
.
, cot x ,
cot(x)=1/tan(x) [Enter]
.
cot(x)=1/tan(x) [Enter]
show functions [Enter]
4.8 .
4.7.3
, gnuplot . ,
, ,
.
,
30

4.8:
cot(w)=1/tan(w) [Enter]
, cot ,
plot cot(x) [Enter]
.
plot cot(w) [Enter]
. , (2
3 , , ) .
4.7.4
, set dummy .
set dummy ,
set dummy [Enter]
.
2 ,
set dummy 1, 2 [Enter]
.
set dummy time [Enter]
plot sin(time) [Enter]
,
plot sin(x)
.
,
set dummy h,v [Enter]
splot sin(h+v) [Enter]
,
splot sin(x+y) [Enter]
.
31

4.7.5
.
.
save functions ,
, save functions
save functions ’ ’ [Enter]
. , .
. _, -], .
.
load .
, .
32

5
5.1
gnuplot ,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
,
1.
2. PostScript eps
3. test.eps
4.
5. X Window System
5.1 .
5.1: gnuplot
, , 5.1
.
, .
33

5.2
gnuplot , () X Window System .
,
• X Window System
•
2 .
set terminal , set output
.
5.2.1
set terminal ,
set terminal [Enter]
.
.
5.1
x11
postscript
tgif
latex
table
png
pbm
5.1:
X Window System
PostScript ,
tgif , tgif
L A TEX
png ,
pbm ,
, PostScript eps
.
PostScript eps ,
set terminal postscript eps [Enter]
, gnuplot 5.2 , PostScript
eps .
, , PostScript (
) .
, set output
. set output ,
(gnuplot ) .
, postscript ,
.
1 , gnuplot
34

5.2: PostScript eps
set terminal x11 [Enter]
. , gnuplot 5.2 , x11
.
5.3: X11 eps
x11 , .
output .
, set
5.2.2
, set output .
set output ,
set output ’ ’ [Enter]
. , .
, show output .
show output ,
show output ’ ’ [Enter]
.
plot splot ,
.
, 1 plot splot
, replot ,
35

eplot [Enter]
, .
x11 , set output
. .
5.3
, .
5.3.1 x11
X Window System .
set terminal x11 [Enter]
.
,
set terminal x11 [Enter]
. , 0 . , 0
.
,
set terminal x11
plot sin(x)
set terminal x11 1
plot cos(x)
set terminal x11 2
plot exp(x)
, GnuplotGnuplot 1Gnuplot 2 3 ( 5.4).
q
, .
,
set terminal x11 reset
, .
gnuplot , gnuplot .
(gnuplot ) , gnuplot
gnuplot -persist [Enter]
, gnuplot persist .
x11 .
36

5.4: gnuplot
5.3.2 postscript
PostScript .
, postscript .
postscritp ,
gnuplot , PostScript
set terminal postscript [Enter]
. ,
. ,
eps .
postscript , set output
. . postscript eps ps .
5.3.2.1
postscript eps (), portrait (), landscape(
), default() 4 . 5.2 .
37

eps
portrait
landscape
default
5.2: postscript
encapsulated PostScript ()
5.3.2.2
postscript ,
. ,
, . , 5.3
postscript .
, .
, 5.3 plus
. plus gnuplot () gnuplot
, gnuplot . , gnuplot
, plus . plus
, 10 .
5.3: postscript
noplus (10 )
plus
nocolor
color
dashed
solid ()
postscript .
5.3.3 tgif
tgif tgif .
tgif ,
set terminal tgif [Enter]
.
, tgif , ,
set terminal tgif ’Ryumin-Light-EUC-H’ [Enter]
. .
, tgif , set output
. . tgif obj .
38

tgif .
5.4 .
5.4: tgif
portrait
landscape
dashed
solid ()
’ ’
1 . tgif , ,
, . , , Ryumin-Light-EUC-H
. , tgif , ,
. ,
set terminal tgif ’Ryumin-Light-EUC-H,Helvetica’ [Enter]
. .
, , terminal tgif ,
. , tgif tgif
,
•
• PostScript
. tgif , gnuplot
, tgif .
5.3.4 latex
L A TEX latex . latex
, L A TEX picture .
L A TEX , .
latex , set output .
. latex tex .
L A TEX L A TEX .
5.3.5 table
table , ,
, .
table , set output .
.
39

5.3.6 png
png , Portable Network Graphics(png)
.
png , set output .
. png .
png 5.5 . ,
5.5: png
small
medium
large
monochrome
gray
color
.
5.3.7 pbm
pbm , Portable BitMap(pbm)
.
pbm , set output .
. pbm .
pbm png . 5.5
. , .
40

6
gnuplot
6.1
6.1.1 2
6.1 gnuplot 2 .
ytics
title
x2tics
key
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
1
1
Graph of sin(x)
0.6
yzeroaxis
0.8
0.6
0.4
ylabel
0.2
xzeroaxis
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -6 -2 2 6 10 -1
xtics
xlabel
border
y2tics
6.1: 2
6.1 6.1 .
x y .
, , zeroaxis
6.1: 2
title xlabel x ylabel y
key xtics x ytics y
border x2tics x 2 y2tics y 2
zeroaxis (x y ) xzeroaxis (x ) yzeroaxis (y )
41

6.1.2 3
6.2 gnuplot 3 .
title
key
exp(-(x**2+y**2))
zlabel
isosamples
ztics
0.5
0
2
1
ticslevel
-2
xtics
-1
0
xlabel
1
2 -2
-1
ytics
0
ylabel
6.2: 3
6.2 6.2 . ,
, 2 , (3 ) border
.
6.2: 3
title xlabel x zlabel z
key xtics x ztics z
border ylabel y
isosamples ytics y
2 x y 2 (xtics x2tics, ytics y2tics) ,
3 1 .
6.2 – set with –
,
. , gnuplot
. ,
• with
• set
2 .
set , show .
42

6.2.1 with
with ,
•
•
•
•
•
. , , , ,
, .
, , , , 6.3
. ,
6.3:
linetype lt
linewidth lw
pointtype pt
pointsize ps
plot sin(x) with lines linetype 3 linewidth 10 [Enter]
with
, . ,
. , 6.3 , 6.3
. ,
. ,
plot sin(x) with lines linewidth 10 linetype 3 [Enter]
. , .
gnuplot , 6.4 . , , 2
.
6.2.2 set show
set , .
, show .
set ,
set
set [Enter]
43

lines
points
linespoints
impulses
dots
steps
errorbars
xerrorbar
xyerrorbars
boxes
boxerrorbars
boxxyerrorbars
6.4:
().
. .
, .
, x .
.
.
y .
x .
x y .
, x .
, x , y
.
, (x, y, x δ , y δ )
, 4 (x − x δ , y − y δ ), (x − x δ , y + y δ ), (x + x δ , y − y δ ),
(x + x δ , y + y δ ) . , ,
(x, y, x min , x max , y min , y max ) , 4
(x min , y min ), (x min , y max ), (x max , y min ), (x max , y max )
.
, set . , set
. 6.5 , 6.6
3 , 6.7 ()
, 6.8 .
, .
, set .
,
[no]border
,
. , set border set noborder
, , .
, , . ,
A OR B
A B . , 6.5
mxgrid OR mygrid , mxgrid xygrid
.
.
44

6.5:
function style
[no]border
[no]clip
data style
dummy ,...
angles [degrees|radians]
(
)
arrow [][from ,,]
[to ,,][nohead]
offsets,,,
() samples
size ,
rrange [:]
terminal
[no]time
title "title-text" ,
6.6: 3
cntrparam [spline][points][order][levels]
[no]contour [base|surface|both]
[no]hidden3d
isosamples
ticslevel
view ,,,
[no]surface
mapping[cartesian|spherical|cylindrical]
urange OR vrange
45

6.7:
, [no]parametric
[no]grid [mxgrid OR mygrid]
format []["format-string"]
trange [:]
autoscale []
key ,,
logscale []
2 [no]polar
tics
ticscale []
6.8:
x
xlabel "" ,
x
xrange [:]
x
xtics ,,,""
x () xtics [no]mirror
x
[no]mxtics OR [no]mytics []
x
[no]xzeroaxis
y
ylabel "" ,
y
yrange [:]
y
ytics ,,,""
y () ytics [no]mirror
y
[no]yzeroaxis
zero
[no]zeroaxis
z
zlabel "" ,
z
zrange [:]
z
ztics ,,,""
z
[no]zzeroaxis
46

