E. Angelakis - Mpifr-bonn.mpg.de

S (Jy)
10
1
J0238+1636 (AO0235+16)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.65
2007.71
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
S (Jy)
100
10
J0359+5057 (NRAO150)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.58
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2008.31
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.42
2009.48
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
F-GAMMA program:
On the phenomenological classification of radio spectrum variability
E. Angelakis
and L. Fuhrmann 1 , I. Nestoras 1 , C. M. Fromm 1 , R. Schmidt 1 , J. A. Zensus 1 , N. Marchili 1 , T. P. Krichbaum 1 ,
H. Ungerechts 2 , A. Sievers 2 , D. Riquelme 2 , M. Perucho-Pla 4 , A. C. S. Readhead 3 , V. Pavlidou 3 , J.
Richards 3 , W. Max-Moerbeck 3 , T. Pearson 3
1
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hgel 69, Bonn 53121, Germany
2
Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E 18012 Granada, Spain
3
California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena CA 91125, USA
4
Departament d’Astronomia i Astrof ísica. Universitat de Valencia. C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
Monday, March 28, 2011

Monday, March 28, 2011

S (Jy)
10
1
2008.85
10
10
2009.28
2007.15
2009.33
2007.07 2008.79
10
J0830+2410 (OJ248)
2007.23
J0238+1636 2009.41 (AO0235+16)
2007.15 2008.85
2007.07
2007.38
2009.48
2007.23 2008.93
J0237+2848 (4C28.07)
2007.15
100
2007.48
2009.58
2007.38 2009.06
2007.23
2007.65
2007.55
2009.66
2007.48 2009.28
2007.32
J0423-0120 (PKS0420-01)
2007.71
2007.65
2009.74
2007.55 2009.41
2007.55
2007.77
2007.71
2009.84
2007.65 2009.48
2007.65
2007.88
2007.88
2009.91
2007.71 2009.58
2007.71
2007.96
2007.96
2010.08
2007.86 2009.66
2007.77
2008.05
2008.05
2010.16
2007.88 2009.74
2007.86
2008.13
2008.13
2010.25
2007.96 2009.84
2007.88
2008.22
2008.22
2010.33
2008.05 2009.91
2007.96
2008.05
10
2008.34
2008.34
2008.13 2010.01
2008.13
2007.15 2009.06
2008.49
2008.41
2008.22 2010.08
2008.22
J0222+4302 (3C66A)
2007.23 2009.28
2008.57
2008.49
2008.34 2010.20
2008.34
2007.32 2009.33
2008.64
2008.64
2008.41 2010.25
2008.41
2007.48 2009.41
2008.79
2008.71
2008.49 2010.33
2008.64
2007.65 2009.48
2008.85
2008.79
2008.64 2010.39
1
1
2008.71
2008.71
2007.71 2009.58
2008.93
2008.85
2008.79
2007.86 2009.66
2009.06
2008.93
10
2008.85
2007.88 2009.74
2009.28
2009.06
10
2007.15
2008.93
2007.96 2009.84
2009.33
2009.28
2009.06
2008.05 2009.91
10
J0530+1331 (PKS0528+134)
2007.23
1
2007.07 2008.71
2009.58
2009.33
2007.65
1 J0721+7120 10 (S50716+71)
100 2007.15 1000 2008.79
2009.28
2008.13 2010.01
2009.66
2007.23 2008.85
2007.71
2009.33
2008.34 2010.01
2009.74
Frequency (GHz)
2007.32 2008.93
2007.77
2009.41
2008.41 2010.08
2009.84
2007.38 2009.28
2007.88
2009.48
2008.49 2010.16
2009.84
2007.48 2009.33
2007.96
2009.58
2008.64 2010.20
2009.91
2007.55 2009.41
2008.05
2009.66
2008.71 2010.25
2009.91
2007.65 2009.48
2008.13
2009.74
2008.79 2010.33
2010.01
2007.71 2009.58
2008.22
2009.84
2008.85 2010.39
2010.08
2007.88 2009.66
2008.34
1
2009.91
2008.93
2010.16
2007.96 2009.74
2008.57
2010.20
2008.05 2009.84
2010.08
2008.64
2010.25
2008.13 2009.91
2010.20
2008.79
2010.33
2008.22 2010.08
10
2010.25
2008.85
100
2010.39
2008.34 2010.16
2007.07
2010.33
2008.93
2007.07 2008.85
2010.39
0.1
2008.41 2010.25
J1041+0610 (PKS1038+064)
2007.15
2009.06 0.1
J0319+4130 (3C84)
2007.15 2008.93
1
2008.49
10
2010.33
2007.23
2009.28 1 10 100 1000
100 1000
1
2007.23 2009.06
1
2008.57 2010.39
2007.55
2009.33
1
1 10 100 1000
2007.32 2009.28
2008.64
2007.63
2009.41
Frequency (GHz)
Frequency (GHz)
2007.71
2007.38 2009.33
Frequency (GHz)
2007.55 2009.41
1
2009.48
2007.77
