OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University
OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University
15 World Energy Outlook 2011. 16 Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-12, Statistical Appendix, 75. 17 “Pakistan President returns after three-day visit to Tajikistan,” APP Report, 31 July 2009. 18 General (Retd) V P Malik, “Northern Areas of J&K: Darkness and Silence”,18 June 2007, http://orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.htmlcmaid=8325&mmacmaid=8326 (accessed 12 October 2012). 19 Shalini Sharan, “Central Asia: India’s real strategic depth”,27 February 2012, http://csis.org/blog/central-asia-indias-real-strategic-depth (accessed 5 October 2012). 20 “Indo Kazakhstan Joint Commission Meets in Astana”, Hindustan Times, New Delhi, 18 February 2005. 21 Bhadrakumar, M. K., "US brings Silk Road to India", Hindu, 24 December 2010. 22 “TAPI pipeline gas sale agreement signed”, Hindu, 23 May 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article3449588.ece (accessed 12 October 2012). 23 “Inter-governmental meeting on CASA-1000 commences in Dubai”, Express Tribune, 17 May 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/379950/intergovernmental-meeting-on-casa-1000-commences-in-dubai/ (accessed 12 October 2012) 24 “1,000MW project of Pakistan via Central Asian states”, Daily Times, 18 May 2012, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asppage=2012%5C05%5C18%5Cstory_18-5-2012_pg5_8 (accessed 12 October 2012). 25 Zahid Anwar, “Development of Infrastructural Linkages between Pakistan and Central Asia”, South Asian StudiesVol. 26, No. 1, January-June 2011, 103-115. 26 Ring Road Construction Restarts After Five Years, http://tolonews.com/en/business/7355-ring-road-construction-restarts-after-five-years- (accessed 18 October 2012). 27 Shi Ze, “The Changing Central Asia and Trends for Its Future Development”, China Institute of International Studies, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/index.html (accessed 3 September 2012). 28 Zahid Anwar, “Development of Infrastructural Linkages between Pakistan and Central Asia”, South Asian StudiesVol. 26, No. 1, January-June 2011, 103-115. 29 “South Asia Energy: Potentials and Prospects for Regional Trade”, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21542148~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~the SitePK:223547,00.html (accessed 3 October 2012). 30 Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-12, v. 31 The situation in the Republics of Central Asia, http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc07/EDOC11460.pdf (accessed 9 October 2012). 32 James M. Dorsey, “The Arab Revolts: Impact on Central Asia”, No. 161/2012 dated 27 August 2012. 33 Eugene Chausovsky, “Militancy in Central Asia: More Than Religious Extremism”, Security Weekly Stratfor, 9 August 2012, http://www.stratfor.com/sample/analysis/central-asias-increasing-volatility (accessed 5 September 2012). 34 Simbal Khan, “The Geo-politics of Jihad: Militant movements in South-Central Asia and Regional Security”, Islamabad Institute of Strategic Studies. 35 Ramtanu Maitra, “Regional Implications: If and When the US withdraws from Afghanistan”, Indian Defence Review, 2 July 2012. 36 Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, (New York, The Penguin Group 2005), 305. 37 Stephen Blank, “The Strategic Importance of Central Asia: An American View”, US Army War College Quarterly, Spring 2008, Vol 38, No. 1, 76. 38 C. Raja Mohan, “Iran Transit”, Indian Express, 29 August 2012. OPINION Vol.1 No.1 10 June 2013
Introduction AL QAEDA AND THE MUSLIM WORLD Brand name Al Qaeda continues to haunt the world since last two decades. It is evading its elimination despite employment of the World’s collective war effort. Anti Al Qaeