best practice management guide for south-eastern Australia - Grains ...

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Weed management Herbicide residues in spray tanks can be very damaging to canola, especially sulfonylurea herbicides. Photo: P. Parker, NSW DPI Sulfonylurea residues in the pipe from the dump valve to the spray tank. Photo: b. buchanan, syngenta) there is sufficient soil moisture to activate it. Presence of soil moisture will increase volatilisation losses. Canola needs to have reached a certain growth stage before post-emergent herbicides can be safely applied, such as when controlling clover with clopyralid. Herbicide damage Canola is highly susceptible to the phenoxy (Group I) herbicides 2,4-D and MCPA. Take care when spraying adjacent cereal crops to avoid spray drift and let neighbours know when you are sowing canola. Canola is also extremely susceptible to low concentrations of the widely used residual sulfonylurea (SU) (Group B) herbicides. These include the cereal herbicides Glean ® , Logran ® , Ally ® and Hussar ® . Do not plant canola after a cereal crop treated with these herbicides until the specified plant-back period has elapsed. It is safe to sow those Clearfield ® varieties nominated on the OnDuty ® or Intervix ® labels. Alkaline soils (pH Ca above 7.0) have longer plant-backs. Consult the plant-back information on the herbicide label. Boomspray contamination with herbicides such as sulfonylurea can kill canola. As little as 20 milligrams per hectare of chlorsulfuron (less than one thousandth the label rate) has caused severe injury to canola seedlings. Some commonly used grass herbicides have the ability to ‘strip’ SU residues out of boomspray tanks and lines and into the spray solution. Check the equipment decontamination procedure on the label of each herbicide as procedures vary with the type of herbicide. Also check with spray equipment manufacturers or suppliers to find out where herbicide residues can accumulate as parts of the machine may need to be dismantled and thoroughly cleaned. Drift of SU herbicides onto adjacent paddocks can lead to severe damage to canola, either as soil residue from a previous drift event, or from a drift event after canola emergence. Weed control guides NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI) produces a comprehensive annual guide, Weed Control in Winter Crops, which details the herbicide choices available for canola. The booklet is available on request from NSW DPI offices or can be downloaded from the NSW DPI website (www.dpi.nsw. gov.au). Regulations governing pesticide use vary between states. Contact the relevant state agency for pesticide and weed control information. 44 Canola best practice management guide
Weed management Burning windrows can kill weed seed and reduce seedbank numbers. Integrated weed management Herbicide resistance has evolved in about 25 weed species in Australia. It should also be noted that a number of weeds have evolved resistance to several herbicide mode-of-action (MOA) groups. Some populations of annual ryegrass have evolved resistance to all the selective MOA herbicide groups. The ‘herbicide only’ approach to weed control is not viable over the long term. Herbicide resistance is forcing a growing number of producers to look at a longer-term approach to weed control and introduce a range of non-herbicide tactics to control weeds. To maintain or increase the current level of cropping intensity and diversity, effective herbicides are essential. In order to keep herbicides effective, producers and advisers must adopt a more integrated approach to weed management. Integrated weed management (IWM) is a system for managing weeds over the long term, particularly for the management and minimisation of herbicide resistance. IWM incorporates the use of as many different weed control techniques as possible within a farming system, with a focus on preventing seed set of any weed escapes. In certain situations, less profitable techniques may have to be used in the short term to get longer-term control of weeds and improved returns. An example of this in canola would be windrowing the crop, followed with a knockdown herbicide to prevent any weeds from seeding. Windrowed stubble could also be burned to kill weed seeds. Essential principles of an IWM program include: Photo: C. Preston, University of Adelaide 1. Monitor levels of weed control. 2. Stop weeds from setting seed and thus keep seedbanks small. 3. Use as many weed control tactics as possible, together with good agronomy to grow competitive high yielding crops. 1. Monitor levels of weed control As discussed earlier, weed control techniques do not give complete control when used alone. Weed escapes need to be identified and controlled before they set seed. 2. Stop weed seed set – keep weed seedbanks small The key to keeping seedbanks small is to prevent, or at least greatly reduce, inputs of fresh seed. To achieve this, it is important to aim for high levels of weed control using a combination of control methods. The ‘double knock’ No one tactic will control 100 per cent of weeds, so introducing a second tactic (the second knock) to kill the survivors of the first always gives the best control. The most common example of this is a pre-sowing application of glyphosate, followed by full cultivation sowing. The use of no-till seeders removes this second knock so an application of Spray Seed ® or paraquat 5–10 days after the glyphosate and just prior to planting will control the survivors of the glyphosate application. Using a pre-emergent herbicide followed later in the season by a post-emergent herbicide can be considered a double knock if targeting the same weed species. Canola best practice management guide 45
Page 1 and 2: Canola best practice management gui
Page 3 and 4: Contents Contents 1. Introduction..
Page 5 and 6: Introduction 1. Introduction Don Mc
Page 7 and 8: Grain quality 2. Grain quality Rod
Page 9 and 10: Grain quality Erucic acid The level
Page 11 and 12: The canola plant and how it grows 3
Page 13 and 14: The canola plant and how it grows S
Page 15 and 16: Crop rotation and paddock selection
Page 21 and 22: Crop establishment 5. Crop establis
Page 23 and 24: Crop establishment Certified seed i
Page 25 and 26: Crop establishment Dry sowing in dr
Page 27 and 28: Crop establishment Sowing depth - g
Page 29 and 30: Canola in the low-rainfall cropping
Page 31 and 32: Nutrition and soil fertility 7. Nut
Page 33 and 34: Nutrition and soil fertility Nitrog
Page 35 and 36: Nutrition and soil fertility Sulfur
Page 37 and 38: Nutrition and soil fertility Molybd
Page 39 and 40: Nutrition and soil fertility Mangan
Page 41 and 42: Weed management 8. Weed management
Page 43: Weed management of the herbicide to
Page 47 and 48: Pests of canola 9. Pests of canola
Page 49 and 50: Pests of canola Cutworm caterpillar
Page 51 and 52: Pests of canola Lucerne flea. Photo
Page 53 and 54: Pests of canola Controlling snails
Page 55 and 56: Pests of canola Winged aphids migra
Page 57 and 58: Pests of canola bag or plastic tray
Page 59 and 60: Diseases of canola 10. Diseases of
Page 61 and 62: Diseases of canola Figure 10.1 2009
Page 63 and 64: Diseases of canola Alternaria leaf
Page 65 and 66: Diseases of canola Downy mildew on
Page 67 and 68: Grazing and fodder conservation 11.
Page 69 and 70: Grazing and fodder conservation Gro
Page 71 and 72: Irrigation management 12. Irrigatio
Page 73 and 74: Irrigation management Terraced cont
Page 75 and 76: Bees and pollination 13. Bees and p
Page 77 and 78: Windrowing and harvesting 14. Windr
Page 79 and 80: Windrowing and harvesting Windrowin
Page 81 and 82: Windrowing and harvesting Severe wi
Page 83 and 84: Windrowing and harvesting Timing of
Page 85 and 86: Post-harvest management 15. Post-ha
Page 87 and 88: Marketing 16. Marketing Dick Benson
Page 89 and 90: Marketing because of a sudden colla
Page 91 and 92: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T

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