2007.65 2009.41
1 10 100 1000
2009.58
2007.86
2009.66
2007.88
2007.71 2009.48
Frequency (GHz)
2009.74
2007.96
2007.77 2009.58
2009.84
2008.05
2007.86 2009.66
2009.84
2008.13
2007.88 2009.74
2009.91
2008.34
2007.96 2009.84
2009.91
2008.41
2008.05 2009.84
2010.01
2008.49
2008.13 2009.91
0.1
2010.16
2008.71
2008.34 2010.08
1 10 2008.41 100 2010.16
1000
2010.25
10
2008.85
2010.33
2007.15
2008.93
Frequency (GHz) 2008.49 2010.20
2010.39
J1159+2914 (TON599)
2007.23
1
2009.06
2008.64 2010.25
10
2007.32
2009.28
2008.71 2010.33
2008.79 2010.39
100
2007.48
100
2009.91
2007.07
2007.55
2007.07 2008.71
J0359+5057 (NRAO150)
0.1
2007.15
2007.63
J1256-0547 (3C279)
2007.15 2008.79
1 2007.23
2007.71 0.1
2007.23 2008.85
10 100 1000
2007.32
2007.77 1 10 100 1000
2007.32 2008.93
2007.38 Frequency (GHz)
2007.86
2007.48 2009.06
Frequency (GHz)
2007.48
2007.88
2007.55 2009.28
10
2007.65
2007.96
2007.63 2009.33
2007.71
2007.07
2008.05
2007.71 2009.40
J0336+3218 2007.77(OE355)
2007.15
2008.13
2007.77 2009.48
2007.86
2007.23
2008.34
2007.86 2009.58
2007.88
2007.32
2008.41
2007.88 2009.66
2007.96
2007.55
2008.71
2007.96 2009.74
10
2008.05
2007.65
2008.85
2008.05 2009.84
2007.07
2008.13
2007.71
2008.93
2008.13 2009.91
J0818+4222 (TXS0814+425)
2007.15
2008.22
2007.77
1
2009.06
2008.22 2009.91
2007.23
2008.34
2007.86
2009.28
2008.34 2010.08
2007.38
2008.41
2007.88
2009.33
2008.41 2010.16
0.1
1
2007.48
2008.64
2007.96
2009.41
2008.49 2010.25
1 10 100 1000
1 10 100
2007.55
1000 10
2008.71
2008.05
2009.41
10
2008.57 2010.33
Frequency (GHz)
2008.79
2008.13
2009.48
2008.64 2010.39
Frequency (GHz)
2007.65
2007.71
2008.85
2008.34
2009.58
2007.88
2008.93
2008.57
2009.66
2007.96
2009.06
2008.64
2009.74
2008.05
2009.28
2008.71
2009.84
2007.07
2008.13
2009.33
2008.79
2009.91
J0841+7053 (S50836+71)
2007.23
1
2008.22
2009.42
2008.85
2010.20
2007.32
2008.34
2009.48
2008.93
2010.33
2007.38
2008.41
2009.66
2009.06
2010.39
2007.48
2008.49
2009.74
2009.28
2007.63
2008.71
2009.84
2009.33
2007.71
2008.79
2009.91
2009.74
2007.96
1
2008.85
2010.20
2008.05
2008.93
2010.25
2007.15
2008.13
2009.06
2010.33
2007.23
2008.22
2009.33
2010.39
10
2007.32
2008.34
2009.40
2007.48
2008.41
10
J0958+6533 (S40954+65)
2009.48
2008.49
1
2007.63
1
2007.55
2009.58
2008.57
J1130-1449 (PKS1127-14)
1 10 2007.77 100 1000
1 2007.63 10 100 1000
2009.66
2007.71
2008.64
2007.86
2009.74
Frequency (GHz)
2007.77 Frequency (GHz)
2008.71
2007.88
2009.84
2007.86
2008.79
2007.96
2009.91
2007.88
2008.85
2008.05
2010.20
2007.96
2008.93
2008.22
2010.25
2009.28
2008.34 0.1
2008.05
2010.33
2009.42
2008.41 1 10 100 1000
2008.13
2010.39
2008.34
2009.58
2008.49
Frequency (GHz)
2008.41
2009.66
2008.57
2008.57
2009.84
2008.71
2008.64
2009.91
2008.79
2008.71
S (Jy)
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
S (Jy)
10
1
J1504+1029 (1502+106)
2007.15
J0102+5824 (0059+581)
2007.23
2007.32
2007.38
0.1
2007.48
1 10
2007.55
100 1000
Frequency 2007.71 (GHz)
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.34
2008.49
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.28
2009.33
2009.41
2009.42
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
0.1
10
1
10
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
J1512-0905 (PKS1510-08)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
J0750+1231 (0748+126)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.63
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2007.15
2007.23
2007.48
2007.65
2007.71
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.64
2008.71
S (Jy)
1
0.1
S (Jy)
2008.79
2008.85
100
2008.93
2007.15
2009.06
J0418+3801 (3C111)
2007.23
2009.28
1
2007.32
2009.33
1 10 100 1000
2007.65
Frequency (GHz)
2007.71
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
10
2008.41
2008.49
2008.64
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
1
2009.33
1 10 100 1000
2009.42
2009.48
Frequency (GHz)
2009.58
1
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
10
J2202+4216 (BLLAC)
S (Jy)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.65
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
S (Jy)
2008.85
2009.28
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.01
2010.01
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
S (Jy)
10
1
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
J1635+3808 (4C38.41)
10
1
1
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
S (Jy)
J1224+2122 (4C21.35)
S (Jy)
10
0.1
1 10 100 J1310+3220 1000 (OP313)
2007.07Frequency (GHz)
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.65
2007.71
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.34
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
1
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.42
2009.58
10
2009.84
2009.91
2007.15 2008.85
J0217+0144 2010.20(PKS0215+015)
2007.23 2008.93
2010.25
2007.32 2009.06
2010.33
2007.55 2009.28
2010.39
2007.65 2009.33
2007.71 2009.41
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
2007.07 2008.71
2007.15 2008.79
1
2007.23
2007.32
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.63
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
S (Jy)
0.1
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.79
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
2007.63
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.71
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.74
2010.33
S (Jy)
10
1
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
0.1
J2348-1631 (PKS2345-16)
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
10
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
1
2007.38
2007.55
2007.63
2007.71
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.28
10
Frequency (GHz)
1000
J0730-1141 (0727-11)
1 10 100
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
0.1
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
J0241-0815 (NGC1052)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.63
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.49
2008.64
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.28
2009.33
2009.58
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
2008.57
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.28
2009.33
2009.66
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
F-GAMMA program
the spectra
Monday, March 28, 2011
S (Jy)
0.1
1 10 100 1000
100
Frequency (GHz)
2007.07
J0854+2006 (OJ287)
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.65
2007.71
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
10
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.64
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
1
2009.66
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
S (Jy)
100
10
1
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
100
2007.07 2008.85
J2253+1608 (2251+158)
2007.15 2008.93
2007.23 2009.06
2007.32 2009.28
2007.38
2007.55
2007.65
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.34
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2009.33
2009.41
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.16
2010.20
2010.33
2010.39
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
S (Jy)
10
J1229+0203 (3C273)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
1
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.63
2007.71
1 2007.77
10 100 1000
2007.86
2007.88
Frequency (GHz)
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.28
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39

