IVRI AR 119.pdf

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
IZATNAGAR AND MUKTESWAR
FOR THE
YEAR 1959-60
Dll6lVlI.I

TABLE OF CONTENTs
GENERAL SECTION
A-RBport Df the Director
Stall
I.O.A.B. and Other Scll6lllcS
Genera! nctivities oitha Institute
Fina.nce
Changes In sial!
CanatructiQn
Dlstlngtrlshed Viidtors
,.
_.
.'
"
.,
.,
.1
...
PJ.QlIJ!I
1
.2
IS
7
7
7
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,.'"
10
11
11
DI:VL!lWNAL RENRTa
B-Report of the Pathology and. Bacteriology Divieion
O-Report of the Animal Nutrition Division
D-Report of lihe .Animal ~cnetjes Division .'.
E-:-Repon of the PDultry Research Division
F-Reporl ohhe Pa.ra~i~ogy Division
G-Repor~ of ~he Biologioal Pl'oducta Division
" .
12
41
48
£i5
69
68
70
APPENDICES
I-Tn.b~ s}mwing tho' Qllantities 'of the variolut products mam;f&c1 tured ,and lHUcd
" dutmgtheyear".. .. •• ,' ;. '.. .. .. ' ",' 71
, n-Tabi~ 8ho~ng th~ ~11Jj'Ibe~'~idoire" ~fpI'Odu~tB i~uCJi tb dill'el'&~ S~te"in India
, and neigbi:I!Jrlng 00lll].~riee .'.'" .:. :, • " ", .. ' •• , ' ' • • 74
:rn-~a.ble eho~ng the ,~oial reSults cif the ~ol.'king ~f ~h~ I.1.R.I., lzat.nagat ,
, e.ndMuktel!JWar,' ", ',,, '.. '", ' .. ,.' •• , .. ,82
IV-List of pn1:)U~tiQnirpublished or sen.t to thil press' 84
" " , .', : ,~

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INDIAN VETERINARY
RESEAROH INSTITUTE, IZATNAGAR AND
MUKTESWAR FOR THE YEAR 1959·60
'GENERAL SECTION
DIRECTOR-SHRI P. G. PANDE, M.Sc., M.R.C.YS.
Unrler the aWlpioes of the Indian 'OmU1oil of Agrioultl11'al Rosoa.rch, Shri
M. O. Kri..llm[1ppa, Deputy l\lini;;ter of Agricultw:c, Government of India.
inaugurated the Plenary Se~3Hion of tJ16 Nutritioll Resc&t()h Workers Conference
on Plant and. Animal Nutrition 01\ the 19th May, 1959. rrwenty-threa
members from the different States attended the oonference whioh oontinued
till the, 22nd May, 1959. '
The Standing Conunittee on PORt~Gradua.te Education helel in Bombay in
l'Ifaroh, 19GO, under the aUi~pices of 'hhe Indiull Council of .Agricultural Research
aocepted the proposAl for starting 1,ho four new rliploma o;)Uraos of nine uwnth)
duration in the subjects Ijf Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Animal Gyua.c·
cology. Animal HUfj~ndry and Poultry Husbandry. '
The Indian Veterinary Ro!\earoh In:~titute Pavilion was opened on the
11th December, 195~, and closed on the 29th lebrllary, 1960, in the "World
Agricllitural Fair. It proved as one of tile be.~t Animal Hllsballdry and Veterinary
Show for the first time'in the cQunt,ry. 'llue Indian Veterinary Research
In~titute Pavilion received speoial COl1'llIl.elldation under ·th& National Seotur
Display and was, awarded ,a silver medaJ. in talton.
, .
Under' the Second Five Year Plan, four class ,I find fou.r class It posts
were sanctionod ",rid advertised bY,the Union Publio Service C0mmission. Further
five clast:! I 'Posts and eight olass II posta were filled dlU'ing the year by the
Union Public . SerVice CoI,llIllisaion .
, . .
, , "
Equipment and bonks worth Rs. 1,OO31aJd~R wero'reoeived at th.e Inqtit.ute,
through the Technical Co-opera.tion l\IiRsicn undor O.A. 28 and O.A. 38 during
,the year for 1;le u~e,o£the :various Divisions an.d, the Post-Gradua1ie ,College 9£
Animal Soiences.
'
Shri'M. O. 'Ki-ishnappa, Unio~ ;Deputy Minister for A.grioult~re; Shri
, Shiv Raj Pa.nt, MinIster ~f ,Forests, Nepal; Shri Govind Narain, I.C.S., Ohief
Seoretary; Uttar Pradesh;' Shri Krishan' Chand,' I.O.S., Joint SecretarY. Minis ..
try 'of Food and Agrictllturc; Shri L. Sah.8,~, M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., An.imalHus­
'bBJidty Co:minissi9ner with the Gov~rnment of Lldin,' 'visited the .Izatnagar
'and Mukteswar: b,ra.p.ch of the It),stitute. ," '. ' ,

2
STAFF
It the close of the year the gazetted staff was t1S follows:­
Director, Shri P. G. Pande, M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.
Head.~
of Divisions
Animf"l Genetic..~-Dr. P. Bhattacharya, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.N.I.
Parasitology-Dr. H. D. Srivastava, D.Sc.
Biol.ogical Products-Shri C. Seetharam.an, B.Sc., G.M.V.C., B.V.Sc.,
M.Sc. (Vety.) ,
Animal NutTitiOn-Dr. V. l\fahadevan, M.A., D.Sc.
Poultry Rcaea1ch-Dt. S. Bose, M.Sc., Ph.D.
*Patho{oDY and Bacteriology-Shri S. B. V. Rao, L.V.P. (Hens.)
P"incipaZ, Post-Graduate Oollege oj AnimaZ Sciences-Dr. N. D. Kehar,
M.Sc., Se.D.
Class I O.f!ioors
Research Officer (Quantitative Inherit(Mwe)-Dr. S. S. Prabbu, Ph.D.,
D.Se.
Re.~earc'L OJficer (HUes and Skins}-Shri B. N. Soni, B.Se., B.Sc.(Agri.)
"'Researol& Officer (Tuberculosis & Johne's Disease)-Shri J. 1\1:. IJat,
L.V.P. (Han'>.)
Research Offif1e1' (Vaccines)-Dr. T. S. Gulrajani, G.B.V.O., Ph.D.
Research Officer (Entomologll)-Dr: R. P., Chaudhury, B.Sc. (Hans.),
M.Sc., Ph.D. '
Researoh Offi~ (Physiology)-Dr. D. N. Mulliok, M.So., Ph.D.
, Reswrch, Officer (B-ioohemistrtJ),,--Dr. R. Mukherjee, M.So., Ph.D.
Research Officer (StCTiZity)_;_Shrf S. N. Luktuke, G.B.Y.C.
'tResearch Offia,e/I', (Itinderpest)_:_Shri M. S. ,Men(ln, .i.D.P., G.V.SI'.
tR~ea~ch ()jfir.er (Rinderpest Vacoin~)-Sh~i K. C. Sinha, G.B.V.C .
._ ResearCh Q.ffi~r (Sera)-Shri R, M. Thabal, L.V.P ..
, 'Re8WO~ officer (ArtifioiaZ I~emination)-Dr. S. Gulla, G.Y.So., Ph.D~
Research Officer (Disease lnvestigation)-Dr. C.' F. Matany,' G.B.V.C.,
~~ , "
Reseqrch Officer (Pathology)-AnimaZ N'utrition Division-Shri :arahIn
Dutp,_B.A., L.V.P. .
Iies~'Fch offi~ ,(Protozoology)-Siui B .. S~' Gill, M.V.Se .
. - ,
" ~tationlld at,MukteaWllr.
tE1lI!lIoged, on Scheln~s ~uM(led by t.he Cetltro.l'Rillderpest Oontrol Committee;

8
Basearoo ().ffirm (Bioohemistf'y}-Anima£ NutritiDl't Division-Dr. B. N.
Majnm.dar, M.Sc., Ph.D. .
"Pr4es~tTI' qf Veterinary PathoWgll-Dr. G. L. 8harnm, L,V,P'J M.Sc.)
Ph.D.
'ProfessM (If Veterinary Bacttriology-S'brl P. R. Nilaka.ntan, G.M.V.C.,
B.V.So., M.Sc .
• Professor oJ Veterinary Parasitology-Dr. Buresh Singn, M.&l., Ph.D.
Professor oj Animat Nutrition-Dr. K. Sahai, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Professor oj Animal Physiology-Dr. A. K. Pal, M.Sc., Ph.D.
ProJ6$80T of AttimaL ~Dl:. U. D. Shatmll., B.Y.So., M.S.,l'b.D.
Refrigeration E~nee,-Shri r. N. Joshi, A.M.A.S.R.E. (Grand Instt.
R. Erit;.
RegWat-Shrl R N. Saxena, B.A.
mass II O}kefa
Assistant Research O.ffi,cer (Trammg)-Dr. D. P. Mukherjee. M.So., Ph.D.
Assistant. ReWl-rM Officer (Artifieiat Insemi'llation}--£hri GajjlUl Singh,
B.V.Se., G.M.V.C., M.Sc.
Assistanlt Re8e

4
"'tAssistant R(!.~~arc1t Ojfice:r .(Rintlcrpest)-Shri H. S. Dhlllcn, B.A.,
L.V.P.
Assistant Research Officer (Vetcnna1'Yt-Shri S. S. Ja\va, L.V.P.{HoDS.)
, • , ", t,
Assist(A.nt Research OjJicer (Poisonous Plant..~)-Dr. S. S. Negi, M.So., Ph.D .
... Assistant Research Ojficer (A.naerobes)-Sbri M. S. 'Jayaraman, G.M.V.C.
*tAssistant Research Officer (Rabies)-Shri :s. K. Kathuria, G.B.V.C.
'=tAss1.stant Research Ojflcer (Sten'lt"zatt"on)-Sill:i S. N. Chatterjee, G. V.Sc.
Assistant ;Research Qtficer {Poultry Technology)':__Dr. T. D. Mahadevan,
B.Se., Ph.D .
.A.~,~~smnt Research Officer (Sera)-Shri. R. N. Seth, L.V.P.
tAssi,~tant Research Officer (Skin Stutlies)-,Dr. P. G. Nair, B.Se., G.M.V.C.,
M.Sc., Ph.D.
Assistant Researcl~ o.fficer (Disease Investigotion)-Shri P. K. Rainchandran,
B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.
Ass~stant .Research Officer {Lapinisea Qvianised voccine)-Shri :M:. Nataraj
an, D.T.V.Sc.
'
Assistant Researclt Officer (Hormones)-Shri P. N. SriVELfltaVIl., M,Sc .
.:t:Assistant Resoo1'ch OffKJ(1!f (Ooordination)__:Dr. Kedar Nath, M.So.;
Ph.D.
t,As"ist!¥nt Researr.h Officer (Haemorrlloegic septicaemia AJjuvant VaGcine)-Shri
S. S. Nangia., L.V.P .
.Assistant Research Officer (Ento'moZogll)-Dr. 'G. A. Shivnani, G.B.V.C.,
. Ph.D. ' ' "-,
"'Assistant Research Officer (Foot-ana-Mouth Disease)-Dr. N. S. Dutt •
. .' L. Y.P., B.V •.Bo., pn;D. . ' - " , ."
.Assistrr,ntResearcl~ OJficer (InJuwitance)-Shii Prem Nr.train; B.Sc. (Hons.)
M.So.
tAssistant Researcll Officer (Reproauctive Phllaiology)-Dr. S. B. Goswa.m.i,
, MJ;lo.(Agri.), Ph.D. ' , -
tA88istan.t Research. OffiCer (Virus, Vaooines)-Sb:d P. Ma~usud.ani
, B.V.Be: ," "-, " '-.,' " '
, Assistant Researcl& Ojficer (OZimatology)-Bhri B. C. Joshi, B.V.S~; &.A.H.
tA~iistant Research. OffiCer' '(Eu.'l Proauction}-Shri R. B. L. Srivastava,
B.Sc., G.B.V.C., B.V.Be. & A.H. ' -, .
.*
AsBistan~ ReseMc~ OJficer (Vir.us)-Smt. p;' R.' Sakkubai, B.V.So. '
,Assistant Researcl~ Officer (Biockemistry)-Anirnal Nutrition Division-
. , Shri B. O. Joahi, M.Sc. ' '- ' -
, .Sto.tiOIUld it.t MukteawlU'.
,t~",g6d'lln Sllhonie~ fiuan.oe,d by. the ,Indian Counoil of Agrioultural Researoh.
,*Engage(l. on, . Sc1iemejl, fina.noed by tile Oe~ttal,Rindorpest COlltr.ol,ComD1ittee.
~ .. ,_ , , .. '

5
A.8S1':slr:tnt Resea;'c}~ Officer (Diserue InvesMgation)-Shri S. L. Mukherjee,
G.B.V.C.
:1:.Assistant Researoh Officer (Du,olG Breeiling)-Shrj C. M. Sell Gupta,
G.V.So. "
A,~sistant Researc}t Officer (Feed Processing)-Shri 1\'1. M. Jayal, B.Sc.
(Agri.).
A,~s1:stant Researcl, Officer (Goat Tissue Vaccine)-Shri Rosban Lal, B.Sc."
B.V.Se.
'
Assistant Research Officer (Statistics)-Shri R. S. Ganesan, B.Se. (Hone.)
Assistant Research O.fficer (Physiology anrZ Metabolism}-SLri M. V. N.
Rao, B.V.So. '
AS8%'tant Res~ok Ojfwer (Patliology)-ParasitolOfJY Division-SIlri
V. P. ~har:rna. Deorani, B.V.So. &, A.H.
*ilssistant Research, Officer (Bioclte-mist1y)-PaihoIOfJlJ 0Ina. Bacteriology
,- Division-Dr. B. Sahai" M.Sc.; Ph.D. ,
tAs.r.stant Research Officer (Bacteriology Vaooine)-S"hrllt R. Sen Gupta"
G.B.V.C.
Assistant Reseorclt Officer (PatMlogy)-Pottltty Researolt Division­
Shri V. V .. Srinivasan.
"'Medical Officer-Dr. K"Q. Pant, M.B.B.S.
lJIedicalOjJicer-Dr, L. D. Joshi, 13.80., M.B.B:S.
Estate Manager-Shri D. K.l\'Iakhljani, B.Ag.
*Estate Manager-Shri Suraj Bhau Singll,13.So. (Agri.).
*Veterinary,OjJioo1'-Sh:ci D. R. Uppal, D.A., G.B.V.C.,
*Engin~-Shri V. P. Ja.i.tly, RSe, Eng..- '
Engin(l6r-Shri 13iswanath l\{ukherjee, B,M.E.
Assistant Aiil'ninistrative Officer..:...ahxi S; P. Dubo, M.A.
*Assistant Administr,ative Officer-Shri,P. S. Ncgi. ", '
Accounts OjJiCer~Shri Prakash Chandra., B.Com., SAS~
BtO'f_~ Officer_"ShXi M. BBSU, B.A.{Hons.)'
'4s,~istant Begistrq,r-S'h:riC. J:;.s. BindrlL, M.A., X.J)B:, ,
, LibrMia,n~_::ShXj-.M. K. ~u1di~j~e, 13.sO: Dip.'Lih.:Sci-.-M. TAb: SoL,
Leacturer in Am'mal-Nutriti~Dr. indra. Ku-.trW-, M.Sc.; Ph.D.., ,
. Lecturer' 'in' A~imai ~ky~iolo91l-Bhri M. N. Ra.zdan, B.Bc~ (Hons.)
M.So. . "_ ._" " " ,_
LeCturer in Animal Geneeics'"7BhriP. R. V. Nayucluj B.A.(Hons.), B.V.So.
• Leoturf!l1' in VeterinarY Par;uiiology;--:-Sfui G'- Subraln~nian.- M,So. .'
'" I~ in Veterinmtl PatMlart!i-S1¢i, S: S: 'Kher8, B.Se., D. V!80" ~.S •
. *¥"Otwrer om: Vetermaru Bacteriology-Shti'P: C. Selca.riah;'J,3;V.Sc; ,
" . . '. - ,
"stationed at Muktesw&l'. ' , , " ' " " - ;
- tE1lg'lged on: Soh~i:heB ,ftila.nbecl by tl!e Indl.n Coullcil o:r:Ag;.ioultu~al :Researoh~
'tll:ngllged on Schtome9 f\na.uocd by the Qantril-i Rih~erPe8t Control Oommittee.
_- '. " -, -

6
Subordinate Btuff
Permanent'remporary
Rrocarch Assistants
Laboratory AJ:lsistal1ts
Laboratory Attendants
Ministerial Staff
Other Class III & CIMS IV
Staff paid from oontingencies
42
37
75
87
252
1010
59
36
63
61
101
INDH.N COUNCIL 0]' AGRICU.LTURAL RESEARCH AND OTHER
. SCHEMES
The Indian Counoil of Agrioultural Researoh oontinued to finance the
following schemes at the Illstitute:-
1. Value of ureas 0;1 a protein sub3titute ill tbe ration of cows and buffaloes
for growth' and milk produotion.
2., Faotors affecting the llutritive value of paddy straw.
3. Feed requirements of sheep under range and agrioultural oonditions.
, 4. Nutritional requirements of pigs.
6. Possibility of evolving a suitable draught capacity standard of
bullooks.
6. ImmWlizo.tion of Indian oattle.
7; Sterilization of Bcrub

7
GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE
Dr. H. D. Srivaetava, M.Sc., D.Sc., Head of the Dimlon of Parasitology,
was elected as President of the Zoology and Entomology Sciences of the 47th
Session of the Indian Science Congress held in Bombay.
Dr. I. D. Wilson, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Teohnical Adviser on Post-Graduate
Education to the Director, oontinued to work at the Institute during the year.
Dr. 8.' 8. FraiJim, Ph..D., D-S'o., Researoh. Offioer (QuantitatIve rnberitanee),
Animal Genetics Division, was dep'lted to the United Kingdom under
the Colombo ,Plan for a. period of six: months for training in the teolurique of
rearing, handling an d test~g live animals for fundamental studies in quantitative
inheritance.
Dr. D. P. Mukherjee, 'M.So., Ph.D., Assistant Research Officer (Training),
Animal' Genetics Division, was deputed to the United Kingdom under th&
Colombo Plan for a period of 6 months for training in oytomorphological
studies of sperin~s. '" ,
" Shri D. R. Uppal, ,L.Y.p., Veterinary Offioer, P~thology',and Baoteriology
Division, was deput~ to ,the United Kingdom under the C'ol6mbo P!an for &
period of five months for traiWng in bacteriology.
, "Shri P. R. V. 'Nayud~, B.A., B.V.So., Lecturer in Animal Gen~tio8, Post­
~r~ua~e College of Anim8J. Soienoes, was deputed under the Swiss Government
Sohol&Tship fQr a period Qf nine months ror award of ~aining in animal gynaeoology.,'
, .
, FINANCE
The total inoome of' the I~titute amounted ,to' B.s. 14,67,806 and the expendi~ur6
to Re. 50,88,017 BO that the net cost to the Government of 1ndia W8,l\I
Rs. 36,20,211. ' ' ,
, ,:':,' ,PHA~GESIN _srA.~ "..'
S1n:i M. R. Dhands, t.V.P."l\[S.," ])ip. Bact." Head of the D~visioll. pi,
PlJ.thology and Baoteriologjr was re1ieve.d of his duties with ef£ect from the 2Rtlt
. '
January, 1960, 'on transfer to the: Uttar 'Pradesh Agi'iauHiuraJ Unive~itY.
", ," Shri' B. 'R'" Gupta~', L, V.P;, Jo~tcy. 'Officer, :P~ultry Research,' :riivisio~
reverted t~ the 'pOst of Res~aroh ABsistant with' effeot from the lst,,Ma.:~ea upon in ,detail in. '
the "DiVisionarReport"~ Here a m.ention is made of th~ mote important items. ;,
., P(Jtkol~;'1J':'aniJ, Ba~rio~!1
, A new Pl~thod, of prel>aiation' ,of highly ilill'nuh')genio llLpinised-avia.nj~ed
, rinderpest va.Goine has beeh developed; the.'new teohnique 'emI'loyed yieldi.ng
,abollt,,32 vaooinating ,dot\1ea ,per egg. JI'ive day~old, emprYOnating cgg~' w~r~ In-,
: Q(lulated, ~hrough yolkaao a.nd,: t,he :wbole egg 'ccntent~ WeIe ~~u.bilii~d lU"a
, ~i:u:i;ilg, ,bleI'lde~.,at'ter incubation for, eigb.t' ~YS. at 100°F.'" .
:BlI1fiIVRt-lf ' . ' " " ,

8
Experiments'so far conducted with goat-adapted '0' strain of foot-andmouth
disease virus have shown that newly-born kids and day-old calves could be
lIucceflsfully infected through intramuscular route when maximum conoentration
of tne vi1"l1s "Was lon:nll to be attalned in. eaydiac ID)lsci.e, followed by kidney
and skeletal muscle. Attempts to grow the foot-a.nd~mouth disease virus in
day-old rabbits and guinea-pigs have been successful and efforts are being made
to adapt it to developing embryos of the above-mentiolled species of experiment,lto}
anilllals.
A strain of ra.bies street virus has been sucoessfttlly adapted to grow in
ohick embryo where it has so far undergone ten-serial passages without ahowing
any evidence of attenuation.
In-vivo trillls indicated the therapeutic effioacy of terramycin in oontagious
caprine pleuro-pneumonia and further challenge tests on such sucoessfully
treated -goats showed that the animaJs had developed resistance agaillBt infec-'
tion pointing to the possibility of an yet newer pathway of active imlIlunisation
agaillBt this fell-disease of goats. The causative organi~m of contagious'
oaprine pleura-pneumonia has been isolated for the first time from the foetal
heart blood of experimentally inoculated pregnant gOfl,tB. '
The newly developed purified oapsular protein vaooine, in as small a. dose
as 500 micrograms, induced a ra.pid development of imJIlunity whioh re~hed II
demollBtrable le~el within 5 to 7 days and lasted for at least as long as eighteen
m.onths.
A n.ew antigenic subtype of Leptospira pomona; has been found to be responsible
,for icterohaemoglobi-nuria amongst goats a.t Naini Tal while L.
grippotyphosa }w.s been isolated from cattle that died suddently in M"adra.'! State.
The syndrome of posterior paralysis amongst buffalo oa.lves has sinoe been
chara.cterised to be jL cerebrospinal manifesta,tion of leptospirosis due to L.
,hebdomedis. Reoent 8~rolog\ea.1-8U"rveys indicated that trbere are many loci of
multiple lept08pir~sis ,affecting a large percentag~ of 8J1.imal and human popu~
lation in' a1l16ast three differen.t States in this eountry.
'
, , Fo~ the :fi~9t time, the pre~enoe pf toxoplal'lmosis has been histologically
demonstrated in hill cattle and Toxoplasma gondi", has been isolated from 8:
Himalayan fiying-squirrel which ooIistitutes yet another 'new natural host for
this protozoon, -, ,
,A Virus, possibly -related' to the Psittacosis-Iymphograntiloma group 'has
'- been found to be responsible for oausation of pneumonia inabeep in- at least four
widelY-lIeparated sheep breeding farms in. the ~ta.tes of Uttar Pra~sh, HiIllQohal
Pradesh and, AD.dhra Pradesh. ' ,
Histological evidence h~ indica.ted the oooulrtlnce of equine viral abortion'
, for the first time in tJlis coun~~y. - , '
. _.'~ I ,
Animal N,'I,(,tritirm '
Protein~rilh' 'grolinwiut , Moos(/, wlJ.en-fed 'to growing ,oalves in cOllJunc.
tion with mineral- Bupplement, forms an excellent feed. Feeding experiments
'With 9'UWf, (Cya'nopsi3_ pasorotoidesY have proy-tid \;ha.t it i& a. .better llv'~l)clI
:fec~.when ul:le,€I,'in,pl!lc~_'of groundnllt cake. ' "', ' ,,' _:

Feeding experiments on Hatia.nR ca.lve, have proved. tha.t it is advahtagoons
. to replace one-third mineral mixture by goor meal when pa.ddy straw forms
the roughage for growing calves and tho substitution of goor meal not only
improvOB the assimilation of'calcium and nitrogen but reduces the cost of the
(loncentrate also.
9
Use of bamboo ilowers and fruits has proved that 25% of the feed did
not produce any ill-effect on rats and had no oestrogenic activity.
Feeding half a gram of copper sulpha~ daily to lactating and dry cows
induced early oestrus and thereby reduced the intercalving period. .
Parasitology
Haemonchus bispinosus and Oesophagostomum asperum, two nematodewonns
have, for the first time, been recorded from sheep and goats in India.
Setaria cervi (Artienema labiawpapillosa) has been found to occur in the
pericardium of R cow and she-buffalo_ In the latter case the anima~ died
apparently due to this infection. Setaria cervi has also been found to occur
in the peritoneal cavity of a goat, leading to loca:lised peritonitis.
In a study of chemotherapy of Schistosoma, incognitum, a blood fluke of
pig, dog and certain animals, potassium and sodium antimony tartrates have
be:;}n fouIld to be highly effective in dosage of 10 mg. each per kg. body weight.
Anthiomaline and antimosan are much le3s effect;ive even at high doses.
Expefiments to find out wheth~r mosquitoes are capable of transmitting
fowl-pox have proved successful in Anopheles subpictus and Oulex fatigans.
Calves suffering from demodecti m~nge, kids infoQted with sucking louse
and goats and buffalo calve3 infected with sarcoptis mange mite3 were trea.ted
with good results with Asuntol (Bayer 21-199).
Am:mal Genetics
A fully equipped training-cum-resea.rch Drosophila laboratory has been
established. Work is being conducted on tho effect of different method'! of
selection and varying levels of inbreeding on the (}xpression and behaviour
of metric characters like egg production, egg-size, hatchability and fertility.
Results of two-way selection revealed interesting responses which are being
pursued.
Semen collection tests carried out on Hariana bulls showed that intell·
sities beyond.t.wo ejac~lates a w~ek r6sult~d in lowering as well as the keeping
quality of semen.
Various t;ials, conducte-d in modifying the diluent developed by Kempschidt
for use 'of buffalo semen pre;ervation work, gave best results when
19 parts of isotonic glucose and 1 part of isotomic bicarbonate were used in
the dilutor instead of in the usual proportion.
Poultry Research
Dressed poultry meat dipped in 18% brine solution containing 15 mg. of
penicilliu per pound solution for fifteen minutes retains its edible quality for
a period of seven days, whereas the control carcasses become unfit for human
consumption in two da.ys at 60°F.