7
2
7.1
7.1.1 2
2 ,
plot [Enter]
. () x .
, sin(x) ,
plot sin(x) [Enter]
. , x y , .
eps ,
set terminal postscript eps [Enter]
set output ’ ’ [Enter]
replot [Enter]
.
, .
7.1.2 y x
gnuplot x y . ,
, .
, plot x y . y , x
•
•
•
•
4 . . .
,
. 7.2 .
47

7.1:
x , y
plot exp(x) [Enter]
x , y
plot [:9] exp(x) [Enter]
x , y
plot [1:] exp(x) [Enter]
x , y
plot [1:9] exp(x) [Enter]
x , y
plot [] [1:4] exp(x) [Enter]
x y
plot [1:9] [1:4] exp(x) [Enter]
x
y
x
x
y
y
x y
x y
7.2:
set xrange [x0:x1] [Enter]
x0 x1 () ;
set yrange [y0:y1] [Enter]
y0 y1 () ;
set autoscale [Enter]
set noautoscale [Enter]
set autoscale x [Enter]
set noautoscale x [Enter]
set autoscale y [Enter]
set nonoautoscale x [Enter]
set autoscale xy [Enter]
set noautoscale xy [Enter]
7.1.3 y x
x y , set xlabel set ylabel .
,
x
set xlabel ’ ’ [Enter]
.
, y ,
set ylabel ’ ’ [Enter]
.
, x , y .
set xlabel ’ ’ [Enter]
set ylabel ’ ’ [Enter]
plot exp(x) [Enter]
7.1 .
, set nolabel, set noxlabel, set noylabel .
7.3 .
48

¡
25000
exp(x)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
¢¤£
7.1: y x
7.3:
x set xlabel ’ ’ [Enter]
y set ylabel ’ ’ [Enter]
set label [Enter]
set nolabel [Enter]
x set xlabel [Enter]
x set noxlabel [Enter]
y set ylabel [Enter]
y set noylabel [Enter]
7.1.4
, .
.
,
7.1.4.1
, ,
plot with points [Enter]
.
.
plot sin(x) with points [Enter]
7.2 .
7.1.4.2
.
,
plot with linespoints [Enter]
49

.
.
plot sin(x) with linespoints [Enter]
7.3 .
1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.2:
1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.3:
7.1.4.3
, x .
,
plot with impulses [Enter]
.
.
plot sin(x) with impulses [Enter]
7.4 .
50

1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.4:
7.1.4.4
.
,
plot with steps [Enter]
.
.
plot sin(x) with steps [Enter]
7.5 .
x ,
plot with boxes [Enter]
.
.
plot sin(x) with boxes [Enter]
7.6 .
, steps, fsteps, histeps 3 , .
(x 2 , y 2 ) , steps, fsteps, histeps
2 (x 1 , y 1 )
steps (x 1 , y 1 ) (x 2 , y 1 ) (x 2 , y 1 ) (x 2 , y 2 )
fsteps (x 1 , y 1 ) (x 1 , y 2 ) (x 1 , y 2 ) (x 2 , y 2 )
histeps ((x 0 + x 1 )/2, y 1 ) ((x 1 + x 2 )/2, y 1 ) ((x 1 + x 2 )/2, y 1 ) ((x 1 + x 2 )/2, y 2 )
. 7.7 ( steps.dat )
steps, fsteps, histeps 7.8, 7.9 7.1.4.4 .
, .
51

1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.5:
1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.6: x
7.1.4.5
plot with lines linewidth
, linewidth () .
10 .
plot sin(x) with lines linewidth 10 [Enter]
7.11 .
, linewidth lw .
,
plot sin(x) with lines lw 10 [Enter]
0 10
10 30
20 100
30 40
7.7: steps.dat
52

90
70
50
30
10
0 10 20 30
90
70
50
30
10
0 10 20 30
90
70
50
30
10
0 10 20 30
7.8: steps
7.9: fsteps
7.10: histeps
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.11: 10
.
7.1.4.6
,
plot with lines linetype [Enter]
linetype .
.
plot sin(x) with lines linetype 4 [Enter]
7.12 . , linetype lt .
,
plot sin(x) with lines lt 4 [Enter]
.
, , PostScript
.
, , ,
, . ,
.
7.13 . 1 8 8 , X
Window System , , , (), , (), , ()
, PostScript 7.13 . ,
( tgif) , X Window System
.
53

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
8
7.12:
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
7.13:
7.1.4.7
plot with points pointtype
, pointtype () .
.
plot sin(x) with points pointtype 2 [Enter]
7.14 .
, pointtype pt .
,
plot sin(x) with points pt 2 [Enter]
.
,
, . 75 X Window System
7.15 , PostScript 7.16 . ,
, 0 , 75 .
54

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.14:
55

7.15: (X Window System )
20
30
10
(#70--75 are opaque) 0
40
70
50
60
7.16: (PostScript )
56

7.1.4.8
plot with points pointsize
, pointsize () .
.
plot sin(x) with points pointsize 10 [Enter]
, pointtype ps .
,
plot sin(x) with points ps 2 [Enter]
.
.
, .
,
plot with points pt ps [Enter]
.
7.1.4.9
,
plot with linespoints lw pt [Enter]
, .
7.1.5
,
plot [0:5] sin(exp(x)) [Enter]
. 7.17 . 0 1
, .
gnuplot , x y , ,
.
plot with points [Enter]
, .
.
x ,
,
set samples [Enter]
.
x 10000 .
set samples 10000 [Enter]
plot [0:7] sin(exp(x)) [Enter]
, 7.18 , .
57

1
sin(exp(x))
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5
7.17:
1
sin(exp(x))
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5
7.18:
7.1.6 ()
gnuplot , ,
. (key) .
.
7.1.6.1
, title .
plot title ’ ’ [Enter]
, ’’.
,
plot sin(x) title ’ ’ [Enter]
, 7.19 .
. , 10 .
7.1.6.2
, set key .
58

¢¡¢£¥¤
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.19:
, , 7.4 3 .
7.4: ()
set key
set nokey
show key
, set key 7.5
. 7.5 set key .
, 7.5 ,
set key left top [Enter]
.
7.5 , , . ,
.
, 7.5 .
7.5 , .
, . 7.1.4
.
7.1.7
,
set title ’ ’
. ,
.
, , , .
, , .
, gnuplot , gnuplot ,
.
59

7.5: set key
x y
m
m
(7.2 ),
m (m > 0)
left top
left bottom
right top
right bottom
top outside
bottom outside
below
x, y
samplen m
noreverse
reverse
box
nobox
width w
Left
Right
spacing m
title ’ ’
7.1.8
7.1.8.1
x ,
set xtics , , [Enter]
.
, y ,
set ytics , , [Enter]
.
gnuplot , , x , y .
() , [no]mirror .
, x , ,
set xtics nomirror [Enter]
,
set xtics mirror [Enter]
.
y , ,
set ytics nomirror [Enter]
,
60

set ytics mirror [Enter]
.
, ( ) .
x 1, 4, 9.16 ,
,
set xtics (1,4,9,16) [Enter]
.
, y 1, 4, 9.16 ,
set ytics (1,4,9,16) [Enter]
.
.
,
set xticsk [Enter]
, , ,
set noxtics [Enter]
.
.
,
set mxtics [Enter]
set mytics [Enter]
. ,
.
/ 7.6 .
7.6: ,
x
set xtics [Enter]
x
set noxtics [Enter]
x set xtics nomirror [Enter]
x set xtics mirror [Enter]
y
set ytics [Enter]
y
set noytics [Enter]
y set ytics nomirror [Enter]
y set ytics mirror [Enter]
show tics [Enter]
7.1.8.2
,
set format "" [Enter]
61

