Emission Controls for Small Wood-Fired Boilers - Western Forestry ...
Emission Controls for Small Wood-Fired Boilers - Western Forestry ...
Emission Controls for Small Wood-Fired Boilers - Western Forestry ...
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11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH<br />
A number of factors affect emission rates, such as geographic location, type of fuel burned, firing rate<br />
characteristics, type of combustion technology, and type of add‐on emission control. Additional emission<br />
tests will improve understanding of how these factors affect emission levels. Future emission tests could<br />
be structured <strong>for</strong> wood chip and wood pellet systems as follows:<br />
1. Inlet‐outlet testing <strong>for</strong> particulate emissions (PM10, PM2.5) controlled by ESPs, baghouses and<br />
HEMCs. Particle size distribution should also be measured at the inlet and outlet, in addition to<br />
measuring mass emission rates.<br />
2. HAP emissions in concert with CO and PM2.5. Inlet and outlet testing should be per<strong>for</strong>med <strong>for</strong><br />
particulate HAPs. PM2.5 should be tested because it is considered a surrogate <strong>for</strong> particulate<br />
HAPs. CO should be tested (outlet testing only) because it is considered a surrogate <strong>for</strong> gaseous<br />
HAPs.<br />
3. Stack testing <strong>for</strong> any given site should be expanded to include emissions from the following:<br />
a. Low, medium and high firing rates<br />
b. At least two fuels, such as, wood with bark (bole chips or whole tree chips) and wood<br />
without bark (mill chips).<br />
Attention should also be given to the following:<br />
1. Development of a voluntary universal boiler operator training program <strong>for</strong> obtaining boiler<br />
operator certification.<br />
2. Further development of fuel quality specifications to further establish grades of wood fuels.<br />
12.0 SUMMARY<br />
A number of emission controls <strong>for</strong> small wood‐fired boilers have been evaluated. This study evaluated a<br />
number of Best Management Practices (BMPs – also called work practice standards) and add‐on controls.<br />
While these controls are focused on particulate matter control, their implementation will control<br />
emissions of all types of pollutants, including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile<br />
organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants. Maximizing fuel quality, optimizing combustion<br />
conditions and selecting a well designed add‐on pollution control are the three main categories <strong>for</strong><br />
controlling emissions. Control efficiency and cost effectiveness vary by boiler size, particle size<br />
distribution and type of add‐on pollution control.<br />
Resource Systems Group, Inc.<br />
<strong>Emission</strong> Control Technologies <strong>for</strong> <strong>Small</strong> <strong>Wood</strong>‐<strong>Fired</strong> <strong>Boilers</strong><br />
6 May 2010 Page 26