10
Inv6'3tiga,tion to ,study the correlation between the phyaiological and
body characters a.nd ann,ua.l egg produotion has demonstra.ted tha-t groups of
good, medium' a-nd pqoi layers ca.n, be selected by estima.ting intensity and
persistency scores:
PerforIIllLnce of F2 prog6llY of all four breed'! of T.C.M. bird.. garve satis~
fa.ctory results with regard to fertility, and hatchability. The imprO'v&ment
towards egg production. has n~t been significantly high 6Ilough to incllcl1te
any clea.r adv8tlltage in. keeping incross poultry by u.tilising the strains under
study. . ,
Provision of artificial light reveals thart exposure eithe.r in the morning
or evening for three hours increases the egg production by five to eight pel
cent. .
During summer months eggs can be kep~ fra':lb for II) days when stored
in boxes panelled

11
SiXty-three students were admitted for training as detlli1ed below:-
, .
1. Post-Graduate Refresher Course in Veterinary Science ••
2. Technique of Ma.nufact~re of Biologica.I Products
3. Adva.nced Course in Animal Husbandry
4. Advanced Course in Poultry Husbandry .0
5. Nepalese students in Poultry Husoondry under the
Colombo P1a.~ . 0 I • o.
6. Ce.sual ,students o.
7. Fellowship' of the IndilUl' Counoil of Agriop.ltur~l Resesxch
s. AsSociateshlp . of the Indian Veterinary
Institute .. .. , 9. Research workers . . .
8
6
17
11
7
2
. 9
6&
CONSTRUCTION
.''};, 'provision 'ofabout .Its. 40 l~khs was ma.de. fOJ: the ·con&truatiorl. or building3
under the ~lld Five Year Plati. .AB th~ progress in preparing. the plan
and' the, estimates was not satisfactory an ail hOG oommittee 'waS constituted
at the MUi.istrY level to e~pedite 'prooedures s,t' a,llievels, " .
: DlETJ:NGU:rSEw.
. VISITORS
" ,,"' -
, I~ ,alidition' to the ~m~ lllentioned elsewhere in the repDrtl the folloW' ..
~g. visitors, 'eithm; from this CQllntryor Stbroa;d, pa:id visits to either· one or
,botA-,the bra.nohes. of .the Institute :' Dl". a.nd Mrs. B. J .. Edwa.rds, 'Engla.nd:
,Dr.. J.: C. Shaw;-Qhief Anilllll,l Pr9Pllction'Divisi()n,).~'Ad,"Rom6; ahri Satmh
Chandra. Das Gupta. 0:£ Khadi Protistha.nj Shri.Mi. N. Phulca.D., Seoreta.ry to' the.,
Assam Gov&rn.tnent; ,pro .A., A. Sysoye1: oJid:.:.MI •.' Zabolotasking' Al~~Bndor of
V;S.S.R.; 'Dr: James .A..:~C3irl, . Presideut and 1Ifr. Whitley-AlIs.tin of xa~&
Sta.te University; Mrs.: N: pobznan.sky and Prof. T, Dobzha.usky'of Columbi&·,
lJnivel'llityrD;r. V. La.nda.; :Mr: Tll,aok Xon,"Coinbodm;' l\!r:' Ps.u! Ca.rtut~'\of.,
t~e ..AJpei'i~n Emb:iss'~; ShrUhteS\far'QosW'ami, M.L.A.." ~d. ,ldris, M;~L.A,
. Wt:rid Shrf 1. '. 'Ma1ik,':M;~.O.V.S." of the High :rower Oomtnittee, :ASsam; 'Dr.
IphiiaDl Rison' and Dr. J.O, Ca.rruth of th,e 'T.C;M.,' New De~i' S.hri :N. ~a~
,;ll'orest" .A.d:viSer I . N tlpal~ . " '. .'. . .

12
nMSIONAL REPonTS
PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY
VIRUS DISEASES
Rinderpest
(i) Lapin.ised tlirm-Nakamura strain III tested a.t its 1,720th aoriaJ
passa.ge in rabbits by the close of the year continued to produoe oharaoteristic
lesions in the infected rabbitP.. When tested in hill cattle a.t passage level
1,114, it was found .to be fully immunogenic.
,Further ex.periments have oonfumed the previous 1indings that moisture
content more than 0·1 to 0·5% in the freeze-dried material adv6rsely affected
the keeping quality of the vacoine.
(it) Lap;nised-avianised 1Jtrus-It has reached 355th serial paBSage in
12 to 14 days embryonating eggs. At its 289th passage the visoera of tho
infected embryos was titrated in hill bulls in dilutions of 1 : 8000, 1 I 16000
and 1 r 32000 ILJld wa.s found to be· quite potent in all the dilutions. .
Further research showed that the contents of the whole egg could be used
for vaocine production as the pooled material also gave a minimum titre of
1 : Ij28,OOO in hill bulls when 5 days embroynating eggs were inoouIa.ted through
yolk-llaoc.
The rree2l~-dried vaccine wa.s titrated in the dilutions of 1 : 2000, 11 4000,
and 1 : 8000 using three hilt bulls for eaoh dilution. These hill bulls were
c~l16D.ge4 after 21 days with virulent bovine rinderpest virus and all ths
animals were fo~nd solidly immune, whereas the two contro Is reacted very soverely,
one ofwhioh was de3troyedfor harvo3ting the virus materia.l and the other
died of rinderpest. Ta.king 40 m.l.d. for each VIloccina.ting dose the firsfl brew
-plepareci from 125 eggs yield~d abo.ut 40,000 doses of freel!l~-dried vaccine •
. ' (iii) Imn:w,ntty tes~Three dairy Calves at the Institute which WCl'S
vacoinated with lyophilised lapinlsed-ayia.nised va.ooine were challenged. wit4
"irulent bovine virus a.fter. a period (If 14 months and found to be· immune,
while' .the controls reacted and· died I;)f rinderpest. At Banga.lore, six vaMina';
'ted,animals were found w be immune on ohallonge after & period of 38 mdntlis.
, .'. . . Ranik'het disease ' , ,'I '
, , (i) :iJ1M'Qt~on 'qf immunity follOwing 'vaccination with. MukteBwtw strain-·
Two hundred and thirteen ,birds of 2t to·at yea.rs. 9f age ap.d,immuni~ed with
freeze-dried :aanilibe~ disease vaccine, ·when 6 to 8 weeks old, were ohallenged
lVith . virulent. RaDikhet disoos!l virus' at the time of cullirig, along wjth lIus ..
. ceptihJe fowls 118 ~ntro~. Th~ oontool fowls· a.~d: 6 f t~e challenged b~d&
lll:cqulllbed.to t}j.e -l~e¢lOn, while the rest pro,ved· solidly llnmune, Ha.eiJ¥lg~
"glutiDatiol\-inhibition test· carried out with 769 samples of Bera. obta.ined from
bird!! of the SaUia farm revealed that 487 (68'38%) birda had 8 titre of 80 or
above, 1B4 (23-93%) 20-40, and' 98 (12,74%) 10 or less. The ~bove-men •.
tioned experilllents revealed that. the. immunized birds had IL high antibody
co~t.tn~ in their blood l!erl1~ ·for 'a fairly long time and' that they r~ma.iii.ea
-~ _ pra.ctically. for the whole Qf their u~e:f'ul sp~ of life.' '

13
(ii) Antibodies in t1£e different protein fraction8 of 1)las11Ut of intmunizeil fowl.~­
Studier. were conducted to ascertain the distribution of a.ntibodis;! in the va.riOlls
protein fractions of plasma. of fowls subsequent to immunization with Mllktes·
'!rIar-stra.in of virus. None .of the protein fract,ions of the plasma viz. fibrin,
euglobulin, pseudoglobulin I, pseudoglobulin II and albumin, obtained from
unimmllnized birds revealed any HI 'or neutralizing aotivity. Two weeks
after immunization the titres of fibrin, euglobulin and pseudoglobulin I il1
HI units per mg, of protein were 445, 890 and III respectively. It). a second
sot of experiments, the pseudoglobulin II fraction also Was found to contain
demonstrable but low amount of HI antibodies. Albumin ,did not reveal any
antibody activity.
Neutralization tests oarried out in embryonating eggs with various plasma.
protein fractions obtained from fowls at two weeks post.immuniza.tion showed
tha.t neutralizing doses of fibrin, euglobulin a.nd pseudoglobulin I fractions
eontaining equivalent amounts of protein, were 5 X 104, 5 X lOIS Bnd 5 X
loa, respectivelr. The embryo infective'titre of the virus in. the presence of
euglobulin obtained, from immunized birds was 2 X 10 8 • '
(iii) Or088 HI test of sera offowls immuniZed with iLiJlerent 'lJar,cine st1ains­
Groups of fowls were immunized with Mllkteswar, Palestine "Bt", and '~F"
atra.ins. On cross immunity test, it was found tha.t all the fOllr strains were
immunologically identical. However differences in the HI titre were evident
when sera were tested against heterologus ~trains~ In all, the instances HI
titres of sera· were higher when Mukteswa.r strain wasl,lsed as antigen. than. when
other strains were employed, PaJestine strain being next in order. "Bt and
"F" strains resembled each other ~nd gave rather l(;rw titre when ~GSted s;gainsu
either homoiogus or heterologus' immune sera.
'
", . '. .
(M Growth-rate in wWryonatind ,eggs":":'Experiments Were carried,out to
c:letermi1l6 the growth Curve' of the Ranilchet disea.se 'Virus 'in, embryonfl,ting
,eggs.' .It was,observ.ed that the, presenoE! 'of .the in.feo~ive virus units in 't~e
tillid could be detected only 12 hou,_rs after inoculation in aS'low a titre as 1()1.
There .was a ,progressive jncrease ~n the number ~f via.ble '~iruB .particles' up1io
36 ,~o, .42 hours (10. 8 ) of inouba.tIon. The' chorio·allanOOl(f ;membrp.ne, was
inf,e.ptive, in' 1,1. dilution, of 10--', 30 minutes '!>k itloculatio.ll. .:Bu~ the virus
, could not' be 'detected ''between' i alld 6 liours, though' at· 12 h,ours· ~e, i~f~ti-'
vity, was observed in a ver'f low titre of 1O~1, followed' by'progres~ve incr!ia.s6
ill the infectivity titre. Detectable haema.gglutinins developed in 24: hours
with a ,progressive rise ~P.to 36 hours. ", .
(11) K~l 8train"7"4. strain' of,Ranikhet disease 'virus. isolated fro'to. :8.e4;"
geJiJlg 'koel received ,from the Virus, Resea.rch 'Centre, Poona, had' u.ndergond
~V8 serial passag~ ~ infant m.ic~. It is' being. InEJoiiltained by' serial" pli.ssagea,
111' ~wo~y old infant Dlic~ by int,racerebral' inooula.tion and also iii ,embtyn.,
natmg, hen~' eggs: 'By the olose 9f the yea;r, it· had undergone a tOta). of II
serial p~sages, in hlfant mice and, 4: in embryQn,ating eggs. ,Infected mice
·usua.lly. died between 2 to 7·.da.ys. In the first ,few pa.ssages 'pra.ctically"· no
symptoms .were 'noticed before .death of the ·mioe. Ho~~ver ". a few'showed.
lIlhleSs and 8~ar~g' coat a &'f befor~ dea.:f;h. .In later. pp;ss~gcis,' some,' of the
mfecMd niice developed. partial paralyais' of the limbs on' the 2nd or, 3:rd day
, . - , "

]4
~ft9r inoculation and died within 2 days, thereafter. On post-mortem, no
other microscopic lesions excepting aJight congestion of the brain,. was noticed.
It was further observed that, in the begnming, the mouso brain 'Virus diel not
reveal active mUltiplication when inoculated in embryonating eggs, the con~
centration of virus being so low that spot lJA .test was often negative. How­
(lver, the later passages showed free inul~iplica.tion of the virus causing mortality
of the embryos in 48 to 72 hours. The embryos also showed oodemn.,
congestion of the brain and petechiae in the thoracic and abdominal regions.
The virus on inoculation into 6 ohicks and 12 a.dult fowls did not elir:it
much untoward reaotion .exoepting death in. one of. the ohick.~. All the birds
used in the experiment, however, withstood ohallenge witp. virulen~ strain.
indioating that the lcoel strain was inunum()logically identical w~th other strains .
of the virus. The virus passaged througb em.bryos was also found to ~
pmnunogenic. . .' .
(vi) Palestine reB" 1 and "F" strains-Palestine , Amerioan . "B" 1, and
British "F" strains had underwme so far 37, 29 and 39 seria.l 'passenges in
embroynating eggs respectively.' They had maintained *e properti~ of
infectivity to ambroys and oapaoity to immunize fowls.
Both the strains in
freeze-dried'state ren1.ained viable even after 21.months of storage in a iefrigerat~
"
F()Wl-prxe .
. . (i) Viability test with freeie-drieiJ. vaooine-::-Freeze-dried" fowl-pox vacoine
(egg:.adapted) stored at room temperature at Mukteswar for. a little 'ove~ two'.
yeatS was tested for its viability in oru.llks by feathet follicle method .of in.ooula~
tion~ . It Was obs~rved .t~hat the. virus pr('duoed typioal "takes" in ohioks even
in a"dilution; of 10- 8 ,' . The" original titre of the virus before storage was lO_6: .
(it). Oombinei. vaccmaiOO;_One hundred and tiurty ~~ ohioks .of ~b~ut 8
'Weeks of age Were imnlriri.ized wi~b a 'oo~bined Ranikhet .disease and fowl~pox
.vacoine bypriok;r:nethod; 'each o.h\ok reoejving two pricks in t~e wind"web~the:
needle being dipped' ii;l the vacoine before every p:dok. . As uSual, "til.kes". of'
fowli>ox:virua CQuld be not~oed between 5th.and 7th'day in alI:the vacoinated,
ahioks~" 'Random 'teStDlg of sa.mplee of sera from vacoinated ohicks revealed.
the. pre~en:.oe ..:of III aptibodies ·in· wgh titrejndio~ting, th~r~bY.;·" S'ilct;!~ssf!ll
. ii:mi1,llniZa~ioi1 against:" Ranikhet" ·disease. '.' . The freeZe-dried vaocmes iren;w,iried:
potent eVeD after ... a period' of nearlY,. 2. years. . '. . .
" '. . . s.heep-p~ .
: Sheep infeoted with a virulent strain' .of· Bheep~pox viruS we're destroyed' at
.yatying' .interV:~s for ~:udying. the p~t}1lgen,esis, .and hii':'topathology. of the
~~e a,8 ~~ ~. the ra.te. of multiplioation' .of. tbe virus in the skin .~nd· ~h~
~qugs. . ,The. titration. ·,e~P6Fiments. shpwei\. th~t the highest cl)noentratlo:n :was
"t~ained ~y pheHth day in the.s~in 'lond by 2~th,day ju lu~gs, '
. . 'li'O()t-Q,nil~'fMUth disease'
" .{tl' BwZog;oal swa1i of the stiai"nB· 0/ v.ir,us.· $taniarril t!JP{strain,:,",-The ..
. t.yp.~.;~tr~. of foo~lmd-i:nouth dis6Ifse'. virus ", i.e .. ya.llee. ,'0' and ,fAt., ipQ.
1VQJ.~Wl ~C' l!eoei:'{~, !rol:Q. the" Research . Instituw," 'Pirhdght, Surrey,
'~~1a~d;, ·jn· ... 1943,· were.' .o~nt~nu.oo. to. be. main.tain~d in .. " gninea,p.igll• '" T~4!S~
, .," " ,

types hacl undcrgono 1M, 1G3 and 138 scriat p::t.q;~ngcs, T(,..f,llect,ivdy, ill
guinea-pigro. Bef'ides being ilied in typing work, tbe80 types have aIRo been
employed as need materialR for propagating the Vi111S in bovine tongue for the
productie,n of vacoine ag!1inst foot-and-mouth disease.
In order to determine the f'pecies spooifioity of the~e strains, a parallel
titration wall carried out in bull 'Galve.'!! and guinea-pig!!. Frllln the results
obtained so far it wa.'!! evident that, oompared to guinea-pigs, the viru.~ titre ill
clJ,ttle was much too low whiuh largely explained as to why the mujorit.y of
hill bulls failed to reaot when infected with guinea-pig passaged virus to
obtein a aati. faotOly growth for the produotion of crVdtal-violet v~.ccinc,
Attempt'! W~l'e, the-refcre, made to exalt the virulenoe of th~se types and to main·
tain them in oattle f(,r fu1;u1'e 1kO as seed material for vaocine pr0duction 011 tho
Qne hand, and for clu1.lIenge of immunity on the other. lt is eno'luraging to
tlOte that the attempts to raide the virulence of these strains have bcen quite
sl)ccesduL
TY1Jing qr Indian field 'strains-Seventeen specimens of foot-and-mont11
fiieeaEe material were received from the field of which only nine were found
viable and are under tlle proocss of typing. Steps are being taken to hltrf'duce
.. md standardize some of the Rarologi(lill tC(lhniq ues for the purpl)se~ of typiIlg the
8trains of foot»:;md-nlnut,ll di.

16
- MOIl,se-adctpted strain-The maintenanoe in unweaned mice (6-8 dayJ) by
intraperitoneal route was oontinued and it had undergone 102 serial pansages
in mioe. A parallel ti.tration of the VIrus at 92nd passage showed a titre of 10-8
to 10- 0 in mice and 10- 3 to 10-' in ocLttle. In order to a~sess the immun()geni.­
Ility of the strain, a brew of vacoine was prepared from the tissues of unweaned
mioe infected with mouse-adapted virus at 93rd serial pasago. The in'lQulated
mioe died within abJut 27 hours and their tissues utilised for the preparo.t;ion of
vaccine on the lines followed for the produotion of orystal-violet tongue cpith:­
lium vaccine. After adequate sterility and safety tests the vaooine was I;estcd
on six bull oalves, inooulating eaoh pair of animals with 30,.40 and 50 llll. of
the vaocine.
A~ter three weeks of vacoinating the animals were put to a challenge with
hom.ologue mouse-adapted virus by intraderm)linguaJ tunnelling method. All'
the vaocinated animals reaoted in muoh the same way as oontrols, suggesting
thereby that the vaocine had failed.to engender sufficient protection.
Before some comments on the antigenio insufficien

,17
(ii) Stl'avns oj fixed virus-The original Pasteur strain of rabies hed virus
was studied with regard to various characters. The LD50 titre in infected
brain tissue after first p8.SEage in rabbit, was 10- 4 . 25 put after 12 passa.ges the
titre was 10_ 6 ,87. The m.l.d. in rabbits was 1 in 40000. The incuba.tion
perkd in rabbits was 5-6 days and duration of illness 1-2 day!:!. Th~ strain was
innccu(,uS to guinea-pigs when inoculated intraperitoneally, intravenously or
suboutanequsly. Infeoticn was irregular when inoculated intramuscularly.
In the case of mice the strain was innocuous by intraperitoneal or intravenous
inoculation but was infective on subcutaneous and intramu30Uiar inoculation.
The Pasteur strain of ra.bies :fixed vir~s is being serially passaged. in sheep
to ascertain whether the titre could be stepped up. The LD60 titre a.t the :first;
passage was 10_ 4 • 63 while at the 6th passage, level it was 10- 6 • 63 ,
(iii) O. V.S. stram of fixed virus-The 20% mouse brain tissue suspension
in 50% buffered glycerine using Pitman Moore straiu was found stable in.
'titre even after storage in refrigerator for 20 months. Another batoh prepa.red
. u.~ing Kasauli strain was also found stable after 11 m.ontha' storage. '
(iv) Avianisation of street m~-A strain was successfully ada.pted to th&
growing chick embryo.l. The virus is now being propaga.ted and has already
undergone 10 serial passages. At the 7th passage level, the ohiok embryo
'suspension was still infeotive wh~ inoculated'intramuscw!J.rly to mio~.
(1)) Flwry strain oj virus-A b::.t.()h of ohiok embryo suspension was prepared. ,
,and dried by oryochem teohnique and stored in ref'rigerI,Ltor. The virus was
vi~blnt the end of 5 month."!' storage, the 'maximum period so fa.r-tested. The
wet suspension from the same batoh when similarly' stored was viable at the ond
o~ 38 days but not at the end of 50 days,., , ,."
(vi) Diagnosis-Out of 12 speaimens received for biologioal ,test,' 8 ~e
positive for rabies. Mice were used as test animals aud'it was observed that
the longest inoubation period was 22 dayB and the' shortest 8 do.~. ' Negri
.bodies oould be detected earliest OIJ, the 6th daY,iI). o~ case only. "
Out of 24 spooimens 80 ,fur put to biologioa.l test and; ,examined simultaneouslY,by
histopathologioal zn.ethods 11 were positive by both, the tests, while 6
.were ' negative ,oJ;!. histopathological examin.a:tion but pOflitive on' biqlogical'
'test. The remainiJ;lg 7 were negative by both the, methods. ' It would tbu.~ be
seen tb.at the six pgaitive o~es would have,remained uI;lCliagnosedin the ab!l€ln(le
,of histopathologioal eX8.I!lination. "
Attompts"were"made to study the vallie ofcomplem.ept fixati!>n,test,in tlle
diagnosis of rabies' aD.d . the reaction, of. antirabic, serum and antj.gen by, geldiffusion
technique. .' . " "
'_',' (vii)"mifusibilit~'·oJ'~To,'o'oIlfi~·'t119:I~t yeat's r~ult~ ,the'exPe~iw ,
mept W:ae repea.ted, by usillg brain tlBSU9 infected ,VlTltb. st~~ VltUS preserved In,
50%'butf~~ed glycel'in~ and'stored for 14 days '1~ the, refrIgerator., , The gly ..
cerine 'w8.s found infQotiv~ tor mipe. in fJ, dilution of. 25 and 12} per cent., '
, I", • _, .. _ " _ '. _ ' '.

lR
Oonut[]iou,s c.aprine pletero-pneumo'nil'
, (i) Attempts at evolving an aV,ianisea vaccine.
jmmunogenic va,lue of virulent chicle emaryo·ailaptei1strain-The strain was
passaged in the developing chick embryo for 110 pasages by cllOrioallantoic
method Ot inooulation and was later pa.ssaged in the yolk sac. The nrganiRM
has so far undergone 160 p3.'1sage':. Tlle strain has been tested in smceptihle
goats a.t it'! 11} t th pa.lsage bllt so Far there is DO evidence o! attenua.tion in the
virulence of the strain.
Propagation of chicle embnJo-adaptewed tht the' a.nimals had developed
re.~iiJta.D;oe ag¢P1St the ihfeotiOxi.: 'This ',waS rather interesting and, m"re,
work. ,will b& takeJi up ~o"Btudy, jf goil.'Ps ,(Jl!..n _be: sa;fely 'lmml1nize!I" by siinult~-,'
JlElotis oontagious capciue, plctlrO-pnelUnonia infcct,iou a.nd terramycin, trc!'>tm.ent. ,

HI
(iii} Bl(J()(l picture 1:n lu!n,Zehll (J;nd in/eciei1 goats-The crytIll'Ooyte (,"otUlt,
total and di:fferent,ial leuOIJcyte Cl)lmt, haem"globjJl percentage, erytbrocl"le
lIedirnentat,j"n re,te ann paoked-cell volume wet'e studied in ]'c.-'pect of 24 gnats
both bef'hre and at different intervals after the infection. There was marked
le1lClopenia. in the later Rto.geS of the disease anef the affected a.nimals s1l.Owed a
slight, but decided ri~c in erythrocyte sedimentation rn.te.
(i1)) V irtln"lity-Virulent cultures-ViabHit.y of 48 hour-old virutent eult.nt'c
with an init.ial IiItre of '10.. 10 was studied when the broth culture W&'l stored in
Bealed aror'mles at 37"0 (lot A.). toom temperature (lot B) a.nd ±5°C (lot C).
e 11t,lt'p.~ stored at st'C were f')und to be via.ble a.nd gave 0. titre of 10- 8 OIL the
115th da.y of its I!trrrage, but it WR.'i {OUlld to be non-viable when tested
on the 193rd day. Culhure.'l of Iota B & a gavo a viability titre of 10- 0 and
10 .. 8 re:>pectiveJy on the 321llt day of tbeir storage.
Freeze-iLriei1 wEt~lres-Freeze.dried eutt.mea kept at ±5°C, whl'ln teflteo. 0}1
the 1390~.h da.y of att)rage gu.ve a. viabilit.y titre of 10- 4 and the subcl~lture
proved lethal to the su:

