OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University

other states, or produce counter narratives, are more likely to succeed. The US narrative of ‘Weapons of
Mass Destruction’ against Iraq and the recent West-sponsored narrative of freedom, which lead to the Arab
Spring, are examples.
Conclusion
A nation can turn the disadvantages of being coerced to their advantage, i.e. by becoming coercers
themselves, in order to pursue and achieve national interests. But this is possible only when the sum total
of its Elements of National Power, i.e. military, economic, political and diplomatic are in tune with its
National Aim, purpose, objectives and interests. No further proof of this statement is required other than to
cast a cursory glance at the world map and see who are the coercers and who are the coerced states: and for
what reasons.
Researchers:
Superviser:
DIG Moazzam, Brig Cartwright (UK), Lt Col Shabeer and Lt Col Riazat
Air Cdre Wasim Hussain
Endnotes
1 Coral Bell, Negotiation from Strength: A Study in the Politics of Power (London: Chatto & Windus, 1962), 11.
2 Lowenfeld International Economic Law (OUP Oxford 2002)
3 http://www.brandywine.psu.edu/Academics/faculty_sjc2.htm
4
NDU hand book: Elements of National Power
5 Quoted in G. Till, Sea Power: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century (London: Frank Cass, 2004), p. 285.
6 This is a less mathematical summary of Pape’s Denial Theory.
7 Bruce Jentleson,Coercive Diplomacy: Scope and Limits in the Contemporary World(The Stanley Foundation Policy Analysis Brief,
December 2006), 3. http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/pab/pab06CoerDip.pdf Accessed on 8 October 2012.
8 Alexander L. George, “Theory and Practice,”in Alexander L George and William Simons, The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy. (San
Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 2 nd edition, 1994),10.
9 “Think Quest, An Overview of Crises,” accessed October 10, 2012,http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/days/index.html
10 Bruce Jentleson.
11 Yahia H. Zoubir, The United States and Libya: The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy. (The Journal of North African Studies, 16, No. 2,
2011): 275-297. Accessed on October 11, 2012.http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fnas20
12 Alexander L. George, “Coercive Diplomacy: Definition and Characteristics,” in Alexander L. George and William E. Simons, 15.
13 Michael Klare, For Oil and EmpireRethinking War with Iraq. (Current History, March 2003).
14 Leon Sigal, Negotiating with the North.(Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, December 2003).
15 Brandon M. Boylan, Moving beyond Coercive Diplomacy: A New Policy Approach toward Iran’s Nuclear
Ambitions.www.princeton.edu/jpia/past-issues-1/2009/5 Accessed on October 12, 2102.
16 Malou Innocent,The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy with Iran. (Federation of American Scientist, August 1, 2012).
http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/limits-coercive-diplomacy-iranaccessed on 13 Oct 2012.
17 Tom Sauer, Coercive diplomacy by the EU: the Iranian nuclear weapons crisis.(Third World Quarterly, Volume 28:3, April 13,
2007). http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ctwq20 accessed on October14, 2012.
18 Ibid
19 Malou Innocent.
20 Tom Sauer.
21 Sumit Ganguly and Michael R. Kraig,The 2001–2002 Indo-Pakistani Crisis: Exposing the Limits of Coercive Diplomacy. (Security
Studies, Volume 14:2, 2005).http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fsst20accessed on October 15, 2012.
22 Ibid.
23 S. Kalyanaraman. Operation Parakram: An Indian exercise in coercive diplomacy. (Strategic Analysis, Volume 26:4, 2002).
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsan20Accessed on October 15, 2012.
24 Ibid.
25 Sharad Joshi. The Practice of Coercive Diplomacy in the Post – 9/11 Period.(Institutional Repository at the University of Pttsburg,
October 2006), 77.
26 William Burr, The United States and Pakistan’s Quest for the bomb. (National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No.
333).http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb333/index.htm Accessed on 30 October 2012.
27 Ibid
28 Liam Collins, United States Diplomacy With Pakistan Following 9/11. (A Case Study in Coercive Diplomacy, 16 May 2008).
29 For example, the sarin gas attacks in Japan between 1994 and 1995.
30 David L. Asher, Victor D. Comras and Patrick M. Cronin.Coercive Economic Statecraft and U.S. National Security.(Center for a New
American Security Jan 2011), 5.
31 Michael H McMurphy, Coercion and Land Power.(Monogram of the United States Army Command and General Staff College, May
1, 2000), 9.
OPINION Vol.1 No.1 31 June 2013