. , x,y,xy,x2,y2
. , x y . x2,y2
.
C . ,
%. e
%. f
%g
, % e, f, g 3 , 2
. 2 , ,
. . e, f,g 7.7
. gnuplot g .
7.7:
e
f
g
, ,
show format
.
.
7.8:
g
set format "%g" [Enter]
x f , 2 , 1 set format x "%2.1f" [Enter]
y e , 2 , 1 set format y "%2.1e" [Enter]
x y f , 4 , 2 set format xy "%4.2f" [Enter]
show format [Enter]
7.1.8.3
gnuplot , x y ,
.
, x ,
set mxtics [Enter]
.
, x ,
set nomxtics [Enter]
62

.
1 10 .
,
set mxtics [Enter]
. , , 1 . x2tics,
ytics .
gnuplot ,
.
set tics out [Enter]
,
set tics in [Enter]
.
7.9 . , []
, . , []
. , 7.9 1 , set mxtics
set mxtics [Enter]
set mxtics 10 [Enter]
.
7.9:
x , set mxtics [] [Enter]
x set nomxtics [Enter]
x 2 , set mx2tics [] [Enter]
x 2 set nomx2tics [Enter]
y , set mytics [] [Enter]
y
set nomytics [Enter]
y 2 , set my2tics [] [Enter]
y 2 set nomy2tics [Enter]
z , set mztics [] [Enter]
z
set nomztics [] [Enter]
set tics in [Enter]
set tics out [Enter]
show tics [Enter]
7.1.8.4 x y
gnuplot , x y .
x
63

set xdtics [Enter]
.
, x y 0 (Sun), 1
(Mon),..., 6 (Sat) . 7 .
,
set xdtics [Enter]
set ydtics [Enter]
plot [0:13] sin(x) [Enter]
7.20 .
1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
7.20:
7.10:
x
x
x
y
y
y
set xdtics
set notdtics
show xdtics
set ydtics
set notdtics
show ydtics
7.1.9
x y , , .
7.11 .
64

7.11:
x y
x
x
y
y
set logscale [Enter]
set nologscale [Enter]
set logscale x [Enter]
set nologscale x [Enter]
set logscale y [Enter]
set nologscale y [Enter]
7.1.10 ,
() , ()
. , . x y
.
7.12:
set border [Enter]
set noborder [Enter]
set zeroaxis [Enter]
set nozeroaxis [Enter]
set grid [Enter]
set nogrid [Enter]
x set xzeroaxis [Enter]
x set noxzeroaxis [Enter]
y set yzeroaxis [Enter]
y set noyzeroaxis [Enter]
7.1.11
,
set size
. , .
,
•
•
•
•
65

7.13:
set size r x , r y [Enter]
r x , r y 0 1 ,
,
set size square [Enter]
set size nosquare [Enter]
r set size ratio r [Enter]
y x r set size ratio −r [Enter]
set size noratio [Enter]
show size [Enter]
4 . 7.13 . , r x , r y r .
.
, y x
, .
,
set size ratio 1 [Enter]
plot [0:2] sin(x) [Enter]
7.21 ,
set size ratio -1 [Enter]
plot [0:2] sin(x) [Enter]
7.22 .
1
sin(x)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
sin(x)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
7.21:
7.22:
7.1.12
() , set origin .
66

,
set origin
x,y [Enter]
. , x,y . set origin (
) , x y 0 1
.
,
set origin 0.5,0.5 [Enter]
, .
set origin 0.5,0.5 [Enter]
plot sin(x) [Enter]
X Window System 7.23 .
7.23:
, 7.23 PostScript ,
.
7.23 .
7.1.13
,
set lmargin
.
, ,
show margin
. 7.14 . , 7.14
. . PostScript
, .
67

7.14:
set lmargin
set rmargin
set tmargin
set bmargin
show margin
7.1.14
, .
0 , .
, set offsets , , ,
.
set offsets 0,1,2,4 [Enter]
plot sin(x) [Enter]
7.24 .
3
sin(x)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
7.24:
7.15:
set offsets , , , [Enter]
set nooffsets [Enter]
show offsets [Enter]
7.1.15
gnuplot .
.
7.16
68

set timestamp [Enter]
, .
7.16:
set timestamp [Enter]
set notimestamp [Enter]
show timestamp [Enter]
7.1.16
() ,
clear [Enter]
. . 7.3 1
. 1 1
.
69

7.2 2
2 ,
plot 1, 2 [Enter]
. .
. ,
plot 1 with ,
2 with [Enter]
.
. , ,
.
.
plot sin(x),cos(x) [Enter]
7.25 .
, .
plot sin(x) with lines lw 4, cos(x) with points pt 5 ps 3 [Enter]
7.26 .
1
0.8
sin(x)
cos(x)
1
0.8
sin(x)
cos(x)
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
7.25: 2
7.26: 2 ()
7.3
gnuplot , plot ,
. , 1
, multiplot .
multiplot , multiplot
. gnuplot
terminal output
70

, multiplot , .
, multiplot ,
• multiplot terminal postscript , output
• xwd, xwpick, gimp
. ,
, . ,
.
, multiplot .
set multiplot [Enter]
, gnuplot 7.27 ,
.
7.27: multiplot
gnuplot>
multiplot>
, . plot
, . ,
, set origin, set size
.
,
set multiplot [Enter]
set size 0.5 [Enter]
set origin 0,0 [Enter]
plot sin(x) [Enter]
set origin 0.5,0 [Enter]
plot cos(x) [Enter]
set origin 0,0.5 [Enter]
plot x**2 [Enter]
set origin 0.5,0.5 [Enter]
plot x**3 [Enter]
71

7.28: multiplot
7.28 . , ,
PostScript gnuplot .
, , X Window System xwd xwpick
. UNIX .
multiplot ,
set nomultiplot [Enter]
.
.
multiplot set multiplot [Enter]
multiplot set nomultiplot [Enter]
7.17: multiplot
72

7.4
, t ,
x = f(t),
y = g(t)
.
2 .
7.4.1
,
set parametric [Enter]
. , gnuplot 7.29 .
n
7.29: parametric
dummy variable is t for curves, u/v for surfaces
, .
, x t .
set noparametric [Enter]
. , gnuplot 7.30 .
dummy variable is x for curves, x/y for surfaces
, .
t x .
7.4.2
, plot , x y
t .
, . , x cos t, y sin t
.
, .
73

7.30: parametric
set parametric [Enter]
.
plot cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
, 7.31 . , gnuplot
.
1
cos(t), sin(t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
7.31:
, , . ,
. , ,
, . ,
,
. 7.1.11 , 7.31
1 .
, .
set size ratio -1 [Enter]
plot cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
.
, 7.32 .
74

1
cos(t), sin(t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
7.32:
7.4.3
, , .
,
x = A x cos(ω x t + ψ x ), y = A y sin(ω y t + ψ y )
.
.
,
,
x = cos 3t, y = sin t
.
plot
cos(3*t),sin(t) [Enter]
. 7.33 . w x w y , .
1
cos(3*t), sin(t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
7.33:
,
75

plot cos(11*t),sin(13*t) [Enter]
(x = cos(11t), y = sin(13t)) 7.34 .
w x w x ,
1
cos(11*t), sin(13*t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
7.34:
.
, .
,
x = cos 3 t, y = sin 3 t
.
plot
.
cos(t)**3,sin(t)**3 [Enter]
7.35 .
7.4.4
, plot , , 3
.
, ,
•
•
•
•
4 . . .
, .
,
76

1
cos(t)**3, sin(t)**3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
7.35:
7.18:
, ,
,
, ,
plot cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
plot [:2*pi] cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
plot [0:] cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
plot [0:2*pi] cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
plot [] [-1:1] cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
plot [] [-1:1] [-1:1] cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
plot [0:2*pi] [-1:1] [-1:1] cos(t),sin(t) [Enter]
set trange [:] [Enter]
.
,
set xrange [:] [Enter]
set yrange [:] [Enter]
.
trange [-10:10] , xrange [-10:10] .
77

7.5
, 7.36 , ,
t r(t) .
y
r(t)
t
o
x
7.36:
, .
7.5.1
,
set polar [Enter]
. , . 7.4
, x t .
set nopolar [Enter]
.
, t x .
set polar [Enter]
,
r = f(t)
( f(t) = sin t, f(t) = t 2 ) ,
plot f(t) [Enter]
. , t t f(t)
.
78

7.6
.
,
r = sin2t
. , 4 . , ,
1 .
set size ratio [Enter]
set polar [Enter]
1 ,
plot sin(2*t) [Enter]
, 7.37 .
0.8
0.6
sin(2*t)
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
7.37: 4
.
, 8 ,
r = sin4t
.
,
plot sin(4*t) [Enter]
, 7.38 .
7.6.1
. .
, .
,
set trange [:] [Enter]
.
, ,
79

1
sin(4*t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
7.38: 4
7.19:
plot [0:pi] sin(2*t) [Enter]
plot [0:pi] sin(2*t) [Enter]
set rrange [:] [Enter]
. , trange [0:2*pi] , rrange [0:10]
.
, ,
. ,
set samples [Enter]
().
100 , 100 .
80

8
3
8.1 3
3 plot splot .
8.1.1 3
.
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) [Enter]
, 8.1 .
exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
5
-10
-5
0
5
10 -10 -5
0
8.1: exp[−(x 2 + y 2 )/20
eps ,
set terminal postscript eps [Enter]
set output ’ ’ [Enter]
replot [Enter]
.
, .
81

8.1.2
3 , x , y z .
splot [x :x ] [y :y ] [z :z ] [Enter]
. , , 1 , 2
. [] .
.
8.1:
x splot [0:1] sin(x+y) [Enter]
x y splot [0:4] [0:1] sin(x+y) [Enter]
x,y,z splot [0:4] [0:1] [0:4] sin(x+y) [Enter]
x,z splot [0:4] [] [0:1] sin(x+y) [Enter]
, splot ,
. gnuplot verb[-10:10]
,
splot [0:1] sin(x+y) [Enter]
, x [0:1] .
.
x , y , z . ,
, plot
set xrange [:] [Enter]
set yrange [:] [Enter]
set zrange [:] [Enter]
. , .
,
splot [0:1] sin(x+y) [Enter]
splot , .
8.1.3
splot 3 10 , 10 . ,
, .
, set isosamples .
set isosamples ,
set isosamples , [Enter]
. , , .
, 8.1 , 50, 50 .
set isosamples 50,50 [Enter]
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) [Enter]
8.2 .
82

exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
5
-10
-5
0
5
10 -10 -5
0
8.2:
8.1.4
splot 3 , , ,
, . , 3 ,
, () . , gnuplot ,
. , set hidden3d .
8.2 .
8.2:
set hidden3d [Enter]
set nohidden3d [Enter]
,
set hidden3d [Enter]
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) [Enter]
8.3 .
8.1 .
8.1.5
3 ,
.
, , set view .
83

exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
5
-10
-5
0
5
10 -10 -5
0
8.3:
() , x ,
y , z .
x , z
( 8.4).
y
C
R
T
2
y’
C
R
T
z’
z
1
x
x=x’
8.4:
,
. set view ,
.
, z ,
.
, set view .
set view
set view 1, 2, , z [Enter]
84

. 1 x , 0 180 .
2 , 1 z , 0 360
. 1 2 8.4 .
. , 2 .
gnuplot ,
set view 60, 30, 1, 1 [Return]
.
, .
, 1, 2 0, 0 .
set view 0,0,1,1 [Return]
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) [Return]
8.5(a) . z , ,
, 1 30 , 2 .
8.5(b), (c), (d) . 8.5(d) , .
, 1 10 , 2 0 , 30 , 60 , 90
.
8.1.6 ()
gnuplot 3 , (xy ) ,
, .
.
,
set ticslevel .
ticslevel ,
set ticslevel p [Enter]
.
, p .
p ,
.
p =
z − z
z − z
z z .
, z .
, p .
gnuplot ticslevel 0.5 .
ticslevel ,
show tics [Enter]
.
8.3 .
, p
z
85

(a) 1=0, 2=0
(a) 1=10, 2=0
(b) 1=30, 2=0
(b) 1=10, 2=30
(c) 1=60, 2=0
(c) 1=10, 2=60
(d) 1=90, 2=0
8.5: 1
(d) 1=10, 2=90
8.6: 2
86

8.3:
set ticslevel [Enter]
show tics [Enter]
8.1.7
. , 8.1.8
.
set surface , set nosurface
. 8.4 .
8.4:
set surface [Enter]
set nosurface [Enter]
8.1.8
8.1.8.1
. , set contour .
set countour , . ,
.
set contour [Enter]
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) [Enter]
, 8.7 .
8.7 ,
•
•
.
, 8.1.5 8.1.7
. , , 8.1.3
. , .
,
set nosurface [Enter]
set contour [Enter]
set size 0.66,1 [Enter]
set view 0,0,1,1 [Enter]
87

8.7: ()
set isosamples 50,50 [Enter]
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) [Enter]
, 8.8 .
8.8:
8.5 .
8.5:
set contour [Enter]
set nocontour [Enter]
set clabel ’ ’ [Enter]
set noclabel [Enter]
show clabel [Enter]
88

8.1.8.2
, .
set clabel .
set clabel ,
,
set clabel ’ ’ [Enter]
. , ’ ’ , C
. 7.1.8.2 , .
%8.3g .
,
set noclabel [Enter]
.
,
show clabel [Enter]
.
8.1.8.3
, set cntrparam .
, gnuplot .
,
, .
8.6 , set cntrparam .
89

cubicspline
bspline
( 1)
bspline
( 3)
8.6:
set cntrparam linear [Enter]
set cntrparam cubicspline [Enter]
set cntrparam bspline [Enter]
set cntrparam points ( 2) [Enter]
set cntrparam order [Enter]( 4)
set cntrparam levels auto [Enter]
set cntrparam levels auto [Enter]( 5)
set cntrparam levels [Enter]( 6)
set cntrparam levels discrete z 1 , z 2 , ..., z n [Enter]( 7)
set cntrparam levels incremental , , [Enter]( 8)
show contour [Enter]
1 gnuplot , , . ,
.
2 . .
3 set cntrparam points , set cntrparam order
.
4 2 10 ; ,
5 . , .
6
7 z 1 , z 2 , ... z n (z ) ;
8 , , ;
;
90

8.1.9
7.1.4 , .
7.1.4 , .
, .
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) with impulses [Enter]
, 8.9 .
8.9: 3
, .
splot exp(-(x**2+y**2)/20) with dots
[Enter]
, 8.10 .
8.10: 3
8.1.10 PostScript BoundingBox
gnuplot 3 , PostScript ,
. , PostScript BoundingBox
, .
91

BoundingBox , PostScript ,
. , PostScript .
,
%%BoundingBox: x y x y
. , x , y . BoundingBox
, .
, BoundingBox , .
BoundingBox .
8.11 , PostScript Bounding Box .
%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0
%%Title: gnuplot-3d-contour-2.eps
%%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 1 (+1.2.0 2001/01/11)
%%CreationDate: Tue May 25 16:07:57 2004
%%DocumentFonts: (atend)
%%BoundingBox: 100 130 237 232

8.12:
8.2.2
, , 3 .
, () . ,
x = cos u(3 + cos v), y = sin u(3 + cos v), x = sin v
.
.
set parametric [Enter]
,
splot cos(u)*(3+cos(v)),sin(u)*(3+cos(v)),sin(v) [Enter]
, 8.13 , .
, 8.13
8.13:
. , , ,
. .
93

8.2.3
3 , u,v x , y z
.
splot [u :u ] [v :v ]
[x :x ] [y :y ] [z :z ] [Enter]
. , .
[] . , ,
.
, 8.1.2 .
, u, v x , y , z . ,
set urange [:] [Enter]
set vrange [:] [Enter]
set xrange [:] [Enter]
set yrange [:] [Enter]
set zrange [:] [Enter]
. , .
u v 0 2π .
splot [0:2*pi] [0:2*pi] cos(u)*(3+cos(v)),sin(u)*(3+cos(v)),sin(v) [Enter]
8.14 .
, 8.13 .
8.14: :
8.2.4
8.14 , , , .
94