20
Development oj immunity -Sixteen fully su::ceptible llilI hull.1 were immttnised
with the adjuvant vaccine and were ~uhjected to a challenge, in group3
of four, a.fter 4, 6, I) and 7 dayo folluwing vaccination along with two oDntrols.
All the twelve hill bulls challenged after 5, 6 and 7 dayd following active
immunisation Rurviveu while only 2 out of 4 animals subjected to a challenge
on the 4th day with.stood exp3sure. The other tw.J hill bulls of the 4: daygroup
died of acl1M pa.'1teu-rellosis along with the" oontrols. This experimen.t
dem:>nstrateu GCl110lusively the fact that the hill bulls developed a good grade
. of immunity even within 5 to 6 day.~ following vaccin..'ttion with the adjuvant
vacoine, illdioat.ing the fea3ibility of its use even in the face of outbreaks
under field conditions.
Seanaarilisation oj potenfYJj in mice-The work on standardisation of
potency of baoterial smpen1ions of P. m~tltooida, before emulsification was
continued. Three further. batches were titrated and, in all the imtances,
it was found that 40 to 50 microgramJ dry weight of bacterial cells immunised
mice effectively when given by the intraperitoneal route, since there waa
a survival rate of 80 to 100 % when subjeoted to a ohallenge 21 daya following
active immuui,Y 'miCl:oso'opioal,"

21
periods at whioh maximltllcvc1s of tibratahlc {l,nt,ihody wllre pl'e,'ent in tbe air-'
(julation. Erythrcoytes of infeoted hill bull.":! were found selL'litised in vivo witll
the oap",ular p1lysacoharide and BUTprbingly this phenr:mena occurred only
after the 16th hOur when the c:me'>ponding ant.ih.:rly bad fallen to the nOI1llal
low levell'. The m 1st signi:fioant :finding was tlLe lack of persistanoe of anti·
oarbohydrate following infection. '
The inununi~ing propertiea of the strain P1J3 of ni::dified virulence were
quantitatively evaluated and it wa.~ fnund that at lea.'It 1 X 10 1 to 1 X 10 9 viab!e
organi ms were necessary for effeotive induction of protect-iim. Th~ immunity
develrped as eady as the seventh day and PJr.~ibted at least upto 40 day, , '
Surprisingly, no detectable antibndy rl'sp(.o]l. e ('ccurred fellowjug primary
antigenio stimulation and the Rtate of immunity appeared to be apparently
independent of the humoral antibcdie.,. A poteQ,t Leo udary re p~n. e took place'
following infection w:ith a. virulent strain or a. seo1ndary d,me of either live or
killed homologus oell antigen.,
The protectjve properties of acetone-dried agar and brotll-growll cens or _
P. septica (Stock 52) strain were a8se.,sed on a graded d;)sage b:,slA when given in
~aline, preoipitated with alum or mixed with liquid paraffin and lanolin. The
plain vaccine, ilTelpective of the dose administered, produced an immunity that
disa.ppeared by 133 day,~. Studie.~ on antibJdy re"pon ,e revealed the ooourrenoe
of agglutinating, c )m;,:>lem13nt-fi.:ring and m')u!!e-proteo-l;ive antib"dies as early
as the 5~h to lO~b day. Th'1ugh, the antibaoterial andm It,~e-proteotive antibodies
fell in titre reaohing normal ba.sallevels by 91 day.~, the anti~(.'arbohydra.te
per 'lstad at a relatively high leve};' The ant.ig~n d, 'Fe-rul~'ib; dy reppcnse l'elat,ion~
s:.ip f1howed that i*rease in an~ihody pr:::duoti -n did crour in high dosage levelr.
Alum-preoipitated vaocinea prepLred from agar~grown baoteria were shown to
b!\ superior to -those' prepared from broth-grow.a oells in ~hat they induoed a
mere solid aIld quicker inununif,y, w}oi

22
rnt{'; WItS 5110WU ill,it l)tooedil'l.g an outbreak in 0. villagcin Madhya Prader.;lt
where a oJmprellemive e:1am,inat,i'}n WiloS attempten. 8~tLdie.~ on re"ervoir
statu" fth'lwed that none out of 1.() pigs, 20 sheep and 20 g.Jat:! examined carried
p, muUooiila.. tYJle I in their re;piratory tract.
(iv) E~on of i11lm/tf,noger~idt!J of live attenuated strains ol P. multocicla,
Roberts' type I-In adrlition to strain P4:/3, the immUllf)genio oapacity of tho
))ll.rlloplegia. strai.n ()( P. lItultocido. was quantitatively evaluated in hill cattle
~he", "it 'W\"l,~ fl)',~1i.d th.a.t 2)( lilt 'W. 'l. \-l(\~ tille Q.e\ts in.d\l.%d. 'i!o{llid imn\\ll\~ty in
lliU cattle, as judged by direct challenge after 21 days full owing vacainatic'n.
Toots on hrununity showed that it developed to a good grade '1ithin 7 daY,i and
lll.sted at l%St upto 320 day .• , Unlike strain P4/3, this naturally occurring
xnuta.n.t of loW' virulellGe induoed a readily detectable antibody response in hill
cattle.
(v) Diagnosi..,-The micros(npic 'gel-difftHion test WJ,S a.dn.pted. to detent
soluble ant,jgen I of P. multocida.. type I in tissU63 of animah dying of hanu'mbagic"
Bcptiooomia undro.- field condition". It was found thl1t the soluble antigen
remained act.ive even when the specimen\! were sent prelcrved ill Q per cent
formalin, or 51) per oont glycer.ine. Rcn.ction oocutred even wit.hin' 2 tl) 4- houts
at 37°C. The triangle p1110te technique of Jennings and Mal'Jne proved to be
Illore semiti'fe, whell' qua.ntitative titration beoame neoessary. tn all th6.:l6
ciules, the indireat ba.cterial }lI.emaggiutin.a.tion and boomolyais inhibition te ... ts
pro'\ted va.luahle to oon'finn the prelence ofpoly3accharide and protein antigen
in elttrMts prepared froUl. infected tissues. In all, six ,field flpeaimens were examined
and there :wall foutul to be g')()d oorrelation between re3UIt.\I of oultural
and :biologioo.I. examination 'and the above-mentioned serologioal testa.
, (vi). Studies on tke mefJ¥nism ifimmunity-The Wad.;worth type of microagar
dHiud::m p~cipiHn te.

23
(vii) 8erotYl)es of Prtstew'clla tlutltooieiZa, J1revalel~t in India-Two neW'
lrom.nnotypes VI u.nd VII have been sogregated and added to the Roberl.i9
system, Six oulture.~ of p, mnltoci(la isolated from oases of penumonia in sheep
'Were typed serologioaUy when they ware fOllnd to belong to Roberts' type III.
This i~ the first report on the occurrenco of this serotype in ruminants in India.
One strain from 11 Ga.t was earlier idelltified a.i type III. A single stram of pig
origin from Alldhra Pradesh was antigenically clutracterised as type tv, Acci~
dental infection.:; dllO to type V Wel'e en.countered in rats that were infeoted with
6to.ndard 'RH' sttain of Toxopla8ma gondii, A.'l many as 20 cultures of P.
multodda from fowls were reoeived froUl different partB of the country fo):
Belological identifioatiun. Three strnillil foll into Roberts~ type I and 12 into
Rbberts' type IV while as many as five seeU1e~ to {'on:;titute a new specied in
the genlls Pasteurella. They were found to be antigenically distinct froDl fl.
tmdtocUla, p, lUB'mDlytica, p, pestis, P. pseudotube-rmilosis and the new species
1'. gatlinrtrttm.
'
(viii) Studies on Past(fUrellosis in slteep-Furtller experimental !Lnd neld
trjals were oarried out with the newly dAveloped .trivalent oil-adjuva.n.t va.ooine
in sheep and goat,~. The results of the.~s tests showed it to be effica0iou'J in ro·

24
typos of proaucts were ev~Iui'tted with the above three k~llds of bfl..~tc:::i1lfl viz. (1)
a. monovalent type II vaCOllle, (2) a mOlLOVI1J(Jut p.roduct lllcorporatmg a drain of
P. multocirla, that could not be serologically identified with tho eGtablishcd five
types and. (3) a trivalent vaccine (types I, II aud IV) anel (1) purified capsular
protein (PCP). A single dose of oil-adjuvant vaccine wag fOllnd to confer an
eneotive immunity in all the casro for as long as and. 110 days. Two doses of
a.queous suspended agar-grown vaccine, contai.ning 2 mg. dl'Y weight of organism
in toto, proved to be more effeotive than one in maintaining immunity upto 4
months. The alum-precipitated broth-grown baoterins were of questionable
value in the dosages and ooncentrations employed.
The isolation of a bipolar gram-nega.tive non-motile mioroorga.nism h:wing
the attributes of a Pa.steurello" which was responsible for causing {) to 10 per cent
mortality on a private poultry farm was recorded. The organi..,m fermented most
oarbohydrates with moderate production of acid but not gas. 'fhe oolonial dissociation
status could beat be labelled,. as fil-s+ (iridescent). It failed to produce
indole, was nonhaemolytic, grew On MacConkey's agal' and was Jow in
virulence for mice, rabbit'! and chioks. Examin.a.tion of impression smeara pre-­
pared from heart blood, livel', and spleen of infected animals and birds showed
very ':minute . bipolar staining organisms ooourring within leucooytes rather
than extrace1lularly. This speoie..'! differed from the other reoognised P. rnultoGiaa,
P. lutemolytiaa and P. 'Pseudotuberculosis cOmmonly found in livestock and
poultry ill its biochemical activity, antigenic structure and pathogenicity. It
also differed from P. galli'l1arum in its oapacity to ferment trchalo:,:e and ability
to grow on MoOonkey's agar. It was isolated from birds Buffering from what
could best be clinicaJJy described as ohronic fowl oholera and was not till now
reoovered from appa.rently healthy fowls. Studies on its antigonic stmcture by
diffusion of antigens and antibodies ih agar sho-v:ved that it posseased no commOl ~
antigens with either P. multocida, P. haemolytica or P. pseudotuberculosis.
Absene,e of antigenic ,relationship was confirmed by a.pplioation of the indirect
bacMrial ha.ema;gghitination and haemolysis inhibition tests r~oantly developed
.~~~~~~"'. ' '
" (2)) Immwnochemwal 8tuclies on Pasteurella rnultoeiila-Oapsular polysacoharide
anillipopolysaccl!a1ide-C'omparativo investigations on the physioochemical
and immll110Iogio..'1.I oharacterisation' of polysacoharides obtained from
differont aerotypes of P. multooirla are in progress_ Toxic protein fraotions 'w~ra
,prepared. froD). the remaining four serotypes of f. multoooirla. A 'comparatW8 ,
, atudy':on their physioo-ch.emical and immunologioaJpropertiesis inprogress,
w.lth a view to determine the relationship to a. similar fraction, that ~ad alrea.dy
bf)611 ch~l:acteJ:'ised from type I 'cells. ' , " , '. "
Fllrthar' 'telts, 'showod th!:tt 'ad~[tion of type I antitoxin. faile(!. ,to irior,eaS6'
the inou~e-pro~'tive ·potency of homoiogous'whole-oell al\tisera in :miae. A pilot,
" 6xpel'hnenJ oonduoterl o~, 4- hill bulls demoll~trated the fact that *e ,tox;iu or the
. toxoid Wit~ nob immun.og3n.io for'ca.ttle. Beta-propioJaotolle,W"as .found to be y~ry ,
,USeful fiir, prepa.ril.tiou of toxoidl for 'e,xp3rimehtaLwo~k. Gel-diffllqio~ studles:'
: Ahow~1,t1t3 purifi.e:1: turin t1 oO!l"list of at le3.st three components. Theil' ~e~a:ra­
',t:&.n. by imulunoelectrophoretio methods is being attempted.

25
A cJ,emo~imnl1tno.l()gilJal (j 1 taraoterisatioll of mlOleic acids was jllRt initiAted
(htring 11le yoar. The l"e.'l1lltH so fn.r v,vailahlo indic.:1ted tho posl'Jibility that serotype
tra.nsforlllation conlel be anhievod with thoxc factors.
(Xl:) PU1"~fied CU1J,mlm' 'Pl'otein JlIccl:ne-'l'hl'ee further tests wore carried ~ut
when hill cattle immunimn with liOn miCl'Ogrmns of t.he protein fmction wore
sllbjected to oJwJlonge in gmups of 6, 5 alld 8 after 3R7, 44.6 and 566 days, 1'08-
pectivoly, fo])owing vv.cni.nation along with two healthy fully BUsceptible
animals to sorve as (l(ll1troll:l at eltoh test. It is int('.l·osting to mention that none
of t:he vaoci.nated animals suocumbed to ohallenge while all tho six: oontrols
died.
When hill cattle th!1.t roceived RubCllt:meoll!'lly 0·5 mg. of fraction IB were
challenged n.fte:r 3, 0, 7, 9 and 1·1 cb.ys follO\\'ing aotive immunisation, it was
found tJlat a,J] IH12'vived in the ]n,tt,el' foUl.' group:;;, while aJl the 4 hiJJ bu11.!! in the
3 rlo.y~groll.p dicJ on clmllongo along wit.h the controls.
The purified capsular protoin vaccino in hermetioally sealed I).mpoules was
held at different temporatUl'cs vi7-. 37°0 for 10 to 20 days, 42°0 for 7 days and at
.MuktC9Wltf l'oom temporature for 455 .days.. 1'he immunogenioity.tHst.'l oarried
out with th(lse stored R8.mllles indicated no doteriora.tion in its protective value
for hill cattle. Similar tosts 011 ampoules tuai; were oan-ied from Muktes"W'ar to
Bombay Ilncl haole during the hot months of May and June also showed no fall in
titre.
, A compJ'ehensive field trial Was oarried out with the new vaccillo on 1,800
imi.malri nt tllO AI1;rey Milk Colot;1y. ' . .As lllany as 100 serologioally negative
y~lt:llg buffalo-oalves wore included in·this group to follow the anti~body res­
_pouse a.ftor vaccillatioll. Studies on sera of the::io oalves colleoted at different
intervals r-ho,ved the OCClllTellOO of a goocl immune rosponse on the basis of whioh
One could predict thn.t they may survive ohallenge. Only' one death took plaoe
whioh was attributed to this diseas(I. ' ' '
Infection..ul,1J,e to Pasteiu'elia lw.enwlyt'ic(1" '
. Eilg]ish~ American, Canlldian and concinentt'i,I Btra~s of P: ltO~molyt~a ha've
, been ga.thered. to comp~re their antigenic struoture. with those of l'ndian atraip,s. '
An inunulloohemiclLI approach haR been made to. dote~ne ,i:r¢nunologica.l
.spooificity in t.his species. ~rhe data at present ayailable aigIlify: that prot.ein a.nd
polysll.ocharide.fraotiollS oontribute to specifiuity IIJld the former a]ol).e wa.s of
prill).6 in).portance ill induction of immunity. . , , .
St'U,dt'~8 on: the serolo;/,I/ of 'Oory·nebacteriu1i' ren~le ,
,'.On tIle' bnsis of agglutination and agghttinin:..ab~orptii:ln· t~st8,' three
aE)rogl'Qnps Were segrega.ted .. This wa~ oo,nfri.wed 'by precipita.tion, coDl~)ell1~t
'fiXation, h~eln,::Lgglutiuation, hll.emogglutina.tioll-ji11ribi~ion and gel:dlfi'usion.
,'t~lltS. Ill,!.m..1lnoch{\~iQn.r investigations: led, to, ,the.' aep:ra~ion and "charaoterisa.
'~lOnof, polys~ocharid6s a(bea.rcr,s of:fl~ro~gL:OUp,.'RpeClfi~Jty. Gel-ibffusion tests·
:~de.n~if1.6d'~he ~ininilil n:.~l;Ub~r'.ofa.htigeil.s i,n mtact '!lolls o~ O. tllna~e,t .be, thW~' '
, l)tifln..g th.~. COtlTSG'of1vOrk on 'the ,h8;emngglutina.tion test, ~n Ul_terest1!lg·pl~eno~'_
of . inhibition: : of sensitiSation of '6rYth~i>cyte~ 'Py oextain .' ,antibiotios,';
,.~eni>n
. was' discovered. Streptomyoin:, aureomyCin •. 'aitd't6xJ;'am,ycin· woo;e' '·found to· be-

26
activo while penicillin, ohloromyoetin, aulphamezathine Imd no inhibitory action.
This bore no correlation ,to- the sensitivity of O. rena.le to these chemotherapeutic
agents.
M(tstiti,~
('II) lreoidenC'B anit etiotog,!! of mastitis-Cultura.I examination of milk samples
from cows and butra.IO-83 at the Military Dairy Farm, Bangalore, revealed that
the pe:roenta.ge of infection amo-ng COWl'! and buffaloes was 24· 8 par oent and
~1·2 per ce.nt respeotively. As, a result of a.. detailed study of the otganiams
responsible for infection it was revealed that Str. equisimilis was responsible for
infeotion in 14 buffaloes (45'2 per cent) and 11 cows (36, 6 per cent), Str.itysgal~
ctiae in 1 buffaloe (3,2 per cent) and 3 oows (10' 0 per cent), Str. uberis in 6
buffaloes (19.3 per eent) and 1 cow (3,3 per cent) Stapl~. aureus in 10 buffaloes
(32' 2 per cent) and 14 cows (46·6 per cent) and O.1Jyogenes in 1 cow (3· S per
c-entJ. In addition organisms which are usually not considered important in the
etiology of mast~tis, were also isolated.
(i1,1 Treat1lJmt trials-Sixteen c1inic..'l1 cases of sflreptococal and 8taphyloco~
coal mastitis in cows were trial-treated with' 11 mixturo of procaine penicillin
G 100,000 units,. dihydrostreptomyoinlOO mgm., cobalt sulphate I) mgm., and.
distilled water 50 mI. whioh was injected int.ramammarily into eaoh quarter
tLrioe on alternate days. Clinical examination of the ,treated udder as wellas
oUlturarexamina.tion of the milk samples, undertaken one week afte! the t~eat:-'
,ment, showed that 13 animals (81' 2 per ceut ) hv,cl bocome :free of in,fection, a.
£i.gurelarg'er tlum what was obtamed during the previous year when the inocula":
tion, was given daily' and not on a..lternate clays although the same drug was,
6lnplqyed for treatm.ent.,
, -. ' : (iii) Serotyping ,of Str. agalaetiae by gel-diffusion and kaemaggluti~ati~
In all, 18 s~ain!3 .of Bir. ag~lactiae w~e subjeoted to ,this study. In the, first.·
instance the technique of gel-di:ff'usion: was s~and8.rdisedin respect of"(l} concentration
of agar, (2) optimum distanoe between reservoirs Imd (S) temperature of
incuba.tion so as to s~t the, aiitigen-antibody system under study. In addition
,to tn.a Plate test, micro-gel-diffusion was also included in this study and th8
lattei test wa..'9 foUnd to be better'in certain respects thaIi the former, a.s in the- '
s1ide test apart from the US6 of comparatively 1es8. amount of reagents, the' slides
cpu1d be stained ahd 'preserved for permanent record. Amongst the strains
studied by these tests, 8 ttl-Ilied, with Lan.cefield type II, 4 with type II~, 2 with
type Ia and 1 wits'found to belong to type lb. Out of 9, Indian strains, 7 'weres
classified'as type II and 2 as type III 'of LancefieJd. This showed that Lanceneld
type II 'was more prev.alent. With a'view to find out serological speoificities,'
:if. any, of polYaa~ha.rides extracted from the abciv6'~mentioned group, B strept,qcoOOi
•. " haemaggltttin.ation~, haemolysis' and ,haoU1agglutination-inhibition,
'teats were stand.a!'disea; No group or type-specificity could:, however; be establish;,.
. ad ,b:)r' an:y of thes~ stra.inB~ ',' ,
, , ..Jpub~f:eul~8i8' , , .
',(i)'1'11.ciilentJ~A total of 1,582 animals were tested with' the' synth!ltle ..
'~ediUri:L, tuberculin. While all the sheep,' goats and diary cattle tested ~t Muk-
. teswar,proved negative only Sand, 15 O'ijt of 320 catUe' and' ~OO buffaloes' tested
.• tI(aJsi' and 11 and 17' 6u,t of 224 cattle and 153 buffaloes tested at Chakganiaria
, gave,a,positive reactibn, •.'· . " .
, - _. ,

27
(ii) Tuberculosis in d'UCRS-A strain of Myro. tuler(yulosM was isolated from
a duck. It is interesting to not~ that this strain, although conforming broadJy in
ita chara.cters to the avian type, appears to bp $Olnewhat roor~ virulent than the­
&~era.ge strains of fowl origin.
J ohne' 8 ilisease
(~11ncidence-While all the cattle and sheep tested at Chakgangnria and
Mukteswar proved negative, only 12 and 15'outof 320 cattle alld 200 buftaloes
tested a.t Kalsi, one out of 16 goats at Mukteswar and 2 out of 153 buffaloes at
Chakgange.ria. gave a positive'reaction.
_
(ii) ReliabiU~y of D.I.D. test-The investigation, which :is based on thft
OOrrela.tion of D.l.D. allergic tests wing 'heat-concentrated synt-hetic medium
Johnin's wi~ the results of post-mortem examinations, was started during thE't
year 1948-49, and ti1l last year 169 animals had been examined. During t.he
period under report 22 more examinations were oalTied out. Judging from theresults
obtained soiar, it a.ppears that the D.I.D. test using 'heat-concentrated
synthetio mediuDl J ohuin' is a fairly reliable dia.gnostic ageu.t for detecting
Jonne'B clliIea.e6 t p,a.rticularly in goats. .
" (iii) Vallee ami!, RtnjaraiL's method of vaoaination in, the conftrol of J ohne' II
t1iseiJ,se in goots-There were :live mora deaths due to'Joh.ue's disoo,l'Ie in. the un­
'VaooiMted grou.ps a.I0- only on~ in tbe vooowt¢ group. Tht!-s, there was a. total
'lllortality ofl7 om of 50 animals (34: o per OOI).t) due to Johu'e'a disea.oo in. the un­
, vaocinated control group, and 4,' animals out 'of' 51 (7, ~ per cent) in the group
vaccinated a.gainst this disease by the. Va.llet} and Rhijaid's method.
Black--quarf.e'1
, ,C;tttff.ie8 ,on'-tne ~nt1genio 'ejftoacy of dlJ':~ticum ~zoid~Thls study waf
undertake~, to see,:w he1 her anti-toxin to 01. septt·cutn had~y p;roteative value.
"',gainst OZ. cka'Uvoei toxin, ,using mice as test animals, Ol~ OMlUVoe, and m. septicum
mixed. vaccine was ,inoculated in 8.11ill .bulls. The toxicity of the ouJtures,
I\ftm growth had ,ceased- in'pro,dU(~tion Osaka,. was 30 mouse m.1.c1. per mI.
and 50 In;ouse m.] .d~ per mI. ~or 01. 9nau'lJoei and. 01. septiQwm; respeotively. The'
animals received two subcutaneous injections of 10 o.c. eaoh at an intar;val of 8(}
,days and their s,Jra. were c'e)llected on the 11th dayafte:rthe 2nd injection. Twomioe
in eaCh case were used £or- teatmg ,th;e protective va.lue of ilia seru:tn from
individual animaJa aga.inSt lethal doses of OJ.; siYp:ticUm toxin. N 0:tle- oftha mice:
were a.ble t9 :w:ithstand even' one lethal dose 'olthe tcilcinof 01. ahativvQei when ~~
ted/DOW even'when the,dOS6'ofsemn:i was ;raised to 0,,,30_ c.c. Henqe severnl mic(;t'
were inoclll&tedintra.peritoneaUy