F-GAMMA program
the spectra classification
Angelakis et al. in prep.
Monday, March 28, 2011

S (Jy)
S (Jy)
10
1
0.1
10
1
0.1
J0238+1636 (AO0235+16)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(a) Type 1
J2232+1143 (CTA102)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.58
2007.93
2007.65
2007.71
2008.75
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(d) Type 3
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.38
2007.55
2007.58
2007.63
2008.29
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
10
1
0.1
10
1
0.1
J0854+2006 (OJ287)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(b) Type 1b
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2007.71
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
Mechanism 1
J0418+3801 (3C111)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(e) Type 3b
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.58
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2007.71
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.42
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
S (Jy)
S (Jy)
10
1
0.1
10
1
0.1
J0530+1331 (PKS0528+134)
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(c) Type 2
J1130-1449 (PKS1127-14)
2007.15
2007.23
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2007.71
2008.75
2009.12
2009.13
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.60
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.01
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(f) Type 4
2007.48
2007.44
2007.63
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2009.02
2009.28
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
J0738+1742 (PKS0735+17)
J0730-1141 (0727-11)
J0359+5057 (NRAO150)
S (Jy)
10
1
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.93
2007.65
2007.71
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
S (Jy)
10
1
2008.57
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.28
2009.33
2009.66
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
Mechanism 2
1
S (Jy)
10
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.58
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2008.31
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.42
2009.48
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(g) Type 4b
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(h) Type 5
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
(i) Type 5b
Fig. 1. Common figure caption.
F-GAMMA program
the spectra classification
fying characteristics of this type is: (a) the fact that the lowest
frequency practically does not vary and, (b) the maximum flux
density level reached by outbursts is comparable to that at the
lowest band-pass frequency. This phenomenology leaves hints
that the events seize very close to the lowest frequency of the
Monday, March 28, 2011
Angelakis et al. in prep.
class of sources that show a fundamentally different behavior.
Those are grouped in a separate type with two sub-types:
Type 5 :Inthiscasethespectrumisconvexandfollowsan

S (Jy)
10
1
J0238+1636 (AO0235+16)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.65
2007.71
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
MOJAVE database
7
6
5
J0238+1636-AO0235+16
2.64
4.85
8.35
10.45
14.60
23.05
32.00
42.00
86.00
142.33
228.39
Flux Density (Jy)
4
3
2
1
0
2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 2010.0 2010.5
Time
Type 1
Monday, March 28, 2011

S (Jy)
10
1
J0530+1331 (PKS0528+134)
2007.15
2007.23
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2007.71
2008.75
2009.12
2009.13
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.60
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.01
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
MOJAVE database
9
8
7
6
J0530+1331-PKS0528+134
2.64
4.85
8.35
10.45
14.60
23.05
32.00
42.00
86.00
142.33
228.39
Flux Density (Jy)
5
4
3
2
1
eangelakis at mpifr.de (F-GAMMA team)
0
2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 2010.0 2010.5
Time
Type 2
Monday, March 28, 2011

S (Jy)
100
10
J0418+3801 (3C111)
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.58
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2007.71
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.42
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
1
0.1
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
MOJAVE database
16
14
12
J0418+3801-3C111
2.64
4.85
8.35
10.45
14.60
23.05
32.00
42.00
86.00
142.33
228.39
Flux Density (Jy)
10
8
6
4
2
eangelakis at mpifr.de (F-GAMMA team)
0
2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 2010.0 2010.5
Monday, March 28, 2011
Time
Type 3b

S (Jy)
10
1
J1130-1449 (PKS1127-14)
2007.48
2007.44
2007.63
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2009.02
2009.28
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
MOJAVE database
5
4.5
4
3.5
J1130-1449-PKS1127-14
2.64
4.85
8.35
10.45
14.60
23.05
32.00
42.00
86.00
142.33
228.39
Flux Density (Jy)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
eangelakis at mpifr.de (F-GAMMA team)
0
2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 2010.0 2010.5
Time
Type 4
Monday, March 28, 2011

10
J0730-1141 (0727-11)
2008.57
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.28
2009.33
2009.66
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
S (Jy)
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
MOJAVE database
9
8
J0730-1141-0727-11
2.64
4.85
8.35
10.45
14.60
23.05
32.00
42.00
7
Flux Density (Jy)
6
5
4
3
eangelakis at mpifr.de (F-GAMMA team)
2
2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 2010.0 2010.5
Time
Type 5
Monday, March 28, 2011

S (Jy)
100
10
J0359+5057 (NRAO150)
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.58
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2008.31
2007.71
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.42
2009.48
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
Flux Density (Jy)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
1
1 10 100 1000
J0359+5057-NRAO150
Frequency (GHz)
2.64
4.85
8.35
10.45
14.60
23.05
32.00
42.00
86.00
142.33
228.39
Agudo et al. 2007
4
2
eangelakis at mpifr.de (F-GAMMA team)
0
2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 2010.0 2010.5
Time
Type 5b
Monday, March 28, 2011

two types of behavior + steep spec.
spectral evolution qualitatively similar to “shock-in-jet” (Marscher & Gear, 1985)
100
10
0355+508
0727-11
0814+425
0215+015
10
0851+202
0059+581
0235+164
1156+295
Peak Flux (Jy)
Peak Flux (Jy)
1
1
0.1
1 10 100
Peak Frequency (GHz)
1 10 100 1000
Peak Frequency (GHz)
Type 5 Type 1 - 4
Angelakis, Fuhrmann, Nestoras et al. in prep.
Monday, March 28, 2011

The principal system
Interpretation: type 1-4 can be reproduced with “shock-injet”
(Marscher & Gear, 1985)
Monday, March 28, 2011

The principal system
Observed phenomenologies
S (Jy)
10
1
J1130-1449 (PKS1127-14)
2007.48
2007.44
2007.63
2007.77
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2009.02
2009.28
2009.33
2009.40
2009.48
2009.58
2009.84
2009.91
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
S (Jy)
100
10
J0418+3801 (3C111)
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
0.1
1 10 100 1000
2007.15
2007.23
2007.32
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.58
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2007.71
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.64
Frequency (GHz)
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.42
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
1
S (Jy)
10
1
0.1
J0238+1636 (AO0235+16)
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
10
2007.07
2007.15
2007.23
2007.38
2007.48
2007.55
2007.65
2007.71
2007.86
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.06
2009.28
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.91
2010.01
2010.08
2010.20
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
S (Jy)
1
0.1
J0530+1331 (PKS0528+134)
F-GAMMA team: Preliminary. Not for publication, distribution or any official use!
2007.15
2007.23
2007.48
2007.55
2007.44
2007.93
2007.65
2008.17
2007.71
2008.75
2009.12
2009.13
2007.77
2007.88
2007.96
2008.05
2008.13
2008.22
2008.34
2008.41
2008.49
2008.57
2008.60
2008.64
2008.71
2008.79
2008.85
2008.93
2009.02
2009.06
2009.28
2009.33
2009.41
2009.48
2009.58
2009.66
2009.74
2009.84
2009.84
2009.91
2009.91
2010.01
2010.16
2010.25
2010.33
2010.39
2010.48
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (GHz)
Interpretation: type 1-4 can be reproduced with “shock-injet”
(Marscher & Gear, 1985)
Monday, March 28, 2011

Redshift Modulus
Intrinsic Properties - Evolution
Modulus
‣parameter “b”: evolution of the
magnetic field (range 1-2)
‣parameter “d”: evolution of the
Doppler factor (to be fitted)
z=3
z=2
z=1
z=0
‣parameter “r”: jet opening angle
(to be fitted)
‣parameter “s”: spectral index
(estimated from quis. spec.)
‣parameter “k”: normalization
parameter (to be fitted)
Interpretation: type 1-4 can be reproduced with “shock-injet”
(Marscher & Gear, 1985)
Monday, March 28, 2011

The principal system
A two-component system
‣ quiescent spectrum
( homogeneous, steady jet):
- parameters depend on the intrinsic source
properties such as the magnetic field, B, the
Doppler factor, D, and normalization coefficient of
the spectrum, K
- turnover frequency νm,q and turnover flux density
Sm,q
- op. thick: αt,q = 5/2 and optically thin α0,q = (1 −
s)/2
‣ flaring event:
- turnover frequency νm,f and turnover flux density Sm,f
- The spectral behavior of the ejected component depends on the evolution of the physical parameters:
B ~ R −b , K ~ R −k , D ~ R −d , the spectral slope s of the ejected particles and the opening rate of the jet r.
- it is assumed that the Synchrotron stage is very short compared to the other two stages
Interpretation: type 1-4 can be reproduced with “shock-injet”
(Marscher & Gear, 1985)
Monday, March 28, 2011

Interpretation: type 1-4 can be reproduced with “shock-injet”
(Marscher & Gear, 1985)
courtesy of C. M. Fromm
Monday, March 28, 2011