8.1.3 , 8.1.4 .
, isosamples , set hidden3d
.
, .
set hidden3d [Enter]
set isosamples 40,40 [Enter]
splot [0:2*pi] [0:2*pi] cos(u)*(3+cos(v)),sin(u)*(3+cos(v)),sin(v) [Enter]
. , 8.15 .
8.15: :
.
8.2.5
2 3 .
8 .
6 , 7
8.2.6 3
3 () , u,v
.
.
set parametric [Enter]
set isosamples 40,40 [Enter]
splot [0:10*pi] u,sin(u),cos(u) [Enter]
8.16 .
95

8.16:
8.2.7
gnuplot-3.7.1 splot .
96

9
,
.
, .
9.1 2
9.1.1
,
plot ’ ’ [Enter]
. , .
, 9.1 . ’sample1.dat’
.
20
60
80
60
100
9.1: sample.dat
,
plot ’sample.dat’ [Enter]
. , 9.2 . , ,
+, , .
6 7 , , pointtype ( pt )
. , 7 7.15 7.16 (56
) . , pointsize ( ps ) , .
, . , pointtype 6 (
pt 6 ) . , 2 pointsize 2 ( ps 2 ) .
,
plot ’sample.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2[Enter]
. , 9.3 .
, . ,
plot ’sample.dat’ with lines [Enter]
97

100
90
’sample.dat’
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
9.2: sample.dat (1)
100
90
’sample.dat’
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
9.3: sample.dat (2)
100
90
’sample.dat’
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
9.4: sample.dat (3)
. , with lines , .
9.2 .
, , linespoints
. linespoints , pointtype , pointtype .
,
98

plot ’sample.dat’ with linespoints pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
, 9.5 .
100
90
’sample.dat’
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
9.5: sample.dat (4)
, ,
plot ’sample.dat’ with points [Enter]
. . , 6 7
, , 9.1.7.1 .
eps ,
set terminal postscript eps [Enter]
set output ’ ’ [Enter]
replot [Enter]
. , .
, , (xtics, ytics) (key)
. , . ,
, .
, 6 7 .
9.1.2
<
, gnuplot .
• 1 .
• 1 () .
• .
• , .
• , 2.998E+8 2.24e-2 ,
, E e, 10
99

. E e .
E e . , 1 2.998 × 10 8 , 2
2.24 × 10 −2 . , 2.998E+8 2.998E+08
2.998E+008 0 , .
• 1 x y .
• x 1 1 , gnuplot x 0
.
• 1 3 .
• 1 , gnuplot
.
• gnuplot 1 3 4 .
• #, .
• () 1 , gnuplot
. ,
.
• 2 (2 ), gnuplot
, , 2
.
• , 1
.
9.1.3
.
9.6 , 1 1 , .
, , .
2
1
2
1
2
1
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
(a)
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
(b)
9.6: 1 1
9.7 , 1 2 , 1 x , 2 y
. 9.7 , .
, , .
100

2
1 1
5 2
5.5 1
6 2
10 1
(a)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(b)
9.7: 1 2
9
1.0E+0.0
1.0E+0.3
1.0E+0.6
1.0E+0.9
1.0E+1.2
(a)
7
5
3
1
0 1 2 3 4
(b)
9.8:
, 9.8 , .
, , .
, , , e , .
, E-03 , 0 .
9.1.3.1
, ,
. 9.1.3.2 , 2 , gnuplot
. 2
.
9.9 , 2 , .
, , . 9.9 ,
.
9.1.3.2
, 2 ,
, 2
.
9.10 , 2 , .
, , . 9.10 ,
3 . 9.10(a) , 4 5 9 10
101

10
20
50
60
90
100 11
0 1 2 3 4
(a)
(b)
9.9:
2 .
.
, gnuplot , 3
7
100 1
200 2
300 3
100 4
200 4
300 4
100 7
200 6
300 5
5
3
1
(a)
(b)
9.10: 3
9.1.4
, plot index
. index ,
plot ’ ’ index [Enter]
. , 0 .
, 0, 2
1 ( 0 ).
, .
9.10(a) ( multi-graphs.dat ) ,
. , , ,
.
plot ’multi-graphs.dat’ index 0 with lines [Enter]
, 9.11 , 9.10 1
.
102

3
1
9.11: 1
2 , .
,
plot ’multi-graphs.dat’ index 0 with linespoints pt 6 ps 2\ [Enter]
’multi-graphs.dat’ index 2 with linespoints pt 4 ps 2[Enter]
, 9.12 . , , pt pointtype
. pointtype ( 7.1.4.7 7.16 ). ,
\.
7
5
3
1
9.12: 2
, index , , 2 .
,
index
m: n
. , m n . ,
, m n .
, ,
index
m: n: p
.
,
, m + kp ( k ≥ 0, m + kp ≤ n) .
103

plot ’multi-graphs.dat’ index 1:2 with linespoints pt 6 [Enter]
, 9.13 .
1:2 , 1 2
7
5
9.13: 2 3
.
,
plot ’multi-graphs.dat’ index 0:2:2 with linespoints pt 6 [Enter]
, 9.14 .
0:2:2 ,
7
5
3
1
9.14: , 0 1
, 0 , 2 , ...
, .
, 2 2
9.1.5
.
, 9.15 . ,
multi-data.dat
. 1 , 2 , 3 x, sin x, cos x
.
, 9.15 multi-data.dat ,
104

0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
0.3140 0.3089 0.9511
0.6280 0.5875 0.8092
0.9420 0.8087 0.5882
1.2560 0.9509 0.3096
1.5700 1.0000 0.0008
1.8840 0.9514 -0.3081
2.1980 0.8097 -0.5869
2.5120 0.5888 -0.8083
2.8260 0.3104 -0.9506
3.1400 0.0016 -1.0000
3.4540 -0.3074 -0.9516
3.7680 -0.5862 -0.8101
4.0820 -0.8078 -0.5895
4.3960 -0.9504 -0.3111
4.7100 -1.0000 -0.0024
5.0240 -0.9518 0.3066
5.3380 -0.8106 0.5856
5.6520 -0.5901 0.8073
5.9660 -0.3119 0.9501
9.15: multi-data.dat
plot ’multi-data.dat’ with lines [Enter]
, 9.16 .
multi-data.dat
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9.16: multi-data.dat
1 , 2 .
, 1 3 , cos x
, plot using .
using plot ,
plot ’ ’ using : [Enter]
. , ,
. , 1 .
, multi-data.dat 1 3 . ,
, plot with lines ,
.
plot ’multi-data.dat’ using 1:3 with lines [Enter]
105

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9.17: multi-data.dat 1 3
, 9.17 , cos x .
, multi-data.dat 2 , 3
. , , sin x cos x ,
. , set size ratio -1
.
set size ratio -1 [Enter]
plot ’multi-data.dat’ using 2:3 with lines [Enter]
, 9.18 , . ,
, ,
.
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
9.18: multi-data.dat 2 3
, using . , gnuplot
.
using
m: n
, m n ( 1 ) , 0
. 0 , gnuplot , 0 0,1,2,3,...
.
106

, m , m.,m
. ,
plot ’ ’ using m:( ($m)) [Enter]
, m , n
. ,
, gnuplot
. ( ($m))( ).
.
, using 0 .
plot ’multi-data.dat’ using 0:2 with lines [Enter]
, 9.19 .
9.16
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
9.19: multi-data.dat 0 2
, . , 9.16
multi-data.dat ( 9.15) 1 , 9.19 0,1,2,...
.
, $n. multi-data.dat 1 ,
multi-data.dat 1 sqrt ()
. , 1 sqrt
(sqrt($1))
. sqrt($1).
.
plot ’multi-data.dat’
using 1:(sqrt($1)) with lines [Enter]
, 9.20 . ,
multi-data.dat 1 , multi-data.dat 1 sqrt
.
9.1.6
,
, .
107

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9.20: multi-data.dat 1 , sqrt
, , , 1
. , ,
.
, plot every
.
every , .
9.15 multi-data.dat . , 2
plot ’multi-data.dat’ every 3 with linespoints [Enter]
. , , with linespoints
.
9.21 .
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9.21: multi-data.dat 2
9.16 9.21 , 9.21
.
,
plot ’multi-data.dat’ every
n [Enter]
108

. , n. , gnuplot
1 , n-1 .
every , gnuplot
.
, 9.22(a) , . block-data.dat
.
, gnuplot .
• ,
• 0
• , 0
, , 1 ,
0,1,2,....
block-data.dat , 9.22(b) .
10 100
11 110
12 120
13 130
14 200
15 210
16 220
17 230
18 300
19 310
20 320
21 330
22 400
23 410
24 420
25 430
(a) block-data.dat
0 0
1
2
3
1 0
1
2
3
2 0
1
2
3
3 0
1
2
3
10 100
11 110
12 120
13 130
14 200
15 210
16 220
17 230
18 300
19 310
20 320
21 330
22 400
23 410
24 420
25 430
(b)gnuplot
9.22: block-data.doc gnuplot
, 9.22 , every .
every ,
every :::::
. , , , , ,
, 0 . 9.1
.
. , ,
• :
109

9.1: every
, 1 (
)
, 1
()
, 0 (
)
, 0
()
,
,
• , ,
:
.
, 9.2 .
9.2:
:::::
::::
:::
:::::
:::::
:::
:::
, :::
:::::
:,
:.
, 9.22(a) block-data.dat ,
.
, .
plot ’block-data.dat’ pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
, 9.23 .
,
110

9.23: block-data.dat
plot ’block-data.dat’ every :::1 pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
. , 1 .
9.24 .
9.24: block-data.dat
,
plot ’block-data.dat’ every :::2:3 pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
. , 3 , 2
. , 9.25 .
,
plot ’block-data.dat’ every 2:2 pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
. , 2 1 , 2
1 , 1 1 , 1
1 . , 9.26
.
.
plot ’block-data.dat’ every ::1:1:3:2 pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
111

9.25: block-data.dat
9.26: block-data.dat
, 1 (2 : 0 ) 2
, 1 3 .
, 9.27 .
9.27: block-data.dat
112

9.1.7
, 7.1.4 , 7.1.4
.
9.1.7.1
, 7.1.4 9.3 . 7.1.4
. , .
.
9.3:
with points
with lines
, with linespoints
linetype
lt, with lines with linespoints ,
linewidth
linewidth
lw, with lines with linespoints
pointtype
pt, with points with linespoints ,
pointsize
pointsize
ps, with points with linespoints
with impulses
with boxes
with steps with fsteps histeps
9.1.7.2
, .
.
9.1.7.2.1 ,
.
, 9.28 2 .
, , plot with errorbars
. , with yerrorbars . ,
,
plot ’ ’ with errorbars [Enter]
113

x 1 y 1 δ y,1
x 2 y 2 δ y,2
. . . . . . . . . . . .
x 1 y 1 y1 min y1
max
x 2 y 2 y2 min y2
max
. . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2
9.28:
.
, .
plot with errorbars , gnuplot ,
9.28 1 (x i , y i ) , (x i , y i − δ y,i ) (x i , y i + δ y,i ) ,
(x i , y i − δ y,i ) (x i , y i + δ y,i ) .
, plot with errorbars , 9.28
2 , gnuplot (x i , y i ) , (x i , yi
min ) (x i , yi
max ) ,
(x i , yi
min ) (x i , yi
max ) .
9.29(a) 1 ( eb1.dat ) ,
plot ’eb1.dat’ with errorbars pt 6 ps 2[Enter]
9.29(b) , 9.30(a) 2 ( eb2.dat
)
plot ’eb2.dat’ with errorbars pt 6 ps 2[Enter]
, 9.30(b) .
1 2 , 9.30(a)
, .
9.1.7.2.2 ,
.
, 9.31 2 .
, , plot with xerrorbars
.
, ,
plot ’ ’ with xerrorbars [Enter]
.
, .
plot with xerrorbars , gnuplot ,
9.28 1 (x i , y i ) , (x i − δ x,i , y i ) (x i + δ x,i , y i )
, (x i − δ x,i , y i ) (x i + δ x,i , y i ) .
, plot with errorbars , 9.28
2 , gnuplot (x i , y i ) , (x min
i , y i ) (x max
i , y i ) ,
(x min
i , y i ) (x max
i , y i ) .
9.1.7.2.3 ,
9.31 2 .
1, 2, .
, plot with xyerrorbars
.
, ,
plot ’ ’ with xyerrorbars [Enter]
114

220
100 200 8
110 190 6
120 180 8
130 170 10
140 160 4
150 170 8
160 180 10
170 190 12
180 200 6
190 210 6
(a)
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
(b)
9.29: 1
240
100 200 210 240
110 190 170 230
120 180 175 225
130 170 160 200
140 160 150 200
150 170 165 195
160 180 170 195
170 190 185 205
180 200 195 215
190 210 200 220
(a)
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
(b)
9.30: 2
x 1 y 1 δ x,1
x 2 y 2 δ x,2
. . . . . . . . . . . .
x 1 y 1 x min
1 x max
1
x 2 y 2 x min
2 x max
2
. . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2
9.31:
x 1 y 1 δ x,1 δ y,1
x 2 y 2 δ x,2 δ y,2
. . . . . . . . . . . .
x 1 y 1 x min
1 x max
1 y1 min y1
max
x 2 y 2 x min
2 x max
2 y2 min y2
max
. . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2
9.32:
.
, .
, , .
9.1.7.2.4
, 9.1.5 using .
115

, using 2 ,
using m:n:p:q
. , , m n p q
. ,
, using .
9.1.8
, gnuplot .
, , smooth
. unique, csplines, acsplines, bezier, sbezier 5 .
9.4 . x
unique
csplines
acsplines
bezier
sbezier
9.4: smooth
. x y
( (x i , y i1 ),. . . ,(x i , y im ) , y
x i , y )
i1 + · · · + y im
,
m
. , .
unique 3
.
unique
. 3 .
, .
unique .
, unique csplines , acsplines,
bezier, sbezier .
. , acsplines
, .
9.1.8.1
9.33(a) .
for-smooth.dat .
plot ’for-smooth.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
9.33(b) .
.
,
, x 3
plot ’for-smooth.dat’ with linespoints, ’for-smooth.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
, .
, ,
’for-smooth.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2
116

1 0
5 5
4 2
2 2
4 3
5 4
1 2
2 3
3 3
3 1
1 1
2 4
3 2
4 1
5 3
(a)
(b)
9.33: x
, ,
. , ,
.
, 9.34 . x
9.34: for-smooth.dat
x , .
9.1.8.2 unique
, unique .
plot ’for-smooth.dat’ smooth unique, ’for-smooth.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
, 9.35 .
.
9.35 ,
9.1.8.3 csplines
, csplines .
117

9.35: unique
plot ’for-smooth.dat’ smooth csplines, ’for-smooth.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
. 9.36 . 9.35 9.36
9.36: csplines
.
9.1.8.4 bezier
, bezier .
plot ’for-smooth.dat’ smooth bezier, ’for-smooth.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
. 9.37 . bezier , x
,
. 9.37 .
9.1.8.5 sbezier
sbezier .
plot ’for-smooth.dat’ smooth sbezier, ’for-smooth.dat’ with points pt 6 ps 2\rt
118

9.37: bezier
9.38: sbezier
. 9.38 . sbezier , unique
, . , csplines sbezier
, csplines , sbezier
.
9.1.8.6 acsplines
, acsplines . acsplines ,
. acsplines
, ,
.
acsplines unique ,
plot ’ ’ smooth acsplines [Enter]
.
, 9.39(a) ( ac1.dat )
plot ’ac1.dat’ smooth acsplines, ’ac1.dat’ pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
119

9.39(b) , 9.39(b) ( ac2.dat
)
plot ’ac2.dat’ smooth acsplines, ’ac2.dat’ pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
9.40(b) .
ac1.dat ac2.dat . ac2.dat 3
. , ac2.dat 9.40(b) ,
.
100 0.4127 0.01
110 0.3610 0.01
120 0.6479 0.01
130 0.5184 0.01
140 0.8210 0.01
150 0.8784 0.01
160 0.3303 0.01
170 0.7377 0.01
180 0.3865 0.01
190 0.3862 0.01
200 0.6141 0.01
(a) ac1.dat
(b)
9.39: acsplines (1)
100 0.4127 0.01
110 0.3610 0.01
120 0.6479 0.01
130 0.5184 0.01
140 0.8210 0.01
150 0.8784 0.01
160 0.3303 1000
170 0.7377 1000
180 0.3865 1000
190 0.3862 1000
200 0.6141 1000
(a) ac2.dat
(b)
9.40: acsplines (2)
, gnuplot .
, 9.39(a) , 3 ,
10.0 ,
plot ’ac1.dat’ using 1:2:(10.0) smooth acsplines [Enter]
.
, using
::()
.
3 () .
120

9.1.9
,
show data style [Enter]
.
, ,
set data style lines [Enter]
,
set data style
.
, gnuplot .
121

9.2 3
9.2.1 3
3 , plot splot .
, 3 2
.
, , x , y , z 3
2 .
, 9.41(a) 3 . 3d0.dat
. ,
splot ’3d0.dat’ pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
, 9.41(b) . ,
.
1 1 250
1 2 300
1 3 400
2 1 300
2 2 400
2 3 600
(a) 3d0.dat
(b)
9.41: 3
, 2 .
9.2.2
, 3
, , .
, xy z = f(x, y)
, , z = f(x, y) , xy , xy
, z = f(x, y) (
9.42). , 3
, .
, 9.43(a) ,
• x 1 y
• x 2 y
• ............
122

9.42:
(,
). , .
9.43(a) 3d1.dat .
splot ’3d1.dat’ with linespoints pt 6 ps 2 [Enter]
, 9.43(b) .
1 1 20
1 2 30
1 3 40
2 1 50
2 2 60
2 3 70
3 1 40
3 2 30
3 3 20
4 1 10
4 2 10
4 3 10
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4 1 1.5
2
2.5
3
(a) 3d1.dat
(b)
9.43: 3
, 9.43 ,
.
9.2.3 x y
2 , , gnuplot 0,
1,2,.... 3 .
z , gnuplot x y
.
• , gnuplot x y 0 .
• 1 x 1 .
y .
• , y 1 .
x 0 .
123

, , 9.44(a) 9.44(b) gnuplot
, .
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
(a)x y
0 0 1
1 0 1
2 0 1
0 1 2
1 1 2
2 1 2
0 2 3
1 2 3
2 2 3
(b)
9.44: x y
9.2.4
2 index, every, using 3 .
2 .
9.2.5
3 , (3 )
.
9.2.5.1
, set mapping .
9.5 .
9.5:
set mapping spherical [Enter]
set mapping cylindrical [Enter]
set mapping cartesian [Enter]
show mapping
.
.
9.2.5.2
1 2 3 .
124

1 3 , i (r i , θ i , φ i ) ,
x i = r i cos θ i cos φ i , y i = r i sin θ i cos φ i , z i = r i sin φ i
, ,
θ i , φ i , r i
. r i 3 .
1 2 , 1 .
, i
θ i , φ i
, gnuplot (1, θ i , φ i ) .
, spherical.dat .
spherical.dat 9.45(a) . spherical.dat
250 , 9.45(a) 5 .
9.45(a)
set mapping spherical [Enter]
splot ’spherical.dat’ [Enter]
, 9.45(b) .
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.063
0.000 0.126
0.000 0.188
0.000 0.251
( )
(a)
(b)
9.45:
9.2.5.3
1 2 3 .
1 3 , i (r i , θ i , z i ) ,
x i = r i cos θ i , y i = r i sin θ i , z i = z i
, ,
θ i , z i , r i
125

. r i 3 .
1 2 , 1 .
, i
θ i , z i
, gnuplot (1, θ i , z i ) .
, cylindrical.dat .
cylindrical.dat 9.46(a) . cylindrical.dat
250 , 9.46(a) 5 .
9.46(a)
set mapping cylindrical [Enter]
splot ’cylindrical.dat’ [Enter]
, 9.46 .
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.020
0.000 0.040
0.000 0.060
0.000 0.080
( )
(a)
(b)
9.46:
9.3 2
gnuplot , .
.
9.3.1
2 ,
•
• fit
.
, .
9.47(a) . f0.dat .
, f(x) = ax + b . ,
126

10 10
20 30
30 20
40 70
50 30
60 10
70 80
80 40
90 60
(a) f0.dat
(b) f0.dat
9.47: f0.dat
f(x)=a*x+b [Enter]
fit f(x) ’f0.dat’ via a,b [Enter]
. , gnuplot 9.48 . ,
9.48: fit gnuplot
, .
, , .
plot ’f0.dat’ pt 6 ps 2, f(x) [Enter]
, f0.dat f(x) .
.
,
f(x) = ax + b + c sin(dx)
, 9.49
127

9.49: f0.dat
. , , a 0.5 b 15, c 10, d 0.1
.
a=0.5 [Enter]
b=15 [Enter]
c=10 [Enter]
d=0.1 [Enter]
e=1 [Enter]
f(x)=a*x+b + c *sin(d*x) [Enter]
fit f(x) ’f0.dat’ via a,b,c,d [Enter]
plot ’f0.dat’ pt 5 ps 3, f(x) [Enter]
, , 9.50 .
9.50: f0.dat
,
save variables ’ ’ [Enter]
. , .
, 9.51 .
128

9.51:
9.3.2 fit
fit 2 .
,
fit ’ ’
via 1, 2, ... [Enter]
. , 1, 2,
.
,
fit ’ ’ via ’ ’ [Enter]
. ,
.
, 9.52 ,
. , 9.51 , (♯) ,
.
a=0.5
b=10
9.52:
, fit ,
update ’ ’ [Enter]
, .
129

, 9.53 a
, #FIXED. ,
.
a=0.5 \#FIXED
b=10
9.53:
9.3.3
,
. , ,
.
• ,
•
.
130

10
plus:
gnuplot , plus , , ,
.
plus .
10.1 plus
, plus , , ,
.
, , postscript , PostScript
.
, PostScript , . ,
plus , postscript plus .
,
set terminal postscript eps plus [Enter]
set terminal postscript plus [Enter]
.
,
. ,
.
plus , PostScript . ,
PostScript
,
set locale "" [Enter]
.
, ,
set locale "ja_JP.EUC" [Enter]
.
postscript plus ,
set terminal postscript eps noplus [Enter]
.
10.1 .
131

10.1: plus
plus set terminal postscript eps plus [Enter]
plus set terminal postscript eps noplus [Enter]
set locale "ja_JP.EUC" [Enter]
set locale "" [Enter]
, plus , ’ ’.
" "’ ’, plus " "
. , .
• ’ ’
•
.
10.2 plus
plus L A TEX , \()
. \ ()
. , , \]
.
. , 10.3.2
.
, {}. {, }
. , \it(10.3.2 ) ,
{\it }
.
. , {}
.
, \sqrt (, 10.5), 2
,
\sqrt{2}
, sqrt 2 .
, ,
\command=
(, 10.3 ).
10.3
plus , ,
.
132

2 4
10.3.1
,
\size=
. , . .
, \size
. .
,
set terminal postscript eps plus [Enter]
set output ’gnuplot-plus-size.eps’ [Enter]
set label ’\size=30 30 \size=32 32 ’ at 0.2,0.8 [Enter]
set label ’\size=26 26 \size=28 28 ’ at 0.2,0.7 [Enter]
set label ’\size=22 22 \size=24 24 ’ at 0.2,0.6 [Enter]
set label ’\size=18 18 \size=20 20 ’ at 0.2,0.5 [Enter]
set label ’\size=14 14 \size=16 16 ’ at 0.2,0.4 [Enter]
set label ’\size=10 10 \size=12 12 ’ at 0.2,0.3 [Enter]
set label ’\size=6 6 \size=8 8 ’ at 0.2,0.2 [Enter]
set label ’\size=2 2 \size=4 4 ’ at 0.2,0.1 [Enter]
plot [0:2] [0:1.0] 0 [Enter]
10.1 .
1
0
0.8
30 32
26 28
0.6
22 24
18 20
0.4
14 16
10 12
0.2
6 8
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
10.1:
133

10.3.2
, \rm, \it, \tt, \sf, \bf .
10.2
.
, \it,\tt,\sf
, .
10.2:
\rm \it \tt
\sf \bf
.
().
, ,
set terminal postscript eps plus [Enter]
set output ’gnuplot-plus-font.eps’ [Enter]
set label ’{\sf Sanserif} {\tt\bf BoldSanserif} ’ at 0.5,0.7 [Enter]
set label ’{\tt TypeWriter} {\tt\bf BoldTypeWriter}’ at 0.5,0.5 [Enter]
set label ’{\it Italic} {\it\bf BoldItalic} ’ at 0.5,0.3 [Enter]
set label ’{\rm Roman} {\bf Bold} ’ at 0.5,0.1 [Enter]
plot [0:2] [0:1.0] 0 [Enter]
10.2 .
1
0
0.8
Sanserif BoldSanserif
0.6
TypeWriter BoldTypeWriter
0.4
Italic BoldItalic
0.2
Roman Bold
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
10.2:
10.3.3
,
\rotate=
. , . .
, ()
\rotate . .
134

, . ,
, ().
set size 0.5,0.5 [Enter]
set terminal postscript eps plus [Enter]
set output ’gnuplot-plus-rotate.eps’ [Enter]
set label ’\rotate=315 315 ’ at 1.1,0.4 [Enter]
set label ’\rotate=270 270 ’ at 1.0,0.4 [Enter]
set label ’\rotate=225 225 ’ at 0.9,0.4 [Enter]
set label ’\rotate=180 180 ’ at 0.9,0.5 [Enter]
set label ’\rotate=135 135 ’ at 0.9,0.6 [Enter]
set label ’\rotate=90 90 ’ at 1.0,0.6 [Enter]
set label ’rotate=45 45 ’ at 1.1,0.6 [Enter]
set label ’rotate=0 0 ’ at 1.1,0.5 [Enter]
plot [0:2] [0:1.0] 0 [Enter]
, 10.3 .
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
135
180
225
90
270
45
0
315
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
10.3:
10.4
10.4.1
.
10.3 .
10.3:
$ \$ ^ \^ _ \_
\ \backslash { \{ } \}
.
set terminal postscript eps plus [Enter]
135

set output ’gnuplot-plus-special.eps’ [Enter]
set label ’\size=150 \$ \^ \_ \{ \}’ at 0.1,0.5 [Enter]
plot [0:2] [0:1.0] sin(x) [Enter]
10.4 .
1
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
$ ^ _ { }
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
10.4:
10.4.2 ,
, .
.
10.4
10.4:
† \dag ‡ \ddag § \S \P
c○ \copyright £ \pounds œ \oe Œ \OE
æ \ae Æ \AE å \aa Å \AA
ø \o Ø \O ̷l \l ̷L \L
ß \ss
.
set output ’gnuplot-plus-misc-symbols.eps’ [Enter]
\verbset title ’\size=24 \copyright 2001 ’ [Enter]
\verbset label ’\size=48 \dag \ddag \S \P \pounds \AE \ae \OE \oe’ at 0.1,0.5 [Enter]
plot [0:2] [0:1] sin(x) [Enter]
10.5 .
10.5
plus L A TEX .
L A TEX ,
136

1
© 2001
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
† ‡ § £ Æ æ Œ œ
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
10.5:
• $
• ($ ) a_1
• a^1
.
10.6
.
, : a 1 , : a 2 ,
:
√ 2.
set terminal postscript eps plus [Enter]
set output ’gnuplot-plus-1.eps’ [Enter]
set xlabel ’ : $a_1$’ [Enter]
set ylabel ’ : $a^2$’ [Enter]
set title ’ : $\sqrt{2}$’ [Enter]
plot sin(x) [Enter]
10.6 .
, ,
’ $$’
.
2 ,
’ $ 1$ 2$ 2$’
137

: a 2
: √2
1
0.8
sin(x)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
: a 1
10.6:
. 3 . 2 ,
• 1 $ 2 $
• 3 $ 4 $
• ......
.
$.
10.7
plus , , ,
. 10.5 .
10.5:
2
\frac \frac{2}{3}
√3
\fracsqrt \fracsqrt{\frac{2}{3}}
2
\fracoverline \fracoverline{\frac{2}{3}}
3
√
\sqrt \sqrt{2}
2
\overline \overline{, } ,
\underline \underline{, } ,
\mbox \mbox{, } ,
2
3
10.5 3 .
138

10.8
plus L A TEX .
.
10.8.1
. 10.6 .
,
.
10.6:
⇓ \Downarrow ⇐ \Leftarrow ⇔ \Leftrightarrow ⇒ \Rightarrow
⇑ \Uparrow ↓ \downarrow ← \leftarrow ↔ \leftrightarrow
→ \rightarrow ↑ \uparrow
10.8.2
, ,
. , .
10.7 , 10.8 . .
10.7: ()
Γ \Gamma ∆ \Delta Θ \Theta Λ \Lambda
Ξ \Xi Π \Pi Σ \Sigma Υ \Upsilon
Φ \Phi Ψ \Psi Ω \Omega
10.8: ()
α \alpha β \beta γ \gamma δ \delta
ɛ \epsilon ε \varepsilon ζ \zeta η \eta
θ \theta ϑ \vartheta ι \iota κ \kappa
λ \lambda µ \mu ν \nu ξ \xi
π \pi ϖ \varpi ρ \rho σ \sigma
ς \varsigma τ \tau υ \upsilon φ \phi
ϕ \varphi χ \chi ψ \psi ω \omega
139

10.8.3
,
. 10.9 . , 10.9
a , .
10.9:
â \hat{a} ǎ \check{a} ă \breve{a} á \acute{a}
à \grave{a} ã \tilde{a} ā \bar{a} ⃗a \vec{a}
ȧ \dot{a} ä \ddot{a}
10.8.4
.
, \ . 10.10 .
10.10:
arccos \arccos arcsin \arcsin arctan \arctan arg \arg
cos \cos cosh \cosh cot \cot coth \coth
cse \cse deg \deg det \det dim \dim
exp \exp gcd \gcd hom \hom inf \inf
ker \ker lg \lg lim \lim lim inf \liminf
lim sup \limsup ln \ln log \log max \max
min \min Pr \Pr sec \sec sin \sin
sinh \sinh sup \sup tan \tan tanh \tanh
10.8.5 2
, +, -, *,/,
× x
. , , ≤≥
.
plus , . 10.11
10.8.6
, , ∑ , ∏ , ∂
.
10.12 .
140

10.11: 2
± \pm × \times · \cdot ÷ \div
† \dagger ≡ \equiv ∼ \sim ≈ \approx
∼= \cong ∝ \propto
≤ \leq ≥ \geq ≠ \neq
≤ \le ≥ \ge ≠ \ne
10.12:
ℵ \aleph \hbar ı \imath ℘ \wp
R \Re I \Im ∠ \angle ∇ \nabla
√
∑
\surd ∂ \partial ∞ \infty
\sum
∫
\smallint 〈 \langle 〉 \rangle
10.8.7
, ,
. , .
10.13:
(
)
{
}
\bigl(
\bigr)
\bigl\{
\bigr\}
10.8.8
, 10.14 . ($
) . , 10.14
.
10.8.9
, .
,
•
•
. , . , a 1 10
.
, 10.8.8 , .
, terminal latex , terminal tgif tgif
.
141

10.14:
sin t ≤ t
\sin t \leq t
{( }
(a
2
1 + a 2 2) + a3) 2 + a
2
4 \bigl\{ \bigl( (a_1^2+a_2^2)+a_3^2 \bigr)+a_4^2 \bigr\}
∑ ∞
i=1 a i × b i
\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} a_i \times b_i
∫ p2
p 1
exp τdτ \smallint_{p_1}^{p_2} \exp [\tau] d \tau
∂Ψ
\frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial x}
öx
b0 s + b 1
s 2 \fracsqrt{\frac{b_0 s+b_1}{s^2+a_1 s + a_2}}
+ a 1 s + a 2
\lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\sin x}{x}
lim x→0
sin x
x
ẍ = −λẋ − µx + cos(t)
\ddot{x}=-\lambda \dot{x} -\mu x + \cos(t)
142