28
Since the toxoid of 01. sept1'cum was of' an infcl'iol' type, It hrttor to'wid was
prepared from C 1. sept1'cum with an anaculture con milling 400 ll1.l.d. /50 (moll>:!e)
without the ttsc of mdiuro thioglycol1ate in the med.ium. 'rhe effeot of this anaculture
(Cl. septicum) alone ill invoking protective alltibotlicl3 agl!.in~t the toxin of
01. ohau)oeiwll.r, studied 1m del' c()nditons simila.r to the ]'outine fleM immuuiflation
of sheep and hill bulls. 'f'he serum from eaoh of the nhove flhcep :&nd hill
buJJs did not lJave any protective properties to mice when given individ.ually in.
D. dos:lge level of 1 c.o. intravenously and followed 24 hour:.; later by challenge'
througl] intra venous l·o.ute with 1 m.1.d. or 01. c}tauvoei toxin.
~nteroto~~ia
As many as 50 sppci 'uens from oaBes in sheep and oattle suspected tio ha ve
died of this disease ,vere examined and on!] two and one OZ. we/c.hii typo D
were found positive in Madras and An.dhra States, respectively.
Bacterialfiara oj genital tract of sheep and .floats
Swabs were taken from the vaginae of 30 goat'! and 30 sheep at Muktoswar
and 60 g(lats at Izatnagal'. The swabs material was cultured 011 blood agar, tl'yptose
telluite agar and a sbleotive medium for PPLO. Incubation was done
under aerobio, anaerobio, and IO'per cent CO 2 tension. The isolates inolttclod
organiRID'l belonhtingtothe D)Uowing genera; Micrococcus, StapylO()O(J()U8, Strepto(}OC()u8,Oorynebacterium,
Esclwricltia,4erobacter, Alcaligenes, Acltromobuclel',
Proteus, Bacillis and Olostrid'iuffl.. Important species of microbes having
pllthogeni,) potentialities e'lCountered were O. pyoJe'~s, C. ovis, C. equi, E.
, coli, A. aero genes aud PPJ.,jO.
Uteri, fallopian tubes and ovaries of sheep and goats were oollected from
pORt-mortem room and froID slaughter house. Material colleoted from 10 goats
and 20 sheep at Mukteswar, from 60 goats at Izatnagar and li'om 25 sheep at
Calcutta was included in the study. Cultural examin.o.tion Was done on various
media under different oonditions as indioated earJier. Ovaries and fallopian
tubes from all the cases were found to be free from any bacterial contamination.
While liO per oent'ofthe uteri examined were fTee from haoteria'the rest revea-
1134 ~he presence. of organii'lmB belonging to the following genera ; Mierococcus-
001'ynebacterium, StaphylocoCCU8, Escherichia, Proteus and. Dlostridium.
, .
':Serological.studies ~ O. ovis
.Anti~cra._were pl'oduoedllgainst stock -as well 80S strains of Q. oms. isolated
and WElre subjected to indirect haemagglutination and lytio modification of the
haemaggJutination .tests. It was observed that four of the strains. of O. ovis
isolated from genetaJia. of sheep and goats were more or leSB iden~ioaI in their
:reaction.
'
BaCrilZus anthracis
In order to isolate a large llu~ber of str!bins of B. atntltrad.s from ,different
species of anhhals for inclusion-in the studies -to, bo undertaken, it was thought,
_.des4-able to i.ndicata :the typ~ of material . that could be conveniently colJcc~ed
. '·e.lld sen1l' to.laboratory wlthout ally l'lBlr of dissemination ofaporea during

29
tranflit. The via.hiJity of tIte orgn.llislll in a sllIall dwp of blood ,kind ove]'-rtJa,q~~
slide ancl hitil of SkUl obta.ined from infected mice, kept at 37°0, wera pe~iodi~
ool1,Y t~te~l. I~ wa.":l obse~v-o~ that t~e organism could be isolated both by (l111~
tura! examlll.o, tlOn and mIce U1.0cttlntlOll even after 15 da y8 Ot storage, lluiioatino'
theooy that a sl~11tll drop of'. blo~)d o~· f:.IlIlll!l bit of i'lkin wa~ all that waf! requi.red
from lllfocted sl1lmaltl fur effeotmg lsoln.tlOn of tho D]'gamsm.
A ,qlirniu of g:nnma phage ohtained fmm Dr. Plotkiu was testorl aO"ll.inst a.
few of t110 :;tl'lI.ins of B. (~nfllraci/J (both virulcut and avirlllent) ~nd, was
found to bo nctive against them. 'fhe sh'llill t(Jsted gave out a few reaista.ut
varinuts.
lZq·uine abortion
(i) Ba7ntllMh-'l'ltis farm 1'1 eSRentially II ml1le brooding fo.rlll wtere Il.bor~
tions in brood mItres 11ad boon oCOltrring in triokles for the past two years or so.
Mares for breeding pUlpose wore imported from France and America apart
from purchases ma.de locally. Abortions were reoorded ill the imported mares
even while on transit and also after reaching the farm. Sinoe the lJl-eedillg opcra~
tiona f\tarted in the farm during I957·oR, twenty~oven ahortii)ll.s lk'td DCClLlTed
out of a total of 142 pl'egn(j,llcie~. Age of the foetus at abortion WfLS about 3
monthfl. AbortioIlJ'.l during tho different months wcrB as folJows-Apl'il-I, ]\fay
-6, ,June-4, July-4, August-5, September-2,· October-3, November-nil,
Deoembcr·-nil, Ja.nuary-l, Februal'y-l and March-nil.
Matoril1l1'ooeived from aborted mn.re~ and foetuses did not yieJd Salmonella
abm·tus eq1Ji. However. of the 205 &'tmpleq of sera. reoeived from tho flU'll during
the first half of the yoo.r 42 provod pOr:litive. Subsequclltly 256 samples of sera
collected during Dooember, 1959, wore oxamLlled with folIqwing r0 recelved 'art (tIlt
!eq1l6·~t. Date.iled bacteriologica.l examlnflotion for 'the presenCe., of . aerobio.
microaerophilic 'or a~erobic ~oteria. in th~ vl1rio~s orgnp.':l, ~to~aoh COJlt~Uti."
a.nd, beart blood failed to reveal a.ny pactorla of patl:wgolllo slW;tlfica.nce. HlStO~,
patllologieiLl e~~na.tio.n. Qf.~v:ei, ,lung. spleen e:tc., revealed ~lig~g a3So(J.~ted
:with equine abortIon :VIrUS ~tlctlQn all~ .also ll1.tra.uuyloar .1l1ClUSl!lU -bOcJies" .
. - ~ . , - - -

30
~nicimn and streptomycin treated foetr-.l organ sl1spBnsioI\, stomach
tontent and hoart blood produced abortion in pregnant gainea-pigs and pregnant
:mice and killed one-day suckling mice in 2 to 4 daya on intra-cerebral inoculatIon.
Serial passages in embryonating eggs by intravenous route of inoculation
also produc~d sOlne necrotic patches i,n liver.
Sera from some of the :ma.Nlq ware subjected to agglutination test a.p:ainst
Sal. abortu.s equi '0' antigen. Out of 49 mares, 25 gave positive reaction at one
time or the other. TwentyfonI abortions and 3 premature births in which the
foals died within 24 to 36 hours after birth 12, 9 and 3 abortions occurred during
January, February and Me.roh, 1960, rO'lpectively. Age of the aborting mares
was in most cases between 4 to 6 years excepting in a few oases. Abortions
occurred from 7 months and 27 days.to 10 months and 2 da.ys of pregnancy,
the average being 9 months and 5 daYd.
, Leptospirosis
(i) Isolation of an a.ntigenic 8ub-type-Leptospi'l'o, p!>mona Was isolated h'y
direct culture and through guinea-pig inoculation from the liver as well as the
-l'anal tissue of a goat, shOWing general symptOiIl.S of lack of appetite, fever,
intensive jaundice and excretion of dark red or brown urine for seven days
before slaughter at the local abattoir at Naini Tal. The strain Was peculiar in.
that it could not absorb completely the agglutinins from a standard antisArum
against L. pomona. Further oross-agglutination and agglutinin-absorption tEliits
showed conolusively that thaloMI goat strain was exactly identical with strain
8-91 studied earlier by Alexander at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Re­
B'6a.Ich, WashIDgton, and segregated by them as a. new antigenic subtype. The
blood serum agglutinated the strain upto a dilution of 1: 1000. The agglutination
titre of the urine 'Was 1: 160. No ,agglutinins were found against L. icterollfJemJJ'I'rnugiae,
,L. canicola, L. grippotypMsa, L. hebrlomadis, L. Bejtoe and L. ky09.
If owever, a titre on : 300 was 0 btained with L. Autumnalis. Serologioalevidenr.'6
of infection was found in 9 out of a total of 42 goats examined. It is intere3ting
,tha.t only one out·of 36 samples of.sera of sheep, killed at, this abattoir showed a.
titre of 1 : 300 with L. pomona but nQ titre against th~ seven serotypes includod
in the . earlier phases of this survey. " ' '
, ,
." (ii) I mmunoohemical. characteristics of ,polysacpkarides obtained from fO'l),r
- antigenio subtypes-From strains of Leptospira pomona representing. eaoh of the
fonr subserotypes, lipopolysacoharidas. ware isolated after disintegration of
,acetone-dried, _ saline-extracted . organisms with phenol. The mate~ials were
shown ~o. ~!U'ly the specificities on which the. segregation of the genus into
,serogronps'is'-·hased. ImmuriochemiQal analYi3e,3 showed some ~teresting an,d
unusual fea.tures-they were relatively poor antigens when isolated ~ut antigenicity
cOuld b.e enhanced by combining with lipoprotein or by injecting them
after a.bsorption on sheep erytlu:ocytes o'r on killed Btreptococcal cells. Arabi~
nose "
xylose, rhamnose and glucosamine were found to be the constituent units, .
-but no aldohepto~ or hexoses could be detected. '
. ' ' ,
, : (iii) _ Gel-diffusion studies-Employing Mansi's moClification of Ouehter­
'lony's technique' I¢d hyperimmuil6 s$.'a' prepared in rabbits; one -. common
::tr:I.8:1or lin'9 oi"preCipi1;a.tion was noted between. .antigen and antibody reser"o~
.,!~~:!o,ur antigenic subtypes were reciprocally'examined againstea9hoth~.

31
Howevor, di:rerel1c(}~ ill th~ line pfl.tte1'U~ ~ero detectt}l~ in tho l101llo1ogotts
systellls-strallls pomona, C-B it serum. was ox.."I>mll"l.ed agatt\..'It infeet.('..cl. tiH~ue'l sl1Ch'I1S salinl}'
extracts of kidney le3iolls when a strolLg reaction Watl 860n, whila no rea.ctiun
occurred between normal rubbit sorum and infected. ti'lSU6'3 or suspensions an.d.
extraot.~ ofleptospirae. It ha., heen found that 5 perce.nt formalin and 50 percent
glycerine do not de'ltl'OY the antigen, and the te~t ca.n be sati:stil.ctorily carried
. Qut on infected tissues preserved with these reagents.
This test has aL~ been sllcces.!'lfully applied to detect a.ntihodi~ in I!.uspect&l
sera whell positive' specimens were f

(If thElir illnes .... Their serR slLowed HL tHree (If 1 : 1000 and 1 : 4000' alld MA
titres of ]. : ,:O,OO and 1 : lOO,O()1) ,againstL. g;ippot'!JphDfl(~. The cor:ooponding
urine and nulk tltres were 1 : 1000 and 1 : 400 lU the Cox's 11aemolytw teit and
1 : 1000 ~nd 1 : 4000' in the, mi~roscopi~ agglutination tos~. Four guinlm-pigRo
that receIved O' 5 mI. of ur1ll6 mtrapetrtonC!11ly, became flIck a.fter 36 hours
and leptospires OOllId be demoJlstrR.1,ed in blood fmd pl~rjtllneaI 111 lid ohtaiuerl tl~
pllnctUIc, and kidney emulsion obto.ined by saeciucing the guinea-pigs, yillldr.cl
pure culture of L, g9ippotypho.sa.
Sera of appnrently healthy animals, mostly nlmma.nts and pigs were
screened by the Cox's haemolytic t~t a.nd the rapid plato I1ggl'ltlnl1tion test.
~hese :findings brought to light convincing seroJogical evidence of infection
without ctinical manifegtations of the disease.
Attempts were also made to investigate the carrier status of wild rodents
in this area. Only house ra.ts trapped in s~veral not1&cs in tllis vil1age were
exa.minoo, but none of them showed.leptospires in thillr kidneys or specific antibodies
in their sera.
tv) CB'1sb'f03pinm teptospirosis in &u.ffalo-cal''Ves due t&Leptoopi

, frmn the oC'lIa.l"di~chal~ge!l. Ttq predominant occurrence in pairs, posses.'3ion of;J.
microscopically domonstrable capsule, p09itive reactivity towa.rds the oxidase
test, extreme sensitivity to pCllicillin an.d proteolyMc activity demanded it.l'I
allocation to the genuI3 Mora.r-ella, which at pre~e!1t a,ccommocla.te3 the following
illree species-M. laoonata, M. liqur;faciens and M. bovis. Its capacity to liquefy
g(llat~n or coagulated sermn ql1ickly placed tbe new isolate!! taxonomically
a part from the two species M.lacunata and l'iI. b01Ji.~ and nearer to M. liqueJaoien,'1.
However, the properties of ha;emolysis on hOl'Be, sheep, goat, rahl>ilis, guinea.­
pig (hut not ox or fowl) blo0d agar plates, elaboration ,of soluble oxygenlabilR
lmemolyains in Todd-Hewitt broth cultures, lack of fermentative Itbility a.nd
pathogenicity to mice exhibited by these caprine strains seriously questioned
the validity of its systematio identity with the speoies M. IaGuoow.
These characters seemed to be significant enough to justify oreation of a
new species in the genua Moraulla and to this, the name M. caprae nov. 8p. is
provisioIll!.lIy proposed. Studies by agglutination and agglutillin~absorption
teohniques as well a.s by speoific capsular rt"action snowed that the new isolateR
were antigellically distinct from the'three above-mentioned species.
From the etiological standpoint, it may be possible that, b80~ed on its
(Iccurrence in predominant numbel'S in smears and culture'! of ocular eXUdates.
presenoe of llomologous agglutinins to a h.igh titre (I: 64 to 1 : 128) in tho
discho.r'ges from {be eyes of affected but not normal goats, its ocular pathogeni~
city to mice, rabbits alld goats under experimenta,l-conclitioDS coupled w~th the
well-known ophthalmic pa.thogenic status of the other three species to man"aIld.
cattle, M. capme may well have a. direct 01' an indireot association. with this
disease. -
TOieoplasmoSiB
(i), Hist()ZoglaaZ demonstration, oj pse:udocysts in the b"Q,'bn 0/ hill cattle-An
i~dica.tion as to the possibility of the existenoe of ' toxoplasmosis amongst
bovines in the Kt;Uno,on hill region ofUttsr Pradesh has recently been. obtained
'6t this Institute on histological finding of a. few pseudocysts in the brain sootions
of a hill bull which died as a result of pa.thogenicity te3t with a strain .of
Pasteurella _septica.. Thcso pseudocysts -bore a close resemblap.ce tG thoBe- 'of
Toxoplasma. The pseudo cysts were observed in the sections of, brain of a ,hill
bull. The parasite hadjnvaded a neuron, established a,phase of prolonged binary
fission, and acquired a tough-walled cyst; in which tJ6 parasi~, were found
closely. paoked. The cyst~' were aseptate, spherioa.l in outlip& a.nd' measured
abo-q.t 45 microns in diameter .. The individual parasites within the. cyst .a.pp~ar'ed
e;lmond-ahaped and, mea.mred about 5·:5- miarons/2'5 microns. ,There were'no
signs. ofinftanunatioturound the cysts .. Other changes observed in the bra.i.u 8J1d' '
the ,spinal ,cord were ·solerosis, of the, meningeal blood: vessels, ~i1d perivascular
cuffing by too mononuclear cells and slight bu.t distmct 'neUl'onophagia.: .
'. In view ,of the fa:ct ·that oth&r o;rga.nis~ of' similar ILppea.r8.~c~, sncli ,as
Encephu.Zlazoo'flr and" BesnoiJi,a a.re' also found in ani:rnil tissuO$,: diagnosis of .
toxoplasmosis, on lristol~gica.l 'demonstration 'of 'pseudooysta, when .no· animal
inooulation tests ·were oarried out. to i,s(iI8i~e"tne, organi'!l1n and no .s6l'ologi~1
e~idejl(le of fuiection in cattle wa.'l obtained in thiu6 otion:, would: be' prsD1a.tUlC! -
, -' , -,', ,

Ulla honeo ullreliable. WitIl a view to obta.ining oviclollco OJl the30 pl)int~, thereforo,
It ,syatmnr.tic survey haA since boon undertaken to determine, on parasitological
and, biological hasis, tlw exi"1tcnce of natural toxoplasmn. infection in the
different spocio'> of wild animals and birds and to a'lcertain the incidc1lce of thi3
ili~(JaHo amongst cattle in the vicinity of Mllkte1wl1r, by the application of
Sabin-Feldmail dyo-test, ha.cmagglutinll.tion and complemont-fixation pro­
CCUlll'C~I.
(ii) bolat'ion of TO$opl(moo gondii from c& Himalayan flyin,q-squi1'rel (pot(,urista
inornat'I"~), a new 'Iul),ural host-At lL vory e,lrly stage of tho Cllrrent
study 011. tllese epiZ'ootiological aspect!l of toxopmsmosi::I, It new natural host of
Toxoplasma gondi·i ~vas encountered ill a single specimen' of an adult malA
llealthy fiying-::;quirrel trappod on the 0l1t3lcirt3 of' dwellingS in Mukto3wa.r hilh.
The FS strain of T. gondii exhibited pE',culiar immunobiologicl11 properbie.3 in
that it proved a virnloll'L to mice but highly virulont to rats. CroSilcomplemont­
:fixation, in.direct haemagglutination and nentl'aliza.tion dye tCgts, using ail
antigens both 'RB' and, 'FS~, strains of T. gondii, indic.'l,ted minor diiterencca
in their antigenic constitution which Mve [liuce beeu confirmed by the haemag.
glutination-inhibition teclllli9,ue.
. Giemsa-stained impression smearsof the brain (but l1J)t diaphragmatic
muscle) revealed numerous spherical asoptate cysts which wore later identifilld
a..'! "paeudoeysts" of T. gonrli-i, Me:~suremonts, ofthes6 bodi63 wore not

35
GrmeraUzell pedtoniti.

, lvIarl,-:ed degenern.tivo lesion.'1 characterised by hyl wor~ to study ,t}j.~ _role ,ofnut;rit_ip:o.',in helminthio
infections at Izatnagar was noticed. Before -tbe experiments were (iOncl~ded,
about 39.- animals, died 'and examinations, were conducted- on 20-1ambs~ The
, u.~~a.l&, bef'()!6:death ,showed symptoms :{)l pnemIDonia. consisting of high tem­
"..,pat~'litlle ,£Qr thtee to five days, cougb., nasal,discharge and dullness. In some{}ases
,I " OJ.' ' ,

37
dittrl'hoo2. W&S 8.180 present while post-mortem examinations revofLled pn6~lmOnis,
and enteritis. A new virlla belonging to tho Paittacosis-lymphogranuloma gronp
of viruses was isol!l.ted fOT the first time in India from the dead lamb:'l. Th~
virus was capable of growth in tIle yolk sacs of the embryonating ohicken eggs
and formed characteristic basophilic inclusion bodios- in the lang ,tissue.
Mortality amongst sneep
A type of pneumonia was inve':ltigated at some sheep breeding fa.rms in '
Himachal Prade'lh, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The disease could be
8Uccessfully transmitted to healthy la.mbs by exposing them t()jnfeetive materials.
Sections stained with SchleUjjteitl's stain ,revealed cytoplastnic inc1usi()D
bodies very strongly suggestive of infection with the virus 0.£ Psitta.cosis-Iymphogranuloma
group.,
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES'
Setrum alkaline pkospha~e activ'ity of cattle, goats ana sheep
Alkaline phosphatase activity of the blood serum of normal cattle, goat,
and slieep was determin.cd in BodanskyUnits (B. V.) Adult hill bull-> ga.ve·an
average va.lue of 4·34±O·35 B. U. Observations ()n goats w&'e made both
01\ young an,d adult animals. The young anitnah reared froni kid'!! born to goa.ts
tn::dntained on, tbe farm were below 15 months of age and the ~v6rage value
obt::dned was 5·03±O·57 B. U. These data, when considered in ~:ft'erent age
groups, showed that there was a progressive decline in the, enzyme level wit,h
age. Thi.i trend was, however, not found to be maintained in the case of tI. group
of adult goats of diverse and pre:'Jumably inadequate nutritional status-the
'average value being 8' 65±1· 70 B. U. In oase of sheep of an appr().:rimate age
of about a. year, the average enz:rme activity was 4' 79±O·60 B. U.
A.mino ada ilecarbox1Jlases in 1'; serptioa (type 1) ,
, ' '-
A study of the a~o acid decarboxylases in Pasteurella s'eptiCfiwas made'
, The experimental media included 'arginille; 'orin.ithins, lysine; gltltamic acid
, histidine and,tyrosine at a 10 per c6!lt lev~l in IIutrient broth adjusted :fin:E.\Hy
to pH vallleS ra.nging,from 4·4 t() 6·6; After in,ocmlation theY' were inclibated
at 37° a for _varyirig,length.'1 ()f ti~e. The decarboxylase a.ctivitY inahife3ted
itself by a rise of PI! 'of the media whioh wars directly measured. A more'diroot
evidenoe of decarboxylase activity was obtained by calturing the organhm iIi
, Thunberg tubes with lime water in the side arnl. The £all in pH of- lime water
'was taken as evidence of the absorption of cB.=oon' dioXide liberated, from the
'culture :media. _and hence of' decarboxyla,'3e activity. It was' obJerved thBt'
ornithine deca.rboxylase activity in 'P. septica Was very strong and manifested
itself at pH values only slightly below the,n.eutI;a.l. Given 'suita.ble conditions,
_ the deca.rboxylases for other aminoacids CQuld alsO' b~ demon&tratild. , Next
In order oa,me the arginine and; lysine ,dedaxboxYla.sel activitiea: " There- WAs
&110', ali. indioa.tion of wea,k dec,arboxyla.se' ~ctivity for tyrosin-e, "bistodine
'and, glu.ta.mio:'a.oid~" - , , "

Markon dogenerative lesiOlls cha.racterised by hydropic degeneration of
the f()Uic111v.T ceUR a.nd thfl follicl(l.'1 being devoid of tho colloid material were
(jb~(}rved ill the tllyroids. 'I'he adreualil showed hydropic degenoration of the
parenchymatous cells leading to focal necrosis and mi11'ked dilatation of the
sinusoids. 'l'111~ vacula-r degeneration of the myofibrils and the Purldnji fibres
was associated witlt lymphocytic infiltration; in the later stages there was
fibrosis in tlj(~ degenerated fl.reas of tlle myocardial fibre~. '1'he nerve trunks in
the visc61'aJ pericardium also showed marked degenerative changes. '
The development of ulcers in tho stratified squamous epithililm in the
tongue and rumen WH,S observed to str.rt from the deeper layers of the epithelial
lining. The degenerative le,Qions in the glandumr tissue of the pancreas were
marked and necrosis of the parenchymatous tissue could be observed three
days after the infeotion. The leuoooytio response in the areas of degeneration
WIloS ma.inly mononucl~a.r in nature.
STUDIES ON PATROGENESIS OF SHEEP-POX
( Variola ovina)
Fortyeight sheep inoculated intradermally with Pashulok strain of sheep'
pox-virus were destroyed at different intervals after the expel'imental infectioll.
In the skin, tongue and rumen the lesions developed in the upper third of the
st~ati:6.00. squamous epithelium; the main features being the hydropio degeneration
of the cells ,and the pres~l1,ce of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inolusi.on
bodies. Pox riodule§ characterised by lymp40id hyperplasia were mostly seen
un,der the visceral pleura of the lung.
Ooourrence of equine, 'Iliral ab ortion.
Bisto,P!Lthologica.l examirlation of the,specimens of liver, spleen, trachea
and lungs £rom t]lll,aborted faE)ti of mares at Military Equin.e Breeding ;Farm of
Remount 'T~aining,School a.nd :Qepot, Saharanpur, proved positive for equine
vir~t,aportion.., The, sections ,showed elsinophilie intranuclear inclusion' bodies
in the he~#e cells, ,lymphoid,cells and ma.crophages in t;he spleen and in, the
epithelial cells lining,the 1irachea and bronchioles. This is the first time that
equine,viral 'al;lO-rtion'has been :reoorded in tbe ooun,t~'y. FUithe.r work on,the
study of ,the pathology of the disea.se is ,in progress. -
GEl'iERA~
DISEASE INVE$TIGATIQ'N
Mortality. ampng8t experimental lambs
~ur~g the.Ini~gle of April 1959" an :unvsual mortality oocurring.in the
lambs used for"exp~rb:pental wo:r~ to stuay',the role ,of uut.ritiQu' in helminthio
infections at,Izatnagar was noticed. Before 'the experiments 'were conclllded, ,
ab,out ,39 animals died, and, examina.tions' were conducted on 2() ,lambs. The'
a~,ilp.als ~efQTe' death showed symptoms of pneumonia co~si8ting of high tern­
~t¢til.:tu~e for tmeo to five days, cough, nasal disoharge and dullnl'lss; In some cases