Figure shows the three different prototype sources at redshift
z = 0andtable lists the parameters used to produce the quiescent
and component spectra.
A two-component system
‣ quiescent spectrum
( homogeneous, steady jet):
1. weak source with a low quiescent spectrum
2. medium source with a regular quiescent
spectrum
3. powerful source with a high quiescent
spectrum.
three prototypes at redshift z = 0
Fig. 4. The relative spectra of the three prototypes at redshift z = 0. The
gray shaded area denotes the observingcourtesy band-pass of for C. M. theFromm
datadiscussed
here.
Table 3. The assumed source parameters at z=0forweak,mediumand
apowerfulsource.
Parameter weak medium powerful
Interpretation: c ν [1] type 4 1-4 can 15 be reproduced 57 with “shock-injet”
(Marscher c s [1] & Gear, 3 1985) 6 14
Monday, March 28, 2011
t 1,3 [yr] 0.15 0.30 0.60
ν m,q [GHz] 0.3 0.9 3
S m,q [Jy] 1 3 8

Figure shows the three different prototype sources at redshift
z = 0andtable lists the parameters used to produce the quiescent
and component spectra.
A two-component system
‣ flaring event:
Its evolution is derived from the relations between:
1. turnover frequency
2. turnover flux density
3. time since the flare onset
three prototypes at redshift z = 0
Fig. 4. The relative spectra of the three prototypes at redshift z = 0. The
gray shaded area denotes the observingcourtesy band-pass of for C. M. theFromm
datadiscussed
here.
Table 3. The assumed source parameters at z=0forweak,mediumand
apowerfulsource.
Parameter weak medium powerful
Interpretation: c ν [1] type 4 1-4 can 15 be reproduced 57 with “shock-injet”
(Marscher c s [1] & Gear, 3 1985) 6 14
Monday, March 28, 2011
t 1,3 [yr] 0.15 0.30 0.60
ν m,q [GHz] 0.3 0.9 3
S m,q [Jy] 1 3 8

The Simulated behavior
Fig. 5. Spectral evolution at different redshifts for a powerful source. Upper panel: Calculatedspectralevolution.Lower panel: Expectedspectral
evolution in the frequency range 2 - 140 GHz.
intrinsic power
E. Angelakis et al.: On the phenomenological classification of continuum radio spectrum variability pattern
Fig. 5. Spectral evolution at different redshifts for a powerful source. Upper panel: Calculatedspectralevolution.Lower panel: Expectedspectral
evolution in the frequency range 2 - 140 GHz.
Fig. 6. Spectral evolution at different redshifts for a medium source. Upper panel: Calculatedspectralevolution.Lower panel: Expectedspectral
evolution in the frequency range 2 - 140 GHz.
Monday, March 28, 2011
0 1.5 3.0
redshift
Fig. 7. Spectral evolution at different redshifts for a weak source. Upper panel: Calculatedspectralevolution.Lower panel: Expectedspectral
evolution in the frequency range 2 - 140 GHz.
Angelakis, Fuhrmann, Nestoras, Fromm et al. in prep.

Summary
‣It seems though that two major mechanisms are producing
variability:
1. spectral evolution dominated (chromatic)
2. achromatic variability mechanism (magnetic field, doppler
factors ... )
‣So far no source has shown a switch in type. This strongly
suggests that:
1.Either the mechanism is a source fingerprint, or
2.It is determined by source intrinsic properties that stay
invariant in time or change with pace much slower than we
can sample
two variability types
Monday, March 28, 2011

Questions
‣What mechanism makes type 5 sources have such a persistently
convex spectrum
‣Are there “typical timescales” corresponding to each
‣What physical processes could account for them
‣What gamma-ray properties are exhibited by each type
two variability types
Monday, March 28, 2011

100-m Effelsberg
Located in Effelsberg it
covers the band 2.64 -
43 GHz with a precision
of a few percent for
monthly sampling of 60
sources
30-m IRAM
Located in Granada,
Spain it covers the band
86 - 250 GHz monthly
also for roughly 60
sources
12-m APEX
It covers the 345 GHz
band and it is located in
Atacama desert in Chile
at an altitude of 5100 m
for spectra and LCs visit:
www.mpifr.de/div/vlbi/fgamma
Thank you!
Monday, March 28, 2011