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DATE OF THE MARTYRDOM. 667
tioned in connexion with the martyrdom, in the body of the document
as Asiarch (§ 12) and in the chronological postscript {§ 21) as High-priest,
Now it has been shown; (i)
that these two titles are different designations
of the same office (in. p. 406 sq); (2) that in an Olympian
inscription Philip the Trallian is styled Asiarch in the 232nd Olympiad
which began a.d. 149 (above, p. 629) ; (3) that in three Trallian inscriptions
belonging to the reign of Antoninus Pius and dated the 56th
(TraUian) Olympiad he is called High-priest (above, p. 629 sq); and
(4) that, granting the office to have been held for four years (as I have
endeavoured to prove, iii. p. 412 sq), a probable explanation of the
dating by Trallian Olympiads can be given which would make Philip
High-priest or Asiarch in this very year, a.d. 155, which Waddington
assigns to the martyrdom. Anyhow his tenure of this office —^designated
by either name—is connected in the inscriptions with the reign of
Antoninus Pius. He lived into the succeeding reign, but he is no
longer distinguished by either of these titles.
It should be added also that throughout the Smyrnjean Letter the
singular is used of the emperor. Polycarp is urged to declare ' Csesar is
Lord' (§ 8 Kuptos Kaicrap); he is bidden, and he refuses, to swear by
'the genius of C^sar' (§§ 9, 10, tt^v KatVapos rvxw)- It is at least a
matter of surprise that these forms should be persistently used, if the
event had happened during a divided sovereignty.
Waddington's reconstruction
accepted in the main by Renan L Aiitcchrist p.
of the Aristidean chronology has been
566, L'EgHse Chrctietiue
p. 452 sq; Lipsius Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Thcol. xvii. p. 188 sq (1874),
Jahrb. f. Protest. Theol. iv. p. 751 sq (1878), vii. p. 574 sq (1881), ix.
p. 525 sq (1883); Hilgenfeld Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Theol. xvii. p. 324 sq
(1874), XXII. p. 154 sq (1879); Volkmar Jenaer Literaturzeitung 1874,
no. 274, p. 291; Gebhardt Zeitschr. f. Histor. Theol. 1875, p. 377 sq;
Zahn Pair. Apost. 11. p. 165, 1876; Funk Pair. Apost.
i.
pp. Ixxxiii, xciv
sq, 1878; Aube Histoire des Persecutions p. 319 sq, La Pole/niqiie
Paienne p. 184 sq, 1878; Doulcet Rappoi'ts de I'Eglise Chretienne etc.
p. 103, 1883; Marquardt Romische Staatsverwaltung
1.
p. 375, 1873;
Friedlander Siitengeschichte Ro/us in. pp. 440, 442, 654; H. Schiller
Geschichte der Romischen Ivaiserzeit i. ii.
p. 684, 1883; E. EgU Zeitschr.
f. Wiss. Theol. xxv. p. 227 sq (1S82), xxvii. p. 216 (1884), p. 385 (1888);
T. Randell Date of S. Polycarp' s Martyrdom in Studia Biblica p. 1 7 5 sq,
1885; Lacour-Gayet Antonin le Pieiix p. 149 sq, 1888. On the other
hand Uhlhorn (Herzog Real-Encyklopddie, ed. 2, s. v. Polykarp) and
Wordsworth {Church History
i.
p. 161 sq) incline to the older view;