best practice management guide for south-eastern Australia - Grains ...

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The canola plant and how it grows Environmental stresses impacting yield and oil content Moisture and heat stress are linked; the plant will suffer heat stress at a lower temperature if it is also under moisture stress. Flower abortion, shorter flowering period, fewer pods, fewer seeds per pod and lighter seed weight are the main effects, occurring either independently or in combination. Frost, moisture stress and heat stress can all have an impact on grain yield, oil content and oil quality. Frost can occur at any time during the growth of the canola plant but the most damaging frosts occur when pods are small. Pods affected at this time have a green to yellowish discolouration, then shrivel and eventually drop off. Pods affected later may appear blistered on the outside of the pod and usually have missing seeds (see photo). Severe moisture stress during pod filling results in seeds being underdeveloped and small. Photo: D. McCaffery, NSW DPI Frost damage before the watery seed stage results in either missing seeds or very shrivelled seeds. Frost damage at this time may or may not affect oil content. Photo: T. Potter, SARDI Hail damage may penetrate through the pod wall and affect seed development. Photo: D. McCaffery, NSW DPI 14 Canola best practice management guide
Crop rotation and paddock selection 4. Crop rotation and paddock selection Paul Parker, NSW DPI Crop rotation Any crop rotation should be based on sound principles but remain flexible to allow for variations in the seasonal break, commodity prices and changing circumstances. What happens in one paddock is linked to activities across the farm, such as balancing grazing demands or spreading commodity and financial risk. It is also important that economic returns from a canola crop are considered for the full term of the cropping rotation and not just on an individual crop basis. Research has shown that the benefits from growing canola can flow on to subsequent crops for two or three years after the initial canola crop. While preparing a simple gross margin on the canola crop will give a guide to the input costs and potential returns, it does not take longer-term benefits into consideration nor does it spread some long-term costs – such as the application of lime – over several crops. The benefits of having canola in the rotation include: n reduced incidence of diseases such as take-all, crown rot and common root rot in winter cereal crops grown after canola through the removal of their grass weed hosts. Numerous studies have demonstrated an average yield increase of 20 per cent in wheat crops grown after canola compared to wheat grown after wheat. If disease levels are high, the yield increase may be significantly more than 20 per cent; n canola leaves a more friable topsoil which is well suited to the direct drilling of the following cereal crop; n rotation of herbicide groups reduces the potential for herbicide resistance to develop and for herbicide residues to accumulate in the soil. It also results in better longerterm control of weeds; n spreads the time available to use machinery and labour because of canola’s earlier sowing and harvest timing relative to cereals; and n provides a range of grain delivery and marketing options. Selling grain off the header at harvest can give growers an early cashflow and reduce on-farm storage demand, while storing or warehousing canola can spread price risk and provide marketing flexibility. These benefits can result in a more profitable and sustainable farming operation by: n consistently producing higher yielding, more profitable cereal crops; n more diversified income from growing a range of crop types; n an alternative to cereals with an established and stable marketing system; n improved weed control and herbicide resistance management; Canola leaves the soil friable for direct drilling a cereal crop, saving fuel and valuable soil carbon. Photo: D. McCaffery, NSW DPI Canola best practice management guide 15
Page 1 and 2: Canola best practice management gui
Page 3 and 4: Contents Contents 1. Introduction..
Page 5 and 6: Introduction 1. Introduction Don Mc
Page 7 and 8: Grain quality 2. Grain quality Rod
Page 9 and 10: Grain quality Erucic acid The level
Page 11 and 12: The canola plant and how it grows 3
Page 13: The canola plant and how it grows S
Page 17 and 18: Crop rotation and paddock selection
Page 19 and 20: Crop rotation and paddock selection
Page 21 and 22: Crop establishment 5. Crop establis
Page 23 and 24: Crop establishment Certified seed i
Page 25 and 26: Crop establishment Dry sowing in dr
Page 27 and 28: Crop establishment Sowing depth - g
Page 29 and 30: Canola in the low-rainfall cropping
Page 31 and 32: Nutrition and soil fertility 7. Nut
Page 33 and 34: Nutrition and soil fertility Nitrog
Page 35 and 36: Nutrition and soil fertility Sulfur
Page 37 and 38: Nutrition and soil fertility Molybd
Page 39 and 40: Nutrition and soil fertility Mangan
Page 41 and 42: Weed management 8. Weed management
Page 43 and 44: Weed management of the herbicide to
Page 45 and 46: Weed management Burning windrows ca
Page 47 and 48: Pests of canola 9. Pests of canola
Page 49 and 50: Pests of canola Cutworm caterpillar
Page 51 and 52: Pests of canola Lucerne flea. Photo
Page 53 and 54: Pests of canola Controlling snails
Page 55 and 56: Pests of canola Winged aphids migra
Page 57 and 58: Pests of canola bag or plastic tray
Page 59 and 60: Diseases of canola 10. Diseases of
Page 61 and 62: Diseases of canola Figure 10.1 2009
Page 63 and 64: Diseases of canola Alternaria leaf
Page 65 and 66:
Diseases of canola Downy mildew on
Page 67 and 68:
Grazing and fodder conservation 11.
Page 69 and 70:
Grazing and fodder conservation Gro
Page 71 and 72:
Irrigation management 12. Irrigatio
Page 73 and 74:
Irrigation management Terraced cont
Page 75 and 76:
Bees and pollination 13. Bees and p
Page 77 and 78:
Windrowing and harvesting 14. Windr
Page 79 and 80:
Windrowing and harvesting Windrowin
Page 81 and 82:
Windrowing and harvesting Severe wi
Page 83 and 84:
Windrowing and harvesting Timing of
Page 85 and 86:
Post-harvest management 15. Post-ha
Page 87 and 88:
Marketing 16. Marketing Dick Benson
Page 89 and 90:
Marketing because of a sudden colla
Page 91 and 92:
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements T
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