37
diarrhooa WI'.s also present while post-mortemexamiu.at;i'ons revealed'pneuMonia.
and enteritis. A llew VITI's belonging to the Pllittacoflis-lymphogranuloma. group
'of viruses was isola.ted for the fir:st time in India. from the dead lambs. The
virus was capable of growth in tIle yolk sacs of tIle embryonating chicken eggs
and formed characteristic basophilic inclusion bomos in the Iilng,tissup..
Mortality amongst sheep
A type of pneumonia was investigated at some sheep breeding farms in
Himachal Pl'adc'Ih, Atldhra Pradesh a.nd Uttar Pradesh. The disease could bl}
successfully transmitted to healthy Iambs by exposing them to-iniective materials.
Sections stained with Schleifl;tehl's stain revealed cytoplasmic inclusion
bodies very strongly suggestive of infection with the virus of Psittacosis-lymphogranuloma
group.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES
Serum alkaline phosphatase activity of c«ttle, goats anit slteep
Allmlillo phosphatase activity of the blood serum of normal cattle, goat'!
and sheep was determin.ed in BodanskyUnits (B. U.) Adult hill bull'!! gave'an
average value of 4·34±O·35 B. U. Observations on goats were made both
on young an.d adu It animals. The young animals reared from kids born to goa.ts
tna.intained on the farm were below 15 months of age and the ~verage vallle
obtained was 5·03±0·57 B. U. These data, when considered in different age
groups, showed that there was a progressive decline in the enzyme level with
age. Thi .. trend was, however, not found to be maintained in the case of a grou.p
of adult goats of diverse and presumably inadequate nutritional status-the
-average value being S·65±1·70 B. U. In case of sheep of an appl'oxima.te age
of about a. year, the averll.ge enzyme activity: Was 4:·79±O·oO B. U.
Amino acid itecarboxgiase8 in ,p: s8ptica (type I)
A studY' of the amint> a.cid decs,rboxylas63 in Paste'll/fella septicawas made
The experimental media included arginine; 'orinithine, lysine, glllta'mic acid
histidine and tyrosine at a 10 per cent level in nutriQllt, ,!>rotll adjusted finally
to pH valu63 ra.nging from 4,',4 to 6·6. ,Uter inoculation they were incubated
at 37°, '0 for, varying lengths of t~e. "The decarboxyIa.se aotivity ttlanifelted
itself by a' rise of pH 'of the media which ,was directly meu.sured. A more 'direCt
evidence of decarboxylase activity was obtained by ,oulturing'the',organ,hm in ,
Thunberg tubes with lime water in the ,side 'arnl. The fall in pH of lime water
'Was taken as evidence of the absorption of Cil.rbon'dioXide liberated from the
culture media and hence of decarboxylase- aoti'Vity: ,It Was o!J.3erved that
ornithine deoarboxylase aotivity in, P. septicOt w:a,s very strong and manifested '
, itself a.t pH values only slightly, below the neutral. Given. suitable con.ditions,
',the decarboxylases for other amiiloacids could,also be dEllnonstrated: :N'en'
,in order oa.me the arginine' and lysine, decarboxylase3 a.ctiv~ti63. There' w{l.s,
-8.1>0 an, indica.tion of -wea.k' decarboxylase, activity fbr tyrosine,' histodine
o,'D.d glutamic a.cid,

38
Irmnwno·cltemical .stuclies on polysaccharides of E'f'Ijsipelothrix (L1'8tC'/,·ia.)
1;'lOnoc,'ytogenes
Six stra,ills belonging to each of the four serologi.cal types (Paterson, 1940)
were included in this study. Somatic polysaccharides were extracted from the
acetone-dried smooth form of tl!is organism grown on 2 per cent tryptose agar
bythr('e diiferrut procedures, namely, N/4No.OH hydrolysis, 80 per cent phenol
eXLraction and 45 11er cent phonol orlrltction on 2·5 pel' cont saline e:A."iiracted
dried celk
The presence. of carl)ohydrate.~ in the sl),mples waR indicated by the positive
Molisch and AntlU'one tellts while tlle reducing sngars in the ullhyClrolysed
specimens appeared to 'be abacnt as jlldged by negative Fe1l1ing's, Bmofocd's
.and Benemc'b'a tcsts. Negative Sclivenoffs' test indicated tIle absencc offructoso
in tJl(} 111lhydrolysed samples. Pentoses,' particularly methyl-pelltoses were
present ill all 1;110 samples as in,dico.ted by positive Bial test and cysteine hydrochloride
tellt. Proteins as such, seemed to be absent as indicated by negative
Biuret, Millon, Xanthoproteic, Nin~ydrin, Hopkins-Cole, Osborne's biuret and
Sakaguchi tests. However, the pOI'I.'1ibility of-the pre'lence of trace'! of tyrosine
or tryptophane cou ld not be ruled out du e to tIle fairly positive Folin-Cioealteau
phenol J;'~ction. These specimen.s contained nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur,
phospholipid and deoXYl'ibonucleie-acid which may be re.sponsiblo for the
pOSsibly related biologicEJoI properties of these sample.~. Nitrogen content Yl1ried
in different f.l[1,mples from 0·65 to 1· 80 per cent whereas phosphorus values
ranged from O· 42 to 2·67 pel' cent. The perc~ntage of reducing sugar varied
from 1·12 to 3·08 and4·51 to 22·18 respectively. The relatively high nitrooen
percentage of the samples and the difficllity encountered in hydrolysing them
seom to suggest the possibility of the presence of uronic acid and 11exosamme.
'Tho results of the agglutination-inhibition tests with whole cell antisera
aDd the tube agglutination tests with anti-polysaccharide antisera suggest the
presence of these polysaccharide complexes on the surface of the intact cells
but, as indicated by low polysaccharide and serum titres, these substances
might have a patchy distribution on the surface instead of blan.keting it.
The polysacb.arides were serologically active and could sensitise the sheep
.erythrocytes without being previously treated with heat and alkali. It
was also noted that tn.6se treatments CQuld not cause an .increase in the
sensitir,ing activities. The precipitative and compleinent-fixing activities
ranged from 8-32 micrograms while the sensitizing capacity varied from
12:5 to 500 micrograms. C~oss prepipitating and haemolytic ILctivities ·show..
> ad a· dif!;orence. of 2 3 to 24 and 22 to 24 respectively between homologous
and hctc;J:ologous anti-~hole ~ell antisera titre. The percentage of serological'
.;a,ctivi~y,.. as jl~dged by'ha.~molYE!is-inhibition test, ranged from 6·25 to 50 per
cent '.in the het;erologOl,iS a.nt,isera, considering the inhibition, in homol.ygo:us
.antisera as 100 per. ·cent. The polysaccharide complexes were antigenic to
. rabbits in total dosage varying ~om 650 to 1275 microgra~ .but were shown
to ho nontoxic to mice in doses ranging from 1. to 9 mg. They were pyrogenio.
to rabbi1;~ a·t. 8·3 microgJ;am p.!:Il' kg. body"w~ight and the minimum pyrogenio
d(Jse (lK P .. D.) ranged frm 37·1:) to 48 micrograms. These 8ubstanee3 could.
'elicit un ap.prcciable local SchWu,rt,zlllann ruaction as illdi~ated by diffuse·

Jw,nm l1rrll:'.gic Ill'P",A ,vith pen '·,l'n.1 swollen spotR (htcf_ OJ'I n('cOfsorl), hut. clirl Mt.
in.f1I't:o dedIt wi1;h dl),s~;ictl.I syndrome of necrosi~ of myocn.l'dilllll and rennl
cort!'x. 'J'he polY8f.cehn.ride an,ropIes caused an increase in the circ~l1atjllg
. po]ymorphoU11cJen.r cells smd nOlnocyte'l in rabbits, which were Bhl)Wll to bo>
maximum between 24 and 4-8 hOHrA. On the basi~ a tho '1 h(!'f' obflerva.tions,'
t}w e:x:trl1ct-od polysacelmride"l may be de9cribed as phOSpllOl'ylated lipo-polysaccltp.riJ.e
present in It patc1W m!!.nner on the surface of the intact cells, ro'!­
ponsible for type-specificity, which are antigenic l:I,nd pyrogenic to rabbits and
non-toxic to' mice, and cfMpahlc of clieitlng locnl Scll\vartzmann rOMtion and
causing ri'\o in the percentage of circulating IJOlymorphonuclear cells ani! monocytes
in l'abLits.
Comprt.rlzt-ive sf.urZy (if the cOPJJe-r levels. in the Mood if healthy (ul1tlt goats an(Z ,']7Ie81'
The method uRed in the pre

40
Afghan cows-The average number of COWR in milk waR 16·7 per rlay.
The total quantity of milk produced was 41,799 lb. The average milk
yield per cow per day was 6 ~ 7 lb. and the average fat content was
4·1 per cent. The maximum yield of the best cow was 24 lb. in a
day.
Afghan/hill-The average number of cows in milk was 16·6 per day.
The total quantity of milk produced was 35,429 lb. The average mille
yield per cow per day was 0·8 lb. and the average fat content
was 4·6 per cent. The best cow yielded a maximum of 13 lb. in a
day.
ESTATE SECTION
The Section which is re-sponsible for all agrioultural and forest operations
eontinued to render satisfactory service. The income from the forest was
Us. 12,M3 while the expenditure Was Rs. 9,49'1.

41
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Nutritive val-ue of anja:n (Oenckrus cilliaris) hay.
Two samples of anjan hay received from Rajasthan. a.t flowering lWd. post ll
Seeding sto.ges of growth were fed to bullocks as sole roughage without any con.­
centrate for 30 days and a metabolism trial was conduoted to study the nutritive
value of these hays. The flowering stage of the }Ja.y, with 6 peroent mois-­
tute, contained 5·152 percent crude protein ood the post seeding .stage of tho
hay with 5 percent muisture, contained 4· 59 percent crude protein on dry
basis. On ana.lysis of the data. it was found tha.t the peroenta.ge digestible
orude ~rotein' for the flowering and post-seeding hays was 1·57 and l' O~,
respeotlvely. It was also found tha.t both hays could not supply the protem
requirements of the aniInals for m3mten&nce even though they were found
pala.table and were consumed at the rate of a.bout 1· 5' lb. per 100 lb. body weight.
The a.ni~als fed the hay in the flowering stage displayed positive retention for
oalcium and phosphorou.~, whereas, the retention for these minerals was negative
for the animals fed the hay in the post-seeding stage. The studies indicated
t.hat even though the flowering stage of the hay was superior to the postseedi.ng
stage of the hay, both. of them could not supply the maintena.uoo
requirements of bullook!:'. In,order to utilise anjan hay profitable it should be
cut at much ea.xlier stage of growth than its ftowering stage when the nutrients
are at a higher level;
N UtritiV6 va1Jue of groundnut bhoosa
Graundnut is grown extensively in this oountry and is the major oilseed
crop. The total produotion of groundnut in India is over 3' 8 million tons and '
the weight of bhoosa would be roughly 2 million tons. Looal enquiries revea.led
that many faxmers do not use it as livestook feed. The groundnut bkoosa has
15.01% orude protein on dry basis which is similar to the protein content of
mo.ny ooncentrate -rations. It was also rioh in oarotene and oaloium.
, Six Mariana male oalves aged about 1 year weye fed groundnut bhoosa as
a complete 'feed for about 30 days during the last part of whioh a metabolism
trial was undertaken. Each animal was given 1 oz. ,of common salt per day and
a free supply of olean water to drink daily. Three of the six calves were also
given about 19 gm. of 8Odium~di-hydrogeD. phosphate, a. mineral supplement, to
supply the phoephoru~ requirement of the growing a.nimaJs because the groundnut
bkoosa oontained a. lower level of phosphoras. The oalves rel~'lhed ,the
groundnut bhooSil from the very start of the experinientai'feeding and they consumed,
on an average, 2, 63 kg. of groundnut bhoosa, on d:cy' basis, per 100 kg.
body weight plOr day whiQh indica.ted its fairly high pa.Latability. The groundnut
blWDaa alflO Supplied about 16 mg. ea.rotene per 100 kg. body wdght per
day., Th~ a.nims.ls-in both the,gr9ups inoreased.-t~eir weight daily by 405 gm
or about lIb. during 30 days of experiJx:l,ent. The groundnut bkoos(J ha.d 8' 76%
digestible crude protein and 52·95% total digesift.ble nutrients. All the oaJV08
displayed .poaitive reteIltion for nitrogen, oa.lcillm and phosphorus. The group
~hnimals given the minera.l supplement of phosphorus showed higher, yetention"
'for phosphorus and calcium. The groundnut Mooaa is a protein rioh feed and -
i1). conjunction with a little phosphl)rlls rich feed" like ~1l:etal supplement or
brn.h, it will form an ~cenent feed for growing ,calves for adequate growth.

In India wllcnt and pll.tlrly straws 1hd to livedoc:k contn.ill I10 cligofl(,ihlu
crune prol~cil1 whicll is,essen.tinl for huilding.body t.is~m.c~l fur g.l'~wth awl production.
1'he supplementatlOD of these protem defiOlent fltl'aW8 \;nt~1 grolllllillut
1J1wosa hl Buita,ble proportions will not only hetter the balnnco aI1.d Improve tho
qualit.y of the ration for the growing anima.ls bllt a.Iso pa ve the (lost, of concentrate'
which is to 1'8 fcd "ith wheat bhoosa or paddy st.raw. F~u'ml3ri::l (1&Il be arlvi:::ed
to secure and proserve tilis groulldnut Moosa to be ~sed cither I1S, tl sole feed or
as a supplement to replace the ooncentrates in the ration.
Nutritive val-ue o[ guar (Cyamopsis psoraloides) seeiis
Guar seeds are produced in increasing qu.antitiefl for the preparation of
gual' gum which has'a good export market. The IltleclH are llseful r.R livustock
feed and it baA 110 competition for human food. They wore fml to r.ix !ulult hill
bullocks in required amOUl\taR concentrates ;'vith wheat bllOosa ad lib as rough-
.a~o. 'rho seeds contained 30·74% crude protein, 0·28% cB,Iciull1 and 0'48°;;',
pllOBphorus. Aftor a feeding trial lasting {or 30 elD,ya, the llUt.l~itive value oft.he
Reeds was determined. It lw,cl 23· 66% digestil'le crude prutnin. and 72· 7'1%
toto.! digestible nutrients. The animals on all average, consumed, about 501
gm. 9uu,r beeds and 8,285 gm. of whea.t bhoosa daily. .
G~tar seed was also oompared with gr01111dnut cake when given as a COll~
ccntrat.e to these animals with wheat bhaosa as a roughage. It waC! fouTlel that
digestibiIities of dry matte~, crude fibre .. nitroge~-free extmct and total oar~
bohydrates of thewho!e ratIOn and retentIOn of l'nmerals ,rei"C more when the
slleds were fed tlum when grOlUldnut, cake 8.f~ a COll00utmte with 1dlent Maosa
as Il. rouglw.ge were fed to animals. The seeds ca.n Le used in placo of groundnuf;
cake profitably.
A study on the effect of feeding coconut ca.ke made by expeller ancl solt'ent
extraction method.
Six healthy IJario.!la ca.Ives, allo~t one year old, wore feel in two groups',
one receiving expelle~ 9000nut cake and fhe other Ilolvent ext.ra,cied coconll~ cake
ill the concentrate mixture according t(l the requirement,'l for growth. Tlw feeding
cent.inued for 53 days nnd a metabolifim trial ,,'as con(hrcted at t.h,o end. Ona,
sitldy of~owt}J rate, nitrogen, calcillID.and phosphorusrfltention by tIle animals
in the "t'wo grolips ahd analysing the data stat.istically, it Y.-aR fOlmd' that there
.was no 8ignifican~ vru1ution in growth r~te, nitrogen and calcium reten.tion in
the t,,6 groups receiVing. the two cakes.' But tho n,IDollllt of phosphorus
leia·ned. by the animal!) fed with eXl)eller cr.ke wa.s 5· !l66 gm. pel' d:'!,y per animal
" ','While in tllc group reoeivip:g t he' solvent extraoted oob it "'asoruy 3· 324 gIn. pl·r
~~y pl·t E:nhnat ,The high phosphorus reteution in the animals f'ccl"witlJ expeller
Ofl.ke is' F.til,tif\ti~,ally f!ignificant. ~howing t.he superior quality of the Qxpeller
coc6r.ut cake over.,the ~olvent extracted cocoanut cake for the growing, 8,nirnals
with respeot'to phosllh.i:>rus assimilation; Phosphorus is all impl'Otnnt element'
::onta,ined .in animall)ody in vaIiollS formfJ and its better aA:;;imil:l.tion 1'J always
desirable from fIle point of, view of optimum heal t·h. The higher fat content of
fhe expellor c&~e may probably have influenced, the'ph(lsphorus retention to 1:':
w:oater extent lrl tho expeller oake fed b'l.·ou}l than the retention of phosphorus'
WIt.]} the ~olvOJlt oxt.ra(j~ed a~e fed group, even though the total phosphorus
COUt:lUluptlUll 1y the annnals In two groups wall the same.
'

43'
COJlper ((.1/.d cobalt contents a/padcly IIt1'aw olil-aiued /rOin vat'ious, Slales ·in India. -,
The R.verage oopper and cobalt contents of Rix snmpJeR of padrly strn:w
oLtaiuerl fl'om Wel:lt }lengaI, Assam, l\'Iarlliytl Pradesh Iwd Orissa, were determined
as copper and cobalt are very vaJuable traco mii'lC1:.1Is affecting the
I,"rowth ann pl'oduction in. cattle. 1'110 flamples of paddy straw from Orissa
c{H\i;ain.ed the leaRt amount of copper anf! cobalt namely 3 n,nd O' 01 part pel"
million p8,rts respectively while thoRe p,ampJes from other States 1J.ad more t1J.an 5
and 0·03 p~rts per million parts of copper and cohalt re.qpootiveIy. The'padrlv
Atraw from Orir.Ra Roems to coutain t.hose valuable trn.(ie elements in velY muoh
lower amount than those required levels for optimum l1.utrition. of anitnals fed
wit.h paddy straw.,
Commercial feecls
A (lairy concentrl),te mixt~lTe composecl oftapiooa. powder, tapioca. 'kothu'~
groltmhmt; oil cake, gingeIy oil cake, rice bran,jerwa·rgrl1.in hw,k, salt, bono men-I
ana calcium: oRrbonatc manufaotured by Vaikatb. Bros., Allep! was analysed.
As t.he oalcium r.J.ul phoRphorus contents were low ail compared to the raqniremcnt.R
of feed for milch clLttlo it WM recommended that the percentage of
calcium and phl):-IpllOl"US ShOldd be made (lou ble the present coucen.tra.tion. .
, .1 ndicator tecnnique for the (leterm.ination of !t(f1'6age intal~es of grazing animals
'fhe reRults of 0 sttcoe.

44,
ann 111 n,nfLgern Ollt. 'rho injectod animals oamo to hoat on the 5th, 181;h and
97th day after the commencement of vitamin A therapy. They had been
inseminated and l)OCallle pregnant. One animal delivered a. still born oalf,
while the other gave birth to IL normal oa]f. The third is expeoted to oalve
shortly. The control anima.Is remained without (loming to heat not only during
the expelimentoJ period of about 97 days, but oontinued in the same condition
even after a yellJ. from the date of injeoting vita.min A to the experimental
animals. The blood picture for o.l, P, carotene &nd vitamin A levels for both
groulls before the trootment and after 97 days were studied.
The control animals did not show muc.h higher level of vitamin 'A' even
though their carotene levels wers' very high. These anima.ls appeared to be
not converting carotene into -vitlLlnin A efficiently. The f~ctors influencing ,
oonversion of oarotene into vitamin A in these animals are under investigation.
The low level of vitamin A in blood, therefore, appear to be the primary footor
for impaired reproduction.
Influence oJ copper sulphate supplement /eea'tng on cows for early reproduction.
In a preliminary experiment of feedu1.g half a gtam of oopper sulphate
supplement da.ily to· a cow after partllrition, she came to heat after 90 days.
After being insominfl.ted·she becamo progI1

41)
Ac; copl'Jer Alllphato iii freely a\ 1 n.i1$1,bJo in Tlll'i11 na."t" Itt It vory oll

46
E.fTrnf offcC(U'JlY 1Jn'lnTJOO flowm"~ tf) mf.q
On a rc'fC)'oili:C by :Plant Prorocl;ioll Arl:

47
V ~tue oj urea a8 protein substitute in the ration of growing ani/, miloh animals
The growth studies with 18 buffitlo-calves substituting urea upto 40 a.nd
150 per oent of the protein. reqnirements in the ration over a period of 10 months
feeding, haw shown that all the calves reoeiving cheap urea. in the required
small amounts have grown as well as the oontrol calves receiving the ooncentrates
without urea. Urea, which is ma.de 8S a cheap fertilizer in our oountry, can.
therefore, be well utilized as a protein substitute upto 50 per cent of tho animals'
requirements for growt:h. There was no di:lierence in their growth when the experimental
data 'Were statistioally alJ,8.lysed. The animals were healthy. Their
blood was examined for various morphological and chemical constitllents with
'Ipeoial reference to ammonia and urea nitrogen in blood. This study was undertaken
to see if there was any undesirable concentration of ammonia or urea
nitrogen in blood as compared with the same in control animals receiving the
normal concentrates. This study would enable to know if the animals receiving
urea. were subjected to any physiological abnormalities in day to day function
of their internal sYl:!tem. The data obtained in these respects, when statistic~l.ny
ana.lysed. WQre of the ssme order with no difference between the control animals
and urea. fed,animals. A metabolism trial was also conduoted at the end of the
experimental feeding. The cost of concentrate will bQ considerably reduoed by
incorporating urea. in therstion of the animals upto 50 per cent oftheir reqllirelIlents
an.d consequently the cost of food for the growth of animals, Will be considerably
less. Further studies on cow calves with urea substitt).tion in, their
conoontrate upto 40 and 50 per cent of their requirements are in progress.
,Another set of 12 cows were taken and divided into four groups of three
cperimental animals ~ each group receiving urea at 10, 20 and 30 per cent of
their digestible crude protein requirement. Grouping was done on the basis of
live weight, hreed, l!tlld mainly their mille yield~ butter fat percentage, daYI:! in
,ea.lving and number ofhj.ctation. Here again in experimental groups ration was
made isocaIoric by supplementation with requisite a;rnount of starch.
, Experiment started in March 1909 and, was extendtd over 3 fuU lactation
period. The record of thw daily milk yield and butterfat peroontage twice !'
week W81J 'maintained tllrough~ut the experiment. ,These results weN subjected:
to statisticai analysis and it was found that as ~ga.rds milk yi~ld butter fa1;,
percentage, in control group a.nd, i,n grQUPS receiving urea suppl~mentation'
t~ere. was' DO 8~tistically significant difference.'" , " , " '
, '
"Feed requ~ QJ sheep under'range and agriculturaZ conditions' :
" An exPeriment was undertaken to :determine the' mhi.imum prote~ ,re-:
quirement of adult sheep. Giving diffe~en1 leve)s of p~otein the optimum lev~l
()f protem requirement {or the 'maintenance of' adult s~eep ha.s, boen ,det~r,.
minotl, ,
'
N utritionaZ requirements, oj pigll
, , On: study of growing pigs ,with a :bala.M,ed rat~on' it·w~s po~ible to'obtain
that the pigs 'C9uld increase ,'iheir ,liv6weight by 1 lb. or i :kg daily from:,30: kg!,
, 1:Jody weigllt to 70 kg. body weight in about 100 ~3YS~ ,The~ nutritjoruiJrequitejnents
ate det.ermined CrQJJl the, e21;perimental:E!tudj." ' ' , .
1ll!l6IYB [-7

48
ANnUL GENE'rICS
Quantitative Genetics
Drosophila-Selection for high and low egg production on the basis ~f ten
day egg count of the females only and using sib mating has been going on for
some time. The lines were run up to the 25th generation, when they were
·'relaxed" . .Analysis carried out On response to selection upto 10th generation,
showed temperature effects atLd peculiar selection responses. Unlike the usual
a .. ymmetrical response to two way seleotion found in other metric 'characters
studied, li~e re~ponse was ob~erved in selection for egg production too in both the"
high and low lines. This has been interpreted a.s due to segrega.tion and systematic
elimina.tion of the sterility genes in the low lines, and the segregation
and concentra.tion of fecundity genes in the high lines, coupled with the
existence of low genetic variability for egg production in tho stocks studied.
:Best production appeared to go with a temperature range of 68°-76°F.
Selection was also carried out keeping inbreeding to the minimum. A
randomly bred population o.cted as a con.trol. Results showed that seleotion'
produces essentially the ea.me response as in sib ma.ting that in the positive
di~ection was more pronounced than that in the negative direction, so that the
two way response curves followed the same' trend but at different levels the
low lines being a.t a much lower level than the high lines. "
To'Dnd out the residual genetic variability for egg production present in a.
atock whiclihas been subjected. to 15 generations of intensive selection. for , high'
egg production, a. heritability trial Was conducted. Heritability was estilXlated
from data of 11 sire groups with 240 dam-daughter pairs uSD;l,g'the intra--si're'
regression method. The estimate obtained was of the order of O·26±O·09.,
Heritability was also estima.ted in another way using Falconer's method of
realised heritability. This :figure was found to be 0,,11 after tbree generations
of two way selection using ra.ndom mating. "
, It has been noticed ~hat eggs,l8,id a.bo~t the same time, took dift'etent times
to rea.oh the imago 5ta.ge~ With a view to find out whether there is 'anY relation:
between early and late emergence time on Oll,e hand a.nd egg'proQ_uction and
88sociated trait~ on, the other, preli.ry studies were'undertaken. The aver-'
age 10 day production of !l&rly emerging fema,les was 53S·4±18·5 eggB.' Like"
figures for late emerging females was -501' 6±19· 8 eggs~ The difference was 'not;
statistically significant. '
Egg ptoduction of the 'sa.me type of flies, rested in four different st&lldard
media, and two c;lifterent ,tempera.. ~ure-one constant at 21$°0 and the other
va.ria,ble (20°-;-25°C) was stu,died ~o, :find Qut which mediul!l -ga.ve the le",~"
~aria.1>ility. Results showed .that ,at 2~oO the medium developed by Burdick
'gave,the b,est t~lts: 'This WIloS, however .. not the case when the temperatUl'8
varied from 20°-25°0. . ,'- ,_" ' '
" . .,
, An. experiment based on, it. 2 X ~ ~ctorial design, was condu!Jted to study the
effect of crowding of eggs 'i.e. 50,100, 15~ Qnd '200.' eggs in comb~tion with
1" and 1" depths oUoad in cltltur,e bottIs" on the fecundity' a.nd hatohability ,
()f'''d~lt flies. Results s1;lowed t,hllt with the intensity of larval ~owding 'emp',:,

49
loyed, there was no effect on the fecundity of the adults. though the hatohability
appeared to be higher in the cultures having lesser food and higher number
of eggs tried in this experiment.
, Hariana-Using intra-sire regression analysis, heritability estimate of
calving interval in Hariana was determined. This was found to be O'014±
0·448 which was very low.
The heritability ooefficient of milk yield was found to be+O·43000±O·226
whioh Was high, showipg the existence of sufficient amount of genetic variability
for m~lk yield that would justify further seleotion within the herd.
The phenotypio and genotypic correlations between calving interval and
milk yield were+O ·1572 and ±O ·1870 respectively. The latter showed that the
breeding policy in the past had paid attention to both the milk yield and calving
interval in selection.
Semen of Farm animals ana Artificial InserniMtion
The effeot of interval between oolleotions on semen quality of BaNana was
studied using three intervals of collections. They were once a week with two
ejacu1ates/oollection; twice a week with two ejaculates/collection and four
1;imes a week with one ejaculate/collection .. The experiment Was conducted for
one yoar with 2-8 bulls in each group. Analysis showed that on an average best
results were obtained in once a week collection of two ejaculates and worst
results )'lith ,four colootions a week of one ejaculate each. With the increase in
the number of ejaoulates taken per week there was a significant decrease in
semen volume, sperm ooncentration, total sperm per ejaoulate and increase
in peroentage of abnormal sperm, initial pH and methylene .blue reduction time.
Tests carried out on the keeping quality of the semen collected at differing
weekly frequencies showed that there is an indioation that semen collected
regularly at higher intensi'iiies per week,' tended to have l()wer keeping quality. '
.' A ·study was planned to see the seasonal variation in reaction time and
I'lamen qua.lity in the Hariana bulls. One year ,of the study has now been oomplateel
and preliminary analysis show that there is no signi1ican~ va.ria.tion'in semen
quality, in#ial motility ~nd pH, wherea.s there were statistically signi:ficant.
differebces in the sperm concentration, total sperm/ejaculate ,and :m,ethylene
blue redu

,50
Previous work has shown that bufl'al0 semen i& best preserved in a dilutor
containing glucose, sulphamezathine and soda. bica~bo~ate and egg yolk.
Metabolio behaviour of bu:1lal(l semen preserved In this dIlutor wag compared
with t~t preserved in egg-yolk citrat,e and egg-.yolk glycin~ di1u.to~~. Results
'showed that the coefficient of oxygpn concentratIon !lrn~ fructo~yS18 index Were
lOWf'.st in the bicarbonlltte dilutor.
Preliminary studies, rev~l that the bica~bonate, buft"~r diluent developed
~y .Kemp~chmidt WaS the ~est for prf!S~rving b~:ffalo semen. Vari~)Us modifications
of this diluent were listed. AddItion of Kions for counteractmg the barm ..
ful effects of dilution produce no beneficial significant results. Addition of 2 gnls.
()f sulphamezathine powder (1.0.1.) to 100 ml. of the yolk in the medium was
found to give optimum survival of sperm. Remova.l of egg yolk sedtnent from the
diluent by centrifuging did: not improve sperm survivStl in storage: n.·moval of
seminal plasma prior to dilution WIltS found to be harmful. Subsequent additilJll
oft.heplasma produce beneficial effects. Mixing of ejaculates from different hulls
did not improve survival of diluted spermatozoa;. Holding of semen sampl63 at
different temperatures for an hour prior to dilution did not significantly effect
semen quality. A diluent con~in.ing 19 p9trts isotonic glucose and 1 part isotonie
bicarbonate . solution , gave better results.
Using tJl.e I.V. T. diluent developed by Sharma, and Van Dema.rk at Illinois,
the possibility of storing the diluted bu:tralo semen at room temperature Was
investigated. The,temperatures tried were 18°-30°0, 22°-30"0 and 4°-6°0.
Preservation Was best at 22°-30°0 though the variation between temperatures
was' not statistically significant. "
_,Effect of managerial 'condition· on semen qllality of bu1fa.lo buDs wa&
IItl1died by :firstly providing cold water showers during summer months. The
object Of the experiment is to fuul'out whether the reaction timsStnd the semen
quali1y of bliffalo bulls coulq. be improved during the summer months if they
ai'e given !i.'cold water shower bath for 10 lninute.'.1 once in the mormng a.nd once
in the afternoon. ,The treatment waa continued for a period of four weeks when
the maxim1.1m_ outsid~. temperature ra,nged from 87° -97°F. Results showed.
t.~~ the, cold shower bath, di,d not improve semeD quality nor reduced reaction
time~ Se,con.dly, the, buDs were a,lhwed to wallow during Stutumn 'months and
~he "effect on, semen quality studied. The treatmcn~ period lasted 4 weeks.,
Results showed th8.t wallowing had no appreciable effeota. on reaction. time and
s~men qualitr.
'> •• ,Tp,e effect of giving a. false mount on semen quality. and roo.ction'time was_
te,sted. _ The r~lts appear to, indicate a sma.ll improvement in semeQ qua.lify
~ollowin.g 'introlluctIon 6f one ~1se mount at collection.
'Trials 6n five, models of semen 8lJ,ippfJr.
Trials '\Vere,couducted on. five modeJs of selll£"n shippers. Four of thesemodeIs.
ei3B:entially.,c0ri:tain~ 2.point t~rm08'ilasks, ~hile the fif~h (lonta.ined Q. 4 point:
sealed cylmdncal dr\1~ C)on.tammg WStter which,wlltS fro,zeo. priOor tOo ,use-.' Ou'!;
of the ~Qul,mod~: haVlng the two point th~lllos lla~k, (1) had, a Ilice wooden.,
~g,- (~) had an'outer clOsely fitting ~eniovable sheath. ma.d.& of foa-In. :rubber. '

51
(3) was E1Ssentia.lly tho same as (2) but with n,n, outer aluminium' container,
(4) was as (3) but having a wooden instead of a.luminium cover a.nd (5)was tDe
frozen sealed wa.ter drum model. Tests were carried out at, constant external '
temperatures of 25°0, 35°0 a.nd 45°0. The results showed. tha.t models (4) and
IS}, w~e sij.perior to the other models. ,
Physio-patkology of 'feprocfuctimi
270 06

The "borted atiima.ls proved negative to 'J}rucelwsis. The genital' discharges
in these animals were a.lso nega.tive to T"wkomrmiasia. The prevalence of foetal
resorption has been detected in both cattle and buffaloes and the cause is being
investiga.ted. There were 3 oases ~f dY'Bto~ia. in c.ows. In One cow, the foetus was
removed after Caessarian operation, and In the other two, foetus was extracted
after performing embryotomy.
_ Parturition studies were c()nduoted on 80 she bufraloos. The three stages of
parturition viz., the dilation of cervix, expulsion of foetus and the expulsion
of foetal memb:ranss lasted on an average, '10'01, 19·45 and 257 ·00 minutes
respectively. The total tUne taken for the whole p:rocess of parturition 'WaS
302.32 minutes on aD average. The per centage of a.nima.ls exhibiting intense,
normal and weak types of labour were 23·8, 43·4 and 88'3 respeotively. Tho
total.time taken for part!1rition by aniInals in the three different groups were
258· 0, 306·7 a.nd 424· I) minutes respectively.
After the oalf was expelled, the umbilical cord was fouDd to be severed at a
distance .of 11· 4±8· 5 01:1).. from the umbi11icua in case of male oalves, and
8·9±4·8 em. in oo.se of female oo.lves.
The average weight of lootal membranes was 7·1 lb. There were three
e&.se& Q! rlretainw." foets.l membrances. These membra.nees wer~ J:emoved.
lUanually. The ave-rage number of foetal cotyledons was 117. Thea.verage bitth
'Weight of the male calf was 61·7±12·51bs., and of the female ca,lf 52·1±8·t)
ibs. The difference in: the birth weight of male il.nd fema.le calves was found to
be, statistically significant.,
Studies in involution of utmls were made in 33 M 'Ufl'u.k buffo.loes of the
Institute and 54 Murmh buffaJoes of the Military Dairy. Farm, Bareilly. Th~
average interval between parturition and the o:Jmplete involutio~ of the uterus.
Was found to be 89·3±1·2 days (range lfS-57 days). The !.nvolution of the non ..
gravid hom of the uterus wa.a oomplete in 11· 4 days earlier. than the grllvld
One. In 88· 5 per cent of the ~s ~tudiedJ the uterine involution was complete·
between OO'and 60 day p08t-partum. The invclution l'a.te W8B rapid upto 14-
days post-partum. Thereafter, the involution. rate gradually decreased and from
~1 &)$, ~e . rate ofreoeding ·W808 oomparathrely low.
BtenlitatUm of scrub (JOWl .
, ,fleven QOwa were giv.en .h,ltra-uterin.e. inj ection of plastet of PBol:~ . .All these
cianle' pn . bea.t and were served. AU of. them became pregnant without exoeption,
showing that lntra-uterine injeotiOn of Plaster of Paris is not a· dependableteohnique
for induoiDg sterility in oows.
. . ., I
. .Tl'i~·w~ also oonduoted.oll seven DOWS ~g_sta.inless steeloHps in.the..
Cl~ as a trea.tDl.6n.t. All the a.mm&1.s os.tne on h.~t following the treatment a.nd
were serVed. So· fat, 'r; out of the 7 .have b~oori1e pregnant, showing ·the· ineffeC-'
tiVetless of this method :for sterilizing DOWS.
. ': St~nl~ uteni ~ornua1. :~~1 olips ~ also tried. Th.~ .steel 8}lrings-5 om.· "
, X 2. Olli, In St.ze'Wete mbrodu.oed mto the lower half of the uterme oornua by means
:~
.. ~.~ ~~a.t ~ns~t·:~evm& ftiT the p\ll}>OJ!,e. Six {lOWS were given·this ~troen.\
", '. oestrus' oycles. lD. the~ we:re obse~. Tho,ugh at ~h oestl1l8 tb~ wet6
, " ~Inon.: o~ ~~m.beoaID~ l>regnan~. The W'l'k is in props.,

53'
[NDIAN COUNCIL 01i' AGltICULTURAL RESE-ARCII SCHEMES
Studies on Immunogenetics of Indian cattle-Out of 43 oattle put tin.der· iso ..
immunization, 21 responded well, the anti"'body tjtres of their sera varied'
from 1:16 to 1·1024. But anti-sera could be obtained fran! 14 animals only. The'
heteroimmune seta from sheep showed high antibody titres of 1:1024 to 112018:
In order to obtain. better yields of sera. a new procedure was employed involv~
ing the use of anti-coaguIant. From 14: anti~sera, 16 reagents 'Were prepared. In:
order to mcteMe the quantities of the reagents prepared, the teohnique of desorption
was employed. To meet stock requirements of reagents, iso-imm.uniza
tion of old.pairs was started. Blood samples from 100 m.ore o.nima.ls of 'HfJr;.ana-o
Kmnooni.Hill and Ongole breed were de::>po.tohed to the blood grouping la.bora.­
tory, Copenhagen, for typing. The newly prepa.red reagen.ts 'Were subjected to
tests for unitary character. Cattle ftom Hanolll,d, herd were used in the ttial
test.
SIM stwliu of Indiu.1l cattle-The object of the study is to determine the
histologioal norms of .skin struotUt6 of Indian ca.ttle and correlate them. with'
milk yield and butter fat oontent with a. view to develop ~a.rlier e.n.d m.ore
efficient methods of selection of animals in cattle im.provement work. Prelimi-"
na.ry studies on animals locally ava.ilable indioa.ted. (1) buffaloes and oattle had
&poorin~ awest glands of s.bout the sllJ)le 8~e, having a." .one to one rela.tioD"Ibip·
with hair folliales.·Cattle had many more of them than butl'aloes. (2}-Adult·
Harian4 oa;title had la.:rger sweat glands than young Harianas an.c1. adult hill,
oattle. (3) 8eoretory surface ooefficient (8.S.C.) a.nd seoretory volume 00-
efficient (S. V.C.) were oonvenient indices for m.a.king oompa.r~8ons. Studies on
skiil: thickness indioated that the (lon ventional method of ma.ki.ng, estimates of·
skin thi(lkn~ from double fold measurements was not very reliable.
SteNl~ion oj 8(Jf'Ub cows-Th9llCheme was atarted to :find lI'ays and me&l18'
of ftft'ectively preventing the useless cows in India from breeding. Due to the ban
on cow &laughter,. a simple. ohea.p and bloodless method .qf. steriliiation of uneoonomio
and useless" o·oW'B was called. for.~ Experiments wete o01,1duoted to,
aohieve this object bY'feeding an indigenous drug to cows and. by introduolng'
inside the uterus of the oow (1) Inelted ha.rd paraffin, (2) oelhil086 plaStio solution,
(3) Plaster or Paris, (4) stainless steel cervical olips, (5) stainleSs steel
Sptings in ,the. hor.qS, of ~he uterus, (6) by hurning the walls' of the ~i%,
(7) tlrrough stud pessaries, (8) through ring ~saries and (9) cellulose'aootate Bolu-"
,tiQn. Results'gave "V'arying suoc~s. A rool proof and efi'eotive bloodless method of
-.terilization of ooWl! is yet'to be developed. ' .
, StuilW ~ controlUng eM. o/eStling 8ea8on.s in buffaloe.8"':"'Data were 'collected
~ eight farms' where buffaJoe,s 8iI6 bei~ bred, Reoords of.2.4;14 oB.lvings :fro~
5153 bu:ffaloes show that theinajority ¢the cal'Vi.ngs (79 per oent) ocrnn-edJrom
AugD.st to January. lIig,hest (10'36 per cent) oalvings ooourred in September
followed hy Ootober (11'85 per oent) and November (1~·51 pet-'bqJJt). Leut
(1' ST. per cent) oalvings "'~ found inMay followEld by April (1' 91 per 'oent) and
.lune .(1.99 'pet Cent). Only 4·85 per oent of the total ani.n:i.oJs '. exhibiteq a
tendenoy to calve :re,peatedly during the off·seaBon and oWy one dam·da.ug1itel' .
pail was noticed haVing the demed oharjLCteristics. .

Exptrimentat Berh.
, The llaf'iana herd consisted of 10 stud bulls, 105 coW'~, 124 female and U
m8Je calves on 31st March 1969. The total qWLntity of milk produced W68
1,89,717' 5 lb~. Dttily wet &'Vt\rage was 7· 34 Ibfl. and daily overall a.verage w~
8·54 ~b"The maximum milk produood by a single Bariana oow (No, 556) ~
4,4S21bs. in 492 da.y;! (or ~,S10 lbs. in 301 days). 88 calves were bom during the
yea!" 14 of whioh died before'the age of 8 months.. ,
The Mwrrak herd. consisted of 2 bulls, 68 buffaloes, 88 female and 28 nta.le
calves as on 31st March 1959. T4e total quantity of milk, produoed ' was
1,14,928"5 Ibs. Daily wet average was 9·66 lbs. and daily overall average
was 4·981bs. The maximum milk produoed by a singl6 buffalo (No. 172) was
5,3431bs. in 406 days (or 3,882Ibs. in SOl days). 320alves were born during the
year, 17 died. before reaching the age of 8 months. .
For determining the body surface area 158 buffaloes of both sexes and be ...
longing to :five different. .age groups were used. Body weight.g an4 ~ome
lineal
am.~ments like height at hump, h.eart girth, body length. ett, W~te Mao reoorded
with a vie~ to determine relati~DBhip, if any, between surface . area ~d these
measurements.
The body 'Weights rimge,d from 1781bs.' to 1,3661bs~ in the fem.aJ.ea and from
1141bs. to 1;591IhB • .in the'maJ.efl. The body smfaoe area. varied from 2,967 ....... 8983-
sq.,inohes in the females 'and 2,851-10,08() sq. inches in the males. There W88,a
enrvilinea.T relationship between surl'S.06 area and body weight 6XOOpt in Animals
in the age group of four years and above tend to be linear. " '
, Tne eqUation fOJ: body surface area in termtJ of body weight for animals
belonging to the age group 4-6 years was S= 120 W. 0.8011 where,~' == ~1U'faOe , arBa.
in squa.:re'inches and W ",,;, body weight in 100. The calCulated error 'between'
~~ed and estimated values was found to be +3 ·138 .per oent. , "
E6ta.te Secilion
A total 'area of 580· 2~ aoteIJ was 'put under oultiv&~~9.n out, of which 384: 96
aares were uildei: Kmf and 145· 30 acres :under Ram. 'The tot~l rainfall duriiJ,g
·tthhe,year :Wa.s 48·78'~. On.e of,t~,thtee t!l~wenS sta.ttecl. w~rking by :t~e ~4~~
, ,6 yew:. ' ':
" Th~ total exp~ndltule on oultivation was Re.l,29,041 wlille,tb,e totalreveIlu~
WAS Rs. ,1 1
38.522. . ' , ,

55
rotlVl'nY m~SEARCIf
Pmjol''illa'''ce qf proge.ny of 1'. O . .l!{. birds
TI1D perfCl'Jllant'8 of Fu prof(eny of tbe vu.dou.'! str~tjus of an the 4: lmwd:i or
'r.c.'M.mr&~Vlhite Leghorn, Rhode Island Re(i, N~'W lIalupilllh'e and Vlhi.te
Cornish-gttve satisfaotol'Y re!:!ults (In fel'Wit,y and batohability. The highest
level of fertility was obtained in the Oracles st,rain of Uhode Island Red fowls
riud the 100'Ve;;t ill the DumiUltllt nnd Stull.rtwart st-rain of White Cornish fowL"!.
In rc~ pect of llll.td18,bility Guly 2 strains j .e. Bull~e1y strain of White Leghorns
and Domina.nt, Stum'(;wart :'Itt'ain of Whit,e Cl)rni~h gave nmnparatively poor
rcsul~. All other st.rains gave over 70 per cent hatohability. The best hatnJuLuili·
ty (If 89·9 pel' oent was obtained i.n Chl'istie Rttain of New Rum})shire bleed.
In oroer to e:xplc.re the possibilities of gettlng an. incross ficok, some of the
strains were crosfeu within the breed and their performal1CriI compared with
tho~e of the pure strain.':1. 'rhe jmprovt'.mellt as regards fertility, hlLtchahiltty and
egg prcducti(in was lIot ~4rnifi(;ant]y high enough to indicl.l te allY o]o..'l.r advantage
in getting inoro:~s pcultry l)y ut.ilising the strains lUldel' study. .
OOl'1'elatim~ betweet~ physiological clWIl'actel'8 tnlll egg pr()(Z,uotion .
Stllwes OIl oon~lation between the physiolugioa.l and body o'hara.cte;rs and
a,nnlla] egg prcduoti( n have delllonstrated that groupS of goed, medium and
poor layers oan be seleoted by estimating intensity and pOl'Sistency sccres.
Ch.araoters extl..mined for intensity were, head furnishing, quality of abdclnell,
pllbic bones and sha.nJr. TJ1C ll'l&XilIluID intlW.it.y 1'001'e in Rhode Island ned.
H(ck was 85 per cent while the same for White LegllOm.was 7-1 per c~.nt with
la.yjng reool'ds of 264 and 204 eggs pel' a.nn1.1IU, reLp

56
ltS tbo prrjnd of expOfmre advanoed. 'fhel'e waH excessive mortality in the whole
night exposure group, (D) the expOimre to artifiuitlJ light did not materially
affect the f('rtility and ha.tchahilit,y of t,he eggK lai.d by the exposed pullets~ (d)
provision of light increased foed cOIll"mmption by about 5 to 8 gm. per bird
per day.
Recoriling 0/ egg production without flrapnesting
The trapnest provides the most pracbical means of measuring produotion
but it is by lio mea.ns infallible as training of the bird~ for trapnest is a d::{fioult
problem a.nd some hens consistently lay eggs on the floor which remain unra·
corded. Experiment,s were, therefore, conducted to atandaJ.'dise the mel hod
for recording egg prodnction bY,palpat on method without the u."e of trapnest.
The results indicated that 86 per oent of the pullets in whose pelvic full-shelled
eggs were.felt on palpation at 7 a.m. laid before 1 p.m., while 13 per cent la.id
between 1 to 5 p.m. and only'one per oent did not.lay at all during the day. The
other important finding was that none of the bird.~ whioh were negative in the
morning were found positive either a.t neon or in the evening. The above factJ
indicate that bircw Which lay during the day can very aoclllrately be detected by
handling ih the morning and aU the egg3 laid up to 5 p.m. ate only nom bb:da
which proved positive on pn.lpationin the morning.
,', Duck breWing ,
Tho mftin ob'jeot of the iIlve,~tiga.tion was to explore the possibilit.ies of
r~aring and breeding the duck~ without :making elabJrate arrangements for
water. St.udies Mve revealed no difficulty in raising stook with re.3tr1Oted supply
of water. Improved hatobability was a b3crved when during inOllbation dllrk
eggs were given fomentation or 8pr~ylng with hot water twice daily Cor 5
minutes during the last 8 days of inoubation . .Ai3 regard':! seasonal vll;riatibn, it
was olserved that lluok.~, w:hioh started la.ying in the nlJnth of November produo- '
ed the 'niaximtUn number of eggs (64' 5 per oent).
RoZe oj Ulntibiotic8 in nutrition
, Studies 'on antibiotics in relation to vitamin A requirements of obiak!
showed ,that the a.ddition of penicillin did not accelerate the growth respoD.l>6s
and thEt storage of liver vita.min A in chicks fed either adequate or sub·a.dequate
levels of Vitamin A.. ,Performed vitamin A was utilized equally well in 'the
presence or 'absence of penioillin by chioks reared in electrioally operated battery
brooder. The experiment demonstrated .that the usual growth prolilQting activity
of a.nti .. biotics in ,ohicks, 'recorded under farm conditiona; tends to dis~
appe&r when the chicks a.re reared in olean environment (Battery Brooder).
, Utilization.' 0/ industrial anil.farm by-product8 "
(i) ,Growf,rl,g poultry ration-Five series of growth, experiments with 895
d.ay-old, :\Vliite Leghorn a.nd ,:Rhode.Island Red chicks 'using 12 ,indl!strial an.d, '
farm ,by-produots ,in growing poultry ration were carried ont to' explore 'the
possibiUties of t~eir incru~on for the formu'la.tion' of ecollomio' poultry ration.
The ,results demonstrated' thart-
. , (a) Thoug;b. increased growth respon~s were' obtai~ed by in(l~~ion of
,Terramyoin Feed Supplement ('rM.-5) in vegeta'Qle poultry ratio~J
the inclU$ion of, protein supplements, suoh as' fiah meal, was 'ne,ces,,:
. saty f9l" economy df gain in weight, low mortality and better,Hoek
u~iforniit1"
'

57
(b) Bot~l proce~sed and unprooessed air-dried cow manure could he very
s~tlsfactortly used up to a level of 10 per cent in growing ratio.ns,
with considerable economy of gain in live weight.
(0) Incu~ator waste containing infertile egg contents Gould be very
effimently used to reI)lace fish meal, and 5 parts of maize gluton
meal in 100 parts of mash could be satisfactorily included in growing
poultry ration.
(d) I\.n approoiab Ie growth response and eoonomy of gain was obtained
by replacing fish meal with liver residue. Both blood and meat meal
had a complementary growth effect when supplemented with fish
moal and conld replace half of fish meal witli appreciable economy
of gain in live weight.
'
(e) BarReom seeds could. replace 121 parts of ground yellow maize with
satisfaotory results. '
(j) The excellent growth responses obtained by inclusion of 15 parts of
penioillin mycelium residue clearly suggest the importance of this
valuable industrial by-product in poultry ra.tion for better grOWtl1
rate and Hook uniformity, inoreased feed effioieIicyand economy of
gain.
(9) Sllbstitl1tion of 1 per cent bone meal and t per (lent limestone witl1
I! per cent sllperphosphate in poultry ration was not deleterious
but the growth response was 110t as sa,tisfaetory.
(It) It was possible to replace 25 parts ofyellowmaize and 10 parts ofharley
in growing rations with groimdnllt ,cake and tapio,ca 11168.1. Besides
considerable saving in the cost it ga.ve satisfaotory growth rate.
(i) U~e of {rOOf meal as low as'12! per cent of all mash ~ation had a
,deleterious effeot on growth rate and feed efficiency. However; whe:p.
used ,at 6·25 per cent level, the growth rate was ma4ntained bU,t the
feed efficiencj was lower. The result suggested the possibility of the
,pr~E!ence of an ,unknown deleterio,us faotor fo. '1uar mealfor ~ro'w~Dg
~hlCkelUl. ,_
(ii) Laying poultry ration-Three 'serie~ of experiments, with, ~90 adult_
birds were, conducted to explore the possibilities of utilization o~"Terra:my~i~l
feedsupp16m.ent. cow manure and,groundnllt ~ke. The results indIcated tha~
. - .'
(a) Inclusion of Terr~mycin antibiotie feed supple~ent,~t a. ~v:el of' 50
grn./lQO lb, of mash to vegetable protein, .ration showed ~ig~i1i(lapt
.' effect on growth, sexual maturity and ave;r~e egg pro4uction. ,B",t'
inclusion ohnimal prqtein supplemel).t such a.s)ish ;meal (7, peroent)
showed further increalil~ 'qver vegetable prqtein l,'stion ~~pple~eD~-'
_.~d, with,TM:~5. When both ~ere inoluded ir-1ayip:g rati~pB ~~I~~,
.effi.cie~cy was',oserveq.. " _'" '

58
(b) Inclusion of :processed or unp:ocessed. ~ow manure at .1 per oent
, levell1l!1.illtam(',d egg productlOll, fertlltty and hatchalJlhty of eggs
and had no detrimental effect on age of sCIual maturity or ~gg
quality. A signifielmt reduction in per('.entage of thin white was,
however,observedingroups fed with either kind of cow manure.
The results suggest tlw,t both processed and unprocessed cow manure
could he SlLfely used inlaying poultl'Y ration with considerable economy
in cost of feeding.
(0) Inclusion of high level of groundnut cake up to 50 p~r cent in laying
rat.ions did not show any significant detrimental effect 011 egg production,
fertility, hatchability or egg quality. '
Storage experiments with egg cooling cabinet
:ffiKporiments undertaken on storage of eggs during the snlnmer months in a
rectanguls.r wooden box having wire netting on all the four sides and the bottom
and kept covered 011 the four sides, with gunny bags which are constantly kept
wet have revealed that hatching eggs, which cannot be stored a.t ordinary rOOlll
temperature for even three days, could safely be stored inside it for a period of
10 da.ys. This finding is of considerable importance and value to poultry breeders
within the Cowltry.
Presetvation of meat
1.hessed poultry mefl,t dipped for 15 minutes in 18 per cent hl'ine solution
Gontain.ing 15 mg. of penioillin per pound of the solution l'etaillS its edible quality
for u period of 7 days, whereas untreated meat stored for 2 days at GO°F
becomes unfit for human consumption.
'
, Infectious hepatitis in ducks
, A new type of iufections hepatitis in acnte, Bub-a.cute and chronio forms
has been roeorde

;'j9
Role of stalJle fly, Stomoxys calc'itrml.~ in tIle trmu:mt'8s~'on of .fttrra
Ton experiments, using guinea.-pigs as experimental animals, were carried
out, and five to forty stltble flies wore used in each experiment. Flies were first
allowed to feed on surra o:ff'eetecl guinea-pigs showillg a large Dumber of Try.
panosoma. e'vwnsi in their blood for periods varying from t to 31 minutes and
then they \vere further fed on healthy eXllerimental guinea-pigs for! to 5tminutes.
rrhe feedings were done under close ohservation using one :fly at ii.
time and about 30 per cent of the Jiies tl'iHd fed durjng these experiments. After
feeding, th l 3 gnt content of' the iliel:! was examined under the microscope and
if it cOlltiained T. evansi it showed that the fly had fed on the diseased guineapig.
After t,he test feeding the experimental healthy guinea-pigs were kept under
daily observation for a period of one month.
Only in one out of ten test feedings l)ositive result wa.s obtained. The infection
in this case was more severe as compared to that fonnd on inooula.tion
of gllinca.-pigs with Tt'ljpanosoma etJa.nb'i.
StucUe,

60
'against a numhor of extoparasiteR of livestock sucl~ as cattlp. grub (H ypoderr;ta
Uneatum and ll. bovis), cattle lonse (llltematop~nu8 eury,qtm'nus), goathce
DamaUnia oaprae and D. Zimbatu,y, screw-worms (Oallitro,qa bominivorax),
hOl'nfiy (Sip/tom" i1'ritans), fowl mite (Omitltonyssus sylviarum).
(i) Ab'Untot-Three lfariana calves about 12-15 months old suffering from
demadecti mange oaused by Demodax bovis Stiles were treated with asuntol
which is a commercial wettable po,vder preparation of' Bayer 21/199. The calf
having heavy infostation became normal after fOllr applications of 0·75 per
('.ent aSlllltol as body wash. Similarly, the calves h90villg merHlllll and light infestation
got cured by tllree treatments each with 0·5 per cent and O· 25 per cent
asuntol. The drug did not cause allY ill-effoct 011 the calves.
Nine buffalo calves very heavily infested with the cattle tiok Hyalomma
8XCJ~vatum (savi,l/ltvi) were treated with 0·] 5 par cent asuntol and another twelve
with O· 25 per cent of the SllomB insecticide. The insecticide was sprayed with t.he
help of a h.a!ld compressor sprayer. Eaoh of the two treatments killed about 60
per cent of t~e ticks present on the body of the buffa.lo calves without any ill·
eff~ot.
In another test twentyseven kids heavily infested with the sucking louse
Linognathus stenopsis wore treated with 0·25 per cent asuntol. The insecticide
was applied as wash. When eXlIomined twenty-four hours later all the lice 011 the
b:ldy of the treated kids were found to be dettd. No reinfestation was observed
a. wae}; later. '
(ii) Ne:JI!>von-Ollt of several buff...Llo calves suff'3ring from a. rather bad
type of sar!}:lptic ma.nge disease cau'ilsd by the mite S:trooptes soabiai var. bovis
1I1X heavily affected ones were selected to test the, efficacy of neguvon (Bayer
~ 13/59) against the d~sease. T~ree of these oalves were treated with 0·15 per
Gent neguvon as wash and the other three were given neguvon orally ,at the rate
of 20 mg./kg. After .oral administration for three days and two external applications
at,h;lterv~ls,offive days the beneficial effect of the drug was visible in all the
. .buffalo calves. After a lapse of five days the buffalo calves t~at were administered
neguvon;o~ally were eaoh given another dose of 30 mg./kg. After a fortnig.b.t '
all the six bp:ftalo ~lves we:r:e found to have re(jovered from the disease and none
, of thi'tm ,showed 'any,olinical S;YIDptollls of ill-effect. "
, : ,(iii) E /focaoy ojt'foZene, neg'U'Von aitil asuntoZ againt sarooptic mange in .qoats­
All expel!ilnent was undertaken to find,out th~oomparative efficaoy of trolane"
lll'lguvon' and,asuntol ag!!oinst the sarcoptio mange, mite, Sarcoptes scab'iei var ..
c(1,p'a,e, by using twen~y badly'affected goats. Besides the three organophosphate
insectioides,lindane, w hioh is one of the most effective chlorinated hydrocarbon
inseoticides,against mange mites affecting livestock, was also tried; Five mange"
a.ffaoted goats, :were treated with each of these four insectioides. At first trolerie
and neguvon were given orally to the goats at the rate of 30 mg. a.nd 20 mg. per
kg.',body 'W6~ght; r~pl!ctively. Asun~ol at 0-5 per oent, and lindane ,at ,0·035
per O~t concentrations were applied as wash.' After'two applications of asuntol
t.n:d,hndane, 'fLnd uve oral dQ':!lI.ges of the other two inseoticic;les j:t was found tha.t
,al~hough,trolen.e'and :Q.eguvon no doubt, gave some relief,tQ goats which had.
, .~qJittle, 8Oab,formation, little'or no effect could be'seen in CBses whete'scab
.' tomna.t.ion w"s' "thiek: ll:owever,better resulta,were obta.ined with asuntol,and
, , ,,' I

61
linunl10 which were applioo as \Va~,h. Goats previously treated with troleno
Itn~ negllvon orally ,~tll'(}l~t(ll' trea.ted wi.th negllYOll atO-25 per cent as wash ana
whtlothc ooncentra.tIOn. ot asulltol rellla\uet1. the same that.-oflindane was raised
to 0·05 pe-r cent. 'fhis treatment was applied thrice at wocldy intervals ~d after
the third applioation the goats were found to be oompletely cured.
Studies o't~ transmission oj fowl-pox Vi'l'U8
• Though fowl-pox spreadfl by clirect contact several workers believe that
certain biting insecta prohably play an important role in the dissemination of
the disease in nature. StudicA were undertalten to find out (a) whether or not th6
~osqnitoe8 ollunonly ocurring in Ij~iB country are capable of transmitting the
disease, (b) If somo SPClCIOS of mosquItoes were capable of transmitting the diseas~
how efficient a vector they were and (c) whether this transmission is mechanical
or biological.
In six transmission experiments mosquitoes, Anoph.eles 8ubpict'tUl (1)
were used as vectors. On an average ten mosquitoes were used in an eXperiment.
Mosquitocf! were first allowea to feed O1l fowl-pox virus Buspension for several
hours and later they W~l'O allowed to foerl individually; under close observation,.
011 the cOl11.b of lWfI,lthy birch. In thtlSe six e::x:pe,riments, pox lesions were
found to have uevdoplld on the comhs of two experimental birds_
In thtee eXl)eriment.s with OuZl'.xjcttigans (~) mo.

82
foldtl of filter pa.por. T110se t,jcks wore then tro.~Bferl'ea to clollou t.uheR for furt,herobservations.
The insecticide caused a mortalIty of 60·1 per cont and only 12·1
per cent of the oggsiaid by the femILIes hatched into larvre. Each el.-periment
was repeated tw ice.
DrugJastne.ys
Laboratory experiments on D. D. 'r. resistance show that IIyalomma C:VCfl'Valum
the. commonest cattle tiok of lndiar, 801~o develops resist~1nce to D. D. T.
when'keptinconstant contact withit. OOlloentrationresponso tests with R. H.
C., toxaphene and dieldrin were also c~llducted witJI D .D. T. strain to see wJ.lC.ther
the tolerance acq ltired. to D. D. T. predlSl}Osed tolernnce to the above acarlCHleA.
The results indica.ted that no observable cross tolerance developed. t.e.50 of
the D. D. T., the various stages of Iiyalomma tWcavatttm of the D. D. '].'. B,nd
reference strains was calculatod by Finney's method of probit analysis and the
results are presented. below-
The L. O. 50 doses Jor tl~e t'4-rious .ytage,q oj the D. .D. T. and 1'eJerence stmin ticks
and Me degree of resistan.ce exhibited by them
Stage Reference D.D.'l'. Fnctor for
strain stra·in increased
LC GO'" LC 60* tllsistnncll
Larvae .. .. .. .. ·13183 • 4361i2 3'31
Nymphs ... .. .. .. '-18621 • 641i66 3'46
Unfed lOa.lcB and females .. .. 'S0903 ·95499 3'09
Engorged fema.les .. .. .. ·31238 12·303 15'1
'. ,
.Coneentration ofD. D. T. in gm../l. required to giVD 50 per cent mo:tlllii:y •
. Studies on DermeiJtes maculatu8
. Eggs are laid. Billgly or in .batohes of 2-5 in darklles8 and not in light. A
pair did not prodllCe more tha.n 10 larvm in a week. The larvie hatch out in two
:to four. days and immediately start wandering in search of food. The larvln
were kept i~ petri dishes conta.ining skin pi~ces and soaked cotton to record
the.number of- days. required for m.oulting .
. It wa.s obsewed that.the ~umber of moults as well as the ir.tervaI betweell
.. eaohwasnotcolistantthQ~gh t~elarvlB were'keptunder~he same temperature.
:rhe number5rf days xeqmred. to become p'upm from the' youngest larval· stage
l~ from 4:&-51 ~a.~... . .
Studies on tke ch~flw.tkerapy oj Schist~8oma incognitum, a bZood J(u~e oj pig,
. . . . (log and. .certain domestie ruminant8. . . "
• .~qh:isto8oma.inoo.dnitumChandler,1926, iss. bloodft,*e co~mo:illy occ\lr:r~:
lng l~ pIgS .. Several cases of severe dySentery in dogs due to this blood fluke have
.~e~, ~eported~ Th~ pal'asite h_a.s :i:~ently een fQund to ~nfect·.sh~ep aJ.so~ Ex:"
:.petlmentally, o",ttle, sheep, -goat, pIg, dog, cat and all speCIes of. ama.H laboratory"
-

03
mammals were previously fonnd to be snsoeptible tb infection with S. incognitum.
As the chemotherapy of this infeotion was unknown, studies were undertaken
to determine the efficacy of tartlLr emetic, sodium, antimony tartrate, anthiomaline
and antimosB.n against the parasite. Young dogs, sheep, goats, rabbits
and white mice were experimenta.lly infected with the parasite and then
treated with the va.rious drugs. Generally each animal was given 8 course of ten
injections, one injectin being given daily. Tartar emetic and sodium antimony
tartrate were administered as 6 per cent solution in I) pel cent glucose. The
eileot of the treatment was judged by autopsy, generally 1 to 3 weeks after ijJ.e
end of the treatment. Against mature infection, t.artar emetio and sodium
antimo'~y tartrate were found to be partially efl'eotive at the dosage of 8 mg.,
kg. bodyweight.andalmostfully e:ffeotiveat the dosage of 10 mg./kg. body
weight. Anthiomaline Ilnd antimosan were almost ineffective at the dosage of
10 mg. and slightly effective a.t 12 mg./kg. and 15 mg·/Ieg. None of the drugs
were eift:lctive against immature infection. An intensive sohedule of 6 injections
given in two days was less effective but more toxic tha.n ordinary ten-day
schedule.
'
Oontrol of snail veotors oj liver-fluke ana. other trematode infections oj domestio
animaZs
Laboratory trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the
molluscicides copper sulphate and sodium pentlL-chlorophenate (Na PcP)
against LymnfJ,ea (tcuminata, L.luteola, IndopZanorbis exustus, Gyraul'US oont'e;riusculus
an,d B ithyniapul(,Jl~ella whioh serve as the vectors o£trematode infection
of domestic animals in India.
The following dilutions of each chemical were tried: 1 : 50,000; 1: 100,000;
1: 200,000; 1 : 500,000: 1 : 700,000 and 1 ! 10,00,000. The number of snails of
eaoh species used in eaoh dilution varied from 6-24 and the period o£immersion
was 24 hours and 48 hours.
'
" The two molluscicides were found tobe highly e:li(3cti'Ve against all the snail
species except B. pulchella. In cert.ain oases, hoyvever, the lower dilutions. were
less o~ective than the next higher dilutions. This might have been d'ue to sOntO .
other factors possibly the small number of snails used in each dilution. Furth\, r
lirials are'therefore necessary, using larger num,ber of snails of eaoh species in
each dilution. . . .
. Studies on, the occurrenoe of Setaria.
The invasion of the perecardium of animals by speoies 'of ,Setaria' has,
never been repol't.ed before. Two suoh cases were come acrpss recently., On~ was
a cow slaughtered at Bhagalpur in Bihar from. which two worms were recovered. '
The other was a buffalo belonging to the Military Farm, Pan agar, West Bet;tgal.
,Al}o~rding.tothereporta.vai1a.bletl!-ea.nimal w~s adPlitte~il, the hospital for
gradual washing. Her temperature was normal but the blood was highly positive
for microfilarire. The animal· died about two months aftel: admission and, on
'p)st-mortem,', IlIJairge number of filariid, worms were,~e

64
Two specimens of Setaria cerm were recovered from tIle periton(lUm (If Ilr
goat at Tzatnagar. The worms were norms! mature femdes and were reported
to have oaused peritonitis in the animal. The·occurrenoo of adult parasites·of
this species in goats does not appear to have been reported before.
Oesophagostomum asperum infection in. sheep
Till recently Oesophagostomu'm asperum iniection·was known to occur in
goats only. The parasite was recently recovered from a sheep in India
Life-history oj Bivitall_obilhareia 'fIairi
In an attempt to elucidate the life-history of B. nairi, the blood fluke of
elephants, a large number of snails of the species Lymnrea acuminata, L. Luteola
lna,pZanorbis ewustus, GyraUlu8 oonvewiu8culu8 and BithyniapulchellaweHl
~xamined for natural infeotion with schistosomae cerca.rire. Schistosome cercarha
were obtained from L. luteola and L. e:l:ustus which on pasrm,ge through
white mic3 developed into other species of schistosomes, but not B. nairi.
A number of snails of the above species were subjected to experimental infectic-n
with miracidia recovered from the f83ees of elephants, but none took up tIle
infection. .
Diagnosis. and treaf,m,enf. of amphistomiasi8 in sheep ana goats
AmphistomiaSis among ruminants is of frequent OCCUIrence in India.
Th.e life-history of most of the causative species has been worked out but neither
a sa.tisfaclory.method of diagnosing the subclinical infection nor any suitable
anthelmintic is known for, the treatment of immature amphistomiasis.
O.)llections of the snail species 1 naopZanurbis ewu8t'l!-8, Gyraulus oonve:I:iU8-
culm and Bitl~ywi,a pulchella., which a.ct as molluscan intermediate host of the
amphistoID~s, were made from locaJ.ly a.vaila.ble sources and examined for tre:"
matodo.infection using test tube technique. Snails that were found to harbour
IlTnphistome cercarioo were separated and the emerging larvm were made to encyst
hi. the laboratory on cut pieces of grass provided for the pUIpOBO. The rn,o:fpholo~
gy of"the ceroaril9 obtained from the infected snails was studied ill. detail and
they were found to be OercarifB inrlicQJ XXVI (larva of OotyZophoron indicum),
OeroarifB gyraulusi (larva. of Gigantacotyle explant'Um), Oercarim hul'Um'U~i
(larva of Oeylo.r_&Bcetyle 8coliocoeZium}, Oercarire cku,ngathi (larva of Gast1'otllyla:c
6um.enijer) and cercarim sf Pseuaodiscus collinsi. Kids were infected with metaoeroarilii
of Ootylophoron indicum, and Oeylonecotyle aceliocalium and t1te1Vor~
,is in. progress. .
.Bjfeot ojsingle ana mUltipie Ctefimenmes in t'hei-iBt of sheep ana t~r'esistan~e
. to Haemonohus contortus infection .
The maximum .suBceptibUity to infection With H. conwrtus was observed
in vita;:n1i.ri A +prote.in deficient group. The others in order of susceptibility
were (i) ·vi.ba.min. A+protein+calcium+phospholllS deficient; (ii)phospho;tl.ls
. d.eIlClent; -('Hi) vitnmin A deficient; (if)) vitamin· A+phosphorusdefioient: (v) .
vitfl,min·A-I- caloium de~ciellt;,(vi) vita.min A+calcium+phosl)horus deficieni9
i\nd (-vii) pfotf'ifl· cJ~ilpjent;· . ,

65
Little or no suscoptibility to infection with this parasite was observed in
(i) cllicium deficiElnt, (ii) protein+calcium deficient, (iii) calcium+phosphorus
deficient, (iv) vitamin A+prot6in+ca.lcium. deficient and (v) vitamin A+
protoin+ phosphorus deficient groups.,
The number of worms reoovered from (i) protein+phosphorus deficient
and (ii) protein+ clacillm+ phosl)horus deficient groups was however less than
the number obtained in the control group.
Studies on l~ost specificity oj IlfJJmonc}tus species
The results obtained revealed that buffalo-calves infected with sheep and
goat strains of Hamwncll.us species well~ completely refractory ,to infection.
In cow-calves, the iufeotion which developed from both the strains varied
between 1 to 2 per cent. The cross infection ~f these strains between kids and '
lambs was found to develop normally and the infection varied between 9 to
12 per oent.
During the course of the above study, two types,morphologically di:fiereut
from eaoh other, were obtained from the mixed collection of Hwmoncnus.
One of 'bile types conformed to H. conto1'tus, while the other was referable to the
species H. bispinosus (Molin, 1860) Raillietand Henry, 1909. This species has
not so f.ar been reoorded from Indi.a.
'
Studies on. Onemotherapy of 8'Urra
Experiments on the chemotherap of surra were oonoluded during the yeal;
The minimum effective dose (M. E. D. 80) and the minimum cUl'ative dose
(M. O. D. 80) in respeot of the drugs tried in sin.gledose technique in the expcri-.
·menta.lly induoed surra in ra.ts are as follows-
Na.me of tho 'drug
M.:E.D.
Mg./lOOg.
body
weight
M .. O.D.
mg;/lOOg.
body'
weight
Remarks
-
"
, .
Berenil .. .. .. 0·005 0'5
"Mel Btl .. . . .. 0·0025 0·01
Meta.m:idium .. .. ,1:1
8tilbamadine .. . ' '
Propa.midine '
.
Pentamidine ' ..
.A.ntimos&J1
"
0',01
' 5'" "'OllrlltivOle.t'toi:ic lewi ..
.. 0·001 O·S
'. .. .. 0·25() t'9'
',' .. . 0·025' 1
.,
.. .. .. 0·025 0·'
- c.!l. ' o.c.

66
B~sides, antrycide and suramin, Trypanosoma, evansi is sensitive to the action
of berenil, stilbamidine, pentamidine, propamidine, "Mel B", metamidium,
. antimosan, and nitrofurazone. Out of these c.ompounds berenil, stilbamidine,
pentamidine and "Mel B" which have. given encouraging results in the present
investigation need to be tried against surra in large animals. As tartar emetic
is incapable of sterilising the system of animal of trypanosomes, it should be
discarded in favour f better trypanocidal drugs.
Studies on coccidia
Eimeria sUDsherica, E. zurnil, B. cylindrica, E. bovis, E, bukidrlOnet;s1's
E. wy;;min.1ensis, E. braziliensis, E. canaaensis, E. alabamensis, E. thianetM
E. ellipsoidal~s, E. auburnensis and .E. bareillyi, n. sp. were recovered from 2[0
samples offroces examined. The percentage frequency of occurrence of the first
named 12 species was 9'2,12'8,40'8,34,8'8,41'2,27 '6,13,3'8,2, 26'8 and
26. 8 respectively. A colourless variant of E. canadensis W;1S also recorded.
Biometrical data on all the 13 species is being gathered and analysed statistically.
Eimeria b1-reillyi n. sp. was first seen in faeces of a buffalo calf belonging
to the local Military Dairy Farm. It occurs very commonly in "f .:eces of both
cattle and buffaloes. Heavy discharges with it are quite common. E. bareillyi
n. sp. is characterised by yellowish-brown to greenish-brown oocysts which are
typically piriform in shape showing a distinct constriction at the base of
anterior third. The anterior end is truncated revealing micropyle 5-6 microns
across as a distinct ga.p in the wall. i'he wall is smooth and is of even thickness
(about 1 micron) throughout. Freshly passed oocysts may show a "tenue"
portion of protoplasm, just beneath the micropyle lying separate from the..main
zygote protoplasmic mass. Size ranges from 25·8-35·5X 18·9-25·3 microns.
Average size is about 31 X 21 microns. Average shape index is O' 696, range
0.625--0·842. It somewhat resembles E. bukidonensis but can be easily distinguished
by its significantly sma,lIer size, thinner wall and the truncated
appearance of the anterior end.
(b) Ooccidia of buffaloes-The investigation has revealed that buffaloes
are parasitised by all the coccidial species of Indian cattle except E. brazilliensis.
Cc) Ooccidia of pigs-A total of six species viz. Eimeria'scabrq" E. perminuta,
E. spinosa, E. debliechi and Isospora suis were recorded. Work On their biometry
is in progress.
(d) Ooccidia of rabbits (Oryctolagus (Lepus) cuniculus) and hares (Lepus
'I'uficaudatus)-In addition to E. stiedm, E. perforans, E. magna, E. m-edia and
E. irresidua which have been recorded previously, Eimeria rnatsubayashii
E. coecicola, E. intestinalis, E. exigua, E. nagpurensis n. sp. and E. neoleporis
were recorded from the rabbits E. n(l:gpurensisll; sp. is characterised by colourless
or light yellowish cylindrical oocysts measuring 23X 13 microns on average;
fine but prominent waU, absence of micropyle and presence of only sporocystic
.. (granular) residual body.

67
From the hare; Eimeria perjo.rans, E. ma,qna, E. media, E.
irresidua, E. leporis, E. sylyilagi, E. minima snd E. robertson';'
were recorden. Besides these two other species tiz., Eimer1'a p'U'fIjabensiB
n. sp. and E. ruJicaudati n. sp. were also recorded. E. pU'fIjabensiB
n. sp. is charaoterised by almost spherical light yellow oooysta without miclo,
pyle. The oocystic residual body is present. It measures 22·oX 22 microns on
average. E. ruficaudati is charaoterised by the cylindrical fragile light yellowishpink
oocysts with a distinct micropyle. Both the residual bodies are present.
The average size is 31· 2 X 17· I) microns.
(e) Oaprine coccidiosis-An acute fatal outbreak of coccidiosis due to Eimeria
arloingi infection in kids at Orai Sheep Breeding Farm, Jaulan, U. P.
was diagnosed. Seven out of the 12 kids affected during May, 1959, died within
6-48 hours while the rest recovered probably due to the beneficial effect of
sulphamezathine administered at the rate of 1 gm./kidJday according to
4-3-4-interrupted sohedule. The kids were living along with adult goats,
which though not clinically affected, were discharging a large .number of
oocysts of E. arloingi. Symptoms shown were also of appetite, abdominal pain,
bleeding and blood-tinged diarr}lOea. Ileum showed typical lesions of E. arloingi
in the form of mustard-grain to pea-size pappi.Ii-form elevations of the mucous
membrane which on sectioning were found to be villi hyperbrolhied due to the
numerous cocoidial endogenous stages.

68
BIOLOGIC.A:L PRODUCTS
REBEAB{lH
Blackquarter vaccine
Neutralization of the a.cidity with an alkali whioh helps in reduction
'of untoward rea.ctions in inoculated a.nimals was given an extended trial and
adopted as a. rule for the production of the vaccine. Mice as a host were suitable
for tasting atestroaium CkOlL£1)Oei antigen but not Ct. septicum antigen.
B~coill'l.M antl.raois
Studies ware made to :lind out the result of B. antkracis spores when inocu~
lOoted in sheep; goats a.nd guinea-pigs; spores made a transient appearance within
about a.n hour in the peripheral ciroulation after,subcutaneous injection which
later disappeareq,.
l1aemorruagiesepticaemia
Most of the ingredients, such as, Lablemoo, yeast-extract and creatinine
which are essentially considered for growth of Pasteu'I'ella septica are imported.
With the difficulties of foreign exohange the possibilities of use of substitutes
like fresh meat-extract to replaoe l.ablemco and watery-extract of looally a vailabIe
yeast powder Was exa.mined. A large volume of vaccine has been prepared
wifihout anY,adverse effect economically.
Experiments were carried out'to test the suitability of light liquid paraffi.:ra
an.d shella o1l.diuo. in. blending Paste'Ll>'I'etw. septiea. cultme

PRODUOTION
With tIle oxpansion of animal husbandry work in tho States connected
with Community Development and National Extension Blocks and Projects,
the demand for vetel'ma1'Y biological products has incresaed. considerably and
instead of being a su pplementing unit, the Division IJ.aS had to function as a
major supply unit to States for their 'requirements in respect of bio]()gical products.
Besides meeting the increased deIW1nd of biologica.l products, the trend of
activities at the present time i8 to concentrate more on product impmvement
than on a.ugmenting tIle quantity alone. In pursuance Of this, greater efforts
are being made to organise research activities so as to improve the quality of
products and to solve some or the problema which are. peculiar. It is a wellrecognised
fact that production of biologica.Is needs constant improvement if
thei~ standard and efficacy has to be maintained and as such research in this
field should move parallel to production.
During the, year 955 healthy bdfalo bulla ~nd 121 buffalo calves were
purohased for the production of rinderpest, haem.orrhagio septicaemia, blackquarters
and anthl'a.x sera. The mortality percentage among the animals used for
the production of rmderpest, luamorrhagic septicmmia., bIackqua.rter and anthrax
sera was 22,99, 29,93, 47·40 a.nd 31·96 r~pootively.

'70'
SERVICE SECTIONS
ENGINEERING
(a) M uktes1lJaJr
In ad~ition to repairs and maintenance of machinery and lahoratory equiplllents
and manufacture of sUIldry articles the Section supplied-
Electricity genera.ted, Kwh
Wa.ter pumped., ga.llons
Gas produoed, c.ft. • ,
Ste .. m genera.ted, lb,
Drains orushed,lb. • ,
••
2,63,752
88,09,731
3,05,964:
5,90,540
8,04,497
(b) Izatnagar
In addition to repairs aud maintena,nce of machhlcry a.nd 1u.boratory
equipments and manufacture of sundry artic1es, the Section produced a.nd supplied
4,08,600 c.ft. of gas.
MEDICAL
(a) 111 uktesw(1/f'
The ge-ncral health of the station was good. The nnmber of cases treated
a.t· the hospital were-
Inpa.tlentd
Outpa.tientll
Attendanco at outpatient departlpent
,.,
Operations perfonned-minof
OperatJons performed-major
..
. ·Le.bour oases
','
Vaoojnation. ..
101
.-. 15,839
22,386
115
12
45
223
(7) 1 zatnagar
The general hQ8,lth of ·th~ ~tatiOll has been good. The number of patients
treated wa.s-
_
New oases
'Oidoa_
O~rat.ioil. performoo-:lIJiJl.Or··-
'"
..
8,705
0,979
. 165

71
IQ
~
o
....
: .~

72
~ ! is ~ ~ ~
;:!: ...
....

73
.S
II)
eo)
11
~Iob
"':.5
S;a
0=
00"
-.Jt..c!
I
, '0 .... lIlI
0 0 0 0 It:)
lQ ..
CN IN ....
-.Jt~

Serial
No,
1
-
~l Lu.pinised "acoine, freez.e.dried .. .. .. .. 12,080
.
2.2 Sheep and, goa.t pox virna .. .. .. .. ..
00,
28 Fow~,flD.d pig~on P,o,x virus .. .. .. ., . :
24 R!mikhet disease virus (vaooine strain) ,
"- .. .. ..
74
APPENDIX
Table snowirtg the number oj aoses of aifferent prOUtlcts issued to States
Name of the products Private lCeralu. Mysore Assu.m
.2 3 4 5 6
1 Rinderpest Berum (ordinary) .. .. .. .. 50,000
, Anthrax serum .. .. . SO ., .. 14,600
3 Haemorrhagio septicaemilL serum .. 160 .. .. 14,000
4 Blo.ckquarter sorum .. ., 60 .. .. 1,600
5 Fowl-cholera. serum .. .. 41)0 . .. ..
6 Hat'morrhagic septicaemia vaccino .. 950 roo .. 41,000
.7 BIlLckquarter vlLooine .. .. 2,300 300 .. 2,260
8 Fowl-pox va.ocine .. .. 9,600 11,700 .. 12,800
9 Fowl-oholeIIiIo v8.Qoine .. .. 1,4BO 1,000 .. 3,72

..
n
75
in India e£nil neighbouring countries, dW'ing the year 1959-60
I Ja.mmu n.nd
KIlBhmir
Centrally
administered
areas
Uttar
Pradesh
Madhya
PrlldMh
Army
Punja,u
7 8 9 10 11 12
.. 10,500 .. 2,14,200 4,200 43,000'
2,800 6,600 17,760 20,000 .. ..
7,600 27,600 18,760 62,400 140 23,800
9,200 13,900 21,200 53,200 .. '1,00&
.. .. .. 1,250 .. ..
.. 46,300 500 4,99,500 .. 2,57,000'
82,000 27,960 5,600 1,70,050 D,20~ 1,500'
.. 28,.500 73,900 66,500 .. 2,OO!),
.. 4,400 .. 5,000 .. . .
23,100 13,210 800 24,610 16,140 i9,389'
19,380 28,240 17,920 86,120 6,540 ..
.. 1,800 'l!,200 500 .. 8,001)
118,40(1 '1,02,200 1,400 1,88,200 2()0' 4,000
., 055 1,050 160, 80' , 265
, 17 100 .. Sli .. 25
.. .. ... '1>~36& .
.~,'
HIli
.. .. . .. . , 1M 8li
.. 980 ' 1,600 260 o' ' 120':
.. 1,000 .. .. .. .'.
J
, '
4.42,000 , "1,60',000- .. 4g,99,200 .2',400 11,99.950'
.. 8,12& o·
•• 18,720 .. ,
.. ,
, o. o 2()()' ..
'0 .4 _' • 0 ' " ..
o. o. ..
-~ ,
' .
.~o'
. '
..
..
'
J
1.00"

76
APPENDIX
Table showing tlle numbm' of aoses of aijJe'I'ent P1'ocl,'ucts issued to Stales
Serial Nam" of tho products Madras Alldhra Foreign Bengal
No. Pradesh CQuntl'ios
1 2 13 14 16 16
- - - -
1 Rindel'pest serum (ordinary) .. .. . . .. 1,000
2 Anthrax serum .. · . .. .. 20 .. 25,000
3 lIa.emorrhngio septioaemia serum .. .. .. 2,000 25,000
4, BlackqulLl'tor serum
· . .. .. .. .. 20,000
6 Fowl-cholera serum
· . .. .. .. .. . .
6 Ha,emorrhagio septioaemia vaooine .. .. .. 2,000 95,000
-'1 Blu.ckqua.rter va.coino · . .. 100 .. .. 70,000
8 Fowl-pox vaoaine
•• . . .. 16,500 200 79,000
Q Fowl-cholera vaooine .. .. .. 3,000 2,200 20,000
10 Haemorrhagic septipaemia
vaccine.
adjuvant .. .. 3,000 ..
l! Anthrn.x spore vaocine .. .. .. 10;000 .. 60,000
12 Sheep o.nd goat polt va.coine .. . . 3,400 .. ..
_ ,13 Ra.nikhet. disease va.ooine, freezo. .. 23,62,400 400 ..
dried.
,14 Tuberculin ooncentrated .. .. 650 790 400 600
,15 Tuberoulin suboutaneous .. .. .. ... .. ~ 50
Iii Mallein, 1.D. P. .. .. .. .. 5 _, 2,000 260
17 Ma.llefn .ubouta.neoIl8
". .. 20 1 500 . 18 Johnin
'-
.. .. .. , '1,000 510 .. ..
19 Avian tuber QUlin conoentrat~d
·. .200 710 400 .. ,
20 Rin:derpoat goat tissue va~cine. _freeze. .. 75,OO,GOO 1,42,000 ..
drlod. :'.
- , -
2}. Lapinised vaoolne, freeze.dried
·. .,_. 6,000 560 ..
2~ Bheep and goat pox virna .. .. .. 100 . .. .. '
23 Fowl a.nd pigeon pOll: virua '!
·. ... 200. ..
2.
or
Ra.~lkbet disease virus (vaooine strwn) .. .. , . .. ..'
' .
• ••
II

77
lI-confll.
in Indi($ an(Z11cigltbouring co-untries i/,'uring the yeaI' 1959~60
Bombay Bihar Orissa Rajasthan, 1.V.R.I. Grand Total
17 18 19 20 21 22
20,000 10,000 .. 2,50,150 7,900 6,10,91i0
22,900 1,23,000 .. 13,620 3,n80 2,58,960
., 2,10,300 .. 90,060 200 4,82,020
.. 1,81,100 .. 69,780 . 8,71,040
.. .. .. .. .. 1,740
4,110,000 6,5'7,000 .. 96,250 1,200 21,85,900
5,20,000 4,57,800 .. 1,30,550 68,250 14,97,750
1,46,100 40,700 1,50,000 '1,000 8,500 6,46,500
1,800 .. .. 20 .. 42,620
"
-'14,000 20,000 .. 100 7,640 2,30,880
'-,
60,020 81,860 8,000 21,840 .. 4,62,780
20,000 .. .. 12,500 .. 48,400
'19,400 90,000 2,51,000 13,400 6,800 33,82,400
3,050 9,026 600 700 .. 19,900
,
.. -.. 6 500 16 ''139
:
.. .. . 100 ..
7,940'
"
6 .. .. 100 16 1,180·
2,100 '1,525 GOO 100 .. 15,870
,-
'
100 r,025 . ..
200 . ' 3,695
20,00,000 ' 7,00,000 3,00,000 8,00,000 3,36,950 1,80;82,500
80 .. .. .. .. ,40,560
600 .. .. 1,600 660 3,160
400 .. .. 1,100 700 3,400
.. .. . . 18,000 .. 18,000
"
, .00 dOlles WQstpt() in handlmg.

78
APPENDIX
Table snowing the num.ber of doses of diffe1'ent produots issued to States
s erial
No.
1
Hilma afthe products Private Keralllo Mysore Assam
2 3 4: 5 6
25
26
2'1
.28
29
30
31
32
33,
34
36
-M
87
'38
39
40
4;1
4,2
,
4.3,
,4.4'
45
Lapinieed.a.vianised
dried.
vaocine, freeze· .. .. .. 26,000
Egg.ado.pted fowl.pox vaccine .. 600 600 .. 1,100
Salmonella. pullorum plain antigen .. .. .. .. ..
Salmo.nella. plllIorum ooloured 8Jltigen .. 170 .. ..
Brucella. abortus pJ.o,in a.ntigen .. 1,250 250 500 ..
Bruoella. a.hortus ooloured IlJltigen .. .. 50 40 ..
SaJmonella. abortus oquine vaocine .. .. .. .. · .
Salmonella. pullorum positive serum •• .. 0'0 .. ..
A. B. R. IIntige:J!. for milk ring test .. .. .. .. o'
Brucella. abortus vaccine .. .. 2,250 .. 1,250 ..
BruoelJa. abortus anti.sera. .. .. .. .. ..
-Foot·and.mouth 'disease vaccine .. .. .. .. o •
Enterotoxo.emia. 'tanoine .. .. .. . 750 ..
Fowl·sholera; oil o.djuvant va.eoine .. .. o. .. ..
Streptooocea.l se~a.
," .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. :
Hea.lthy horse ~um .. oo
Ranikhet disellse immune sera. oo ..
Ra.bies fixed seed virus ••
oo ..
.Rinderpest bull apleen vlrlUl oo ..
RinderpBst goo.t tissue vil'U8 oo ..
Ru.nilthet disease virus (virulent) oo ..
o
oo
• oo ..
..
..
.. .. ·.
.. . .. ..
,.
·.
-00
,N,B.-rtemsund~r 81. Nos. 27 to 41 are in :mI. while ,those under
"

II-'-"contd.
79
in InUa, an.~ neigMourin!J oowitries during tl/,8 year 1959-fJO
Jammu and Centrally Uttar Madhya Army Punjsb
Kashmir administered Pradesh Pradesh
areas
I
7 8 9 10 11 12
·. 67,BOO .. .. .0 ..
.. .. 2.000 600 '0 ..
.. .. .. .. .. 256-
.. .. lSlO 200> ... lSO'
.. .. 14,500 1,600' 83",000 1/150
·. 80 ..
~'"
. 100
.. .. .. .. ... 900
.. . .. .. .. .,
.. .. .. . .. 60
.. .. .. 2.600 1.8,356 I:,POt
.. .. .. I~ ., ..
6,760 .. .. .. 1,000 . .
· . ., 14,751} .. "
.. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 6 .. .. .t
.. 50 .. .. . ..
'
;. .. is .. ..
·. .. ..
.~
2 ., ,'.
.. .. .. S .. ·6
.. .. .. .. .. 4
-
.. .. .. .. .. ..,
.. .,
Serial NOli. 42 to 4,1S are in grllflB.

80
APBENDIX
Table slwwino tlt6 number of doses of different produots issued to StateB
Serial·
No.
1
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
. 34
36
86
37
38
89
40
41
~2
48
. 44-
46
Name of the products Madras Andhra. Foreign Bengal
Pradesh Countries
-_._
2 13 14 15 16
Lapinisecl.avianieed vaccine, freeze· .. .. .. ..
dried.
Egg.adapted fowl.pox vaccine .. .. 100 .. 6,000
Sa.bnonclla pullorum plain antigen .. .. .. · . ..
Salmonolla pullorum coloured antigon 100 l()O .. .590
Brucella abortus plain antigen .. 250 600 .. 750
BruooUa abortus.ooloUl'ed IloJltJgen " 50 2U ·. 350
Sabnonella abortus equine vaccine .. .. .. " .. ..
Salmonella pullorum positive serlUll. ·. .. ·. Ii
A. B. R. antigen for milk ring teat .. .. 60 .. ..
Brucello. abortus vaccine .. .. SOo- .. .. oo
Brucella a.bortus anti·sera .. .. 4 6& .. oo
Foot·and·mQuth disease vaccine .. .. .. -. ..
Ellterotoxl1omiu. . vaccine .. .. ·. .. .. ..
Fowl·ehalera oil ruljuvant vaccine .. .. 41,000 .. ..
Steptocoecal sera .•. .. .. ·. .. .. ..
I
Healthy horse sarum .. .. .. .. .. o. I
I
Ranikhet diseaseimmune sers. .. .. .. .. ..
Bu.bies fixed acod virus· .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rinderpest bull ~p16en virus .. .. .. .. 4
Rinderpest goat. tissue virus .. .. ~
.
• R!luikhClt diaeasQ virus (virulent). .. .. .. .. M
.. .,

..
~l
,n-~&n.cl(Z.
in India mul nffig7UJ_ouring countries during tlle year 1959-60
Bombay Bihar Orissa Rajasthan l.V.R.I. Grlloud Total
17 18 10 20 21 22
. . · . .. .. 200 83,000
.. .. 1,00,000 .. 2,400 1,12,~01~
.. .. .. .. .. 250
100 10 420 2il 40 2,220
- -_-
2.250 5,750 250 2,IJOO 250 '05,'130
280 140 60 250 .. 2,059
.. .. .. .. .. tlDO
.. ... . .. .. , . 5'5
.. .. .. .. .. 110
5,l00 .. 1,000 ,', .. 26,655
, , ,
.. liD .. .. 20 134
,-
"
.. ·. .. .. . 6,860
2'7,500 .. .. , . .. '
, , , - , , ~ , - -,
.. .. .. .. .. 4.000
,. .. .,
GI,(JOO
"
.. • 8
,. .. .. .. .. 00
. .. .. .. .. 0
.. .. .. ..
3
..
.. .. ..
~
4 140 U2
.. .
·. .. 8 ..
12
.. .. .. 5 .. I)
'4:80 mI. wo.ata.ge in hmdHng.

82
APPENDIX
Table s'howlng t1w fina'l'l.(J'I,al results oj the working oj the I ndian Veterinary
Receipts
Sala.ries Feed a.nd
Bale of Sala of Dairy Other and up.koop
blologioal animM8 produots misoella. Total allowanoos " of
pro,duct. neous of animals
reooipts
officers
and staft'
. r
1 fa 8 4. is 6 7
Bs. Rs. Ra. Ba. Ra. Ra. Ra.
12,18,165 14.,13' 48,622 1,30,87.Q 14 1 08,691 9.48,942 4,93,592
, ,
'1,078 ',025 27,542 24,476 61,116 4,68,'113 3,55,621
, ,
12,20,238 16,159 76,064 1,55,346 14,67,807 14,12,655 8,61,113

III
sa ,
Researoh Institute, Izatnagar/Mukteswar, during the year 191)9-60
Expenditure
Bl010gioa.1 Rinderpest Post,
Cost of Products Bohome Gradtln.te Soholhes
ohemioals Other Division including Colle~o finanoed Tota.l
and miscella- including pay and including hythe
a.pparatus neOUi paya.nd allowances pa.y jUld I.C.A.B.
expenditure allowanoos of officors allowa]lceB
of officers and stafi' ofoffi.jlOrB
and sta.if
and st-aif
- -
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Rs. lb. Rs. Rs. RB. RI. Rs.
IW1Iopn'r
:
97,091J 8,31,1147 11,03,709 4,75,747 96,198 lI,97,234 37,46,06'
.Mul's'.'
'2,313 8,'2,386 .. 52,134
--
'S,884 37,003 13,41,96a
1,39,408 11,73,932 5,03,'109 5,27,881 1,4.6,082 3,34,287 50-,88,017
"

84
APPENDIX IV
List oj pubUcat'ions published or sent to press during 1959-60.
1. Bose, S. (1959)-Eggnutritive value, quality and grading. Indian Farming,
9, 23.
2. Bose, S., Sen Gupta, C. M. and Agarwal, KK. (1959)-Studie!'lon the in.
clusion of a high level of gro\mdnut cake on growing poultry ration.
Ind. Vet. J., 36, 549.
S. Bose, S., Sen .Gupta, C.M. and Agarwal, K. K.-(1959)-Tlle value of p$niciUin
mycellium residue as a proteiD. supplement in growin.g ration. Ind.
Vet. J., 36, 472. .
4:. Chandiramani, S.V., Dadlani, H. V. and .Bhattacharya, P.-Studies on
heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations of s'>me characters
of economic impoltance in Hariana cattle. Yield of milk in :first lacta.tion;
duration of first lactation and age at first calving (In press).
It Deo, P. ·G.-St~di~gon ~h~ bi~1~gyandiife-ili~tory·ofTnc}twri8~vi.s (Abildga.s.rd,
1795) Smith, 1908-Pt. I-(i) Eft'ectofdifferent environmental c.onditions
on the development of eggs of T. ovis in nat~re. Pt.I-(ii) Effect
.. of different media. on the 6:s.tracorpol'ea1 hatching of -6ne egg~· of T. ovis
iIi ;nature (In pr.ess).
6 .. Deo t P. G.-,Pt. II, Development ofinfeetive embryonated eggs of Trichuris
avis (Abildgaard, 1795) in sheep and goats (In press),
7. Dbanda, M. R. (1959)-Anote on serotypes of Pasteurella septioa and Pas~
tewrella hat!lmOlytica found in animals, birds and man. in India. Ind. Vet. '
J., 36, 327.
8. Dhanda, M. R. (1959)-Immunological studies on PasteureUa 8eptica V.
Studies on lysogeny. Ind. J. Path. Bact. 2, 176. .
·9. ·Dhanda, M. It.-The. problem of anthrax and its control (In press).
10. Dbanda, :ri. R.-Studies on immunoohemistry. I. Isolation·and eharacterisatio.n
of soluble antigen of Pas_ella septica (In press). .
.11. Dbanda., M. R .. a.nd Lal J. M. (1959)-Systematie control and rllodiation
of tu bereu IOBia . among cattle and buffaloes in self·contained. herds. Ind.
Vet . .J. 36, 467 .
. i2. Gllpta,·:S. R. and Rao, S. B. V. (1959)-A preliminarynoteonanthelmintio
act.ion of piperazine· citrate on large round worm of poultry A8caridia
gaUi under field conditions, Ind. Vet. J., 36, 475. .
IS. Gupta, B. R. and Rao, S. B. V. (1959)-Studies on· simultaneous vaccinations
against Newcastle disea.s~ and fowl-pox. Ind. Vet ... J., 36" S6Ci.

]4. Gupta, B. R. and Rao, S. B. V. (1959)-Anote 011 thG interfer.enoG phenomenon
as It llll.tural weapon to coml)at Newcastle disease outbreaks while
using Mukteswl1l' virus vaccule. Ind. Vet. J., 36,338.
15. Iyer, Ramachandran, P. K. (1960)-Note ,on fibrosarcoma spindle-celled
sa.rcoma. in a. fowl. Iud. Vet. J, 37, 138.
16. Jayal, M. M. and Saha.i, K.-Studies on the palatability, chemicaI' composition,
digestibility andnut:citivs valns of 'Go.nj' Milettia OIUriculata, lea,ves
(Ill press). .
17. Khsra, S. S. (1959)-Preventing infectious diseases of lives took. Indian
Farming, 9, 14.
18. LuktuIce, S. N.-Bovine infertility (In press).
19. Majumdar, B. N.-Studies on goat nutrition, Pt. 1. Minimum protein reo
quiremeD;t of goats for llJ1.l,intenance-EndogenouB urinary nitrogen and
metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion studies (In press).
20. Majumdar, B. N.-Pt. II-Digestible protein requirement for maintenanoe
froD\ balance studies (In press).
21. Majumdar, B. N. and Kehar, N. D.-Effect of part:ia.l re.placement of rice or
wheat by tapioca. or sweet potato fiour O'n the nutritivo va.lue of {ooor
vege.tarian diets. Influence of season in growth studies (In press).
~2. Me,jumdar, B. N. and Momin, B.A.-Studies on tree len.ve~ as ca.ttle fodder­
Pt. V.~Thenutritivsvalue of yOlmg guIa,r leaves (Ficus glomerata) (In
rreM).
23. ~ia Hussain, W., Sahai, R Majumdar, B. N. a.nd Kehar, N. D.-Studies
on tree le.wes as oa.ttls fodder: Pt. III-The nutritive vDtlue of B8l'gad
leaves (Ficus bengalernsis) (In press). , -
, 24. Mia. Husso.in, W., Majumdar, B. N .. , Sahai, B. and Kehar, N. D.-Studies
on tree leaves as cattle fodd,er; Pt. IV--The nutritive value of Pipal
leaves (Ficus 1eligiousa) (In press).
.' - - " :
,
.
" 25. Mukherjee. D. P., Dattp" S. and Bhattacharya, P .-Studies on the draught
_ capacity of Hariana bullocks (In press). ' ,
" ,
26. Nilakan.ta.n, P.R., Sen -qupt~, _ D. R. a:gd Smt. Sakku Bai. P.: (i 960)-'
Observation on the use of :£reeze..dri~ fQ'wl-pox, vaccme. Ind . .v ct. 'J.,
3"1. 1.
27. Peter, C.T.-Studies on the life-hi~ory qf G.astfpaisOUB, sP!JWna1ts Loos~,
1907; an amphistomatous parasite .of equines in India (In. 'preSs) ..
28. Peter, O. T. and Srivasta.va t H. D.-Studies on the life-history of PSIm·
do.discus collinsi (Cobbold. 1875) Sonsino, 1895 • .An am:i,)histoma.tous Para..
site of eqllIDes and olephants in India (In press).
29.. Pete'l, C. T. and Srivastava,. H. n.-On amvnistomo 0etcs.rili :in, India with
lit UCt$cription of some nnw sllecioo {In prel:lS).

86
30. !iao; A. S. P. Luktuke, 8. N. a.nd Bhattacharya, P.-Studies on the trans~
port of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of the buffalo cow. (In press),
81. Rao, A. 8. P., Luktuke, S.N. and Bhattaoha.rya, P.-Studies on the viability
of spermatozoa in the repro.ductive traot of the buffalo cow (In press),'
32. Rao, S. B.V., and Agarwali, K. K. (1960)-Stu(Ues on th~ .mmunization of
day-old chicks with N. D. F. strain of virus against Mukteswar (Asiatio)
strain of Newcastle disease'(Pllort I.) Ind. Vet. J' t 37, 6.
33. Rao, S. B. V. and Gupta, B. R-The isolation of Salmonella weltevreden
and Salmonella dublin in an outbrea.k of salmonellosis in imported chickens
(In press).
84. Rao, S. B. V. and Gupta, B. R.-Studies on the immunization of chiokens
against spiroohaetosis, Pt. I, Evolution of a vaocine strain and its maintenance.
·35. Rao, S. B. V. and Gupta., B. :a.-Pt. II, Recent adva.nces in the embryonated
tick fever vaccine (In press).
36. Roo, S. B. V. and ,Gup~ B. R.-Pt. III, Immunity studies .in tick fever
, 'Vaccination (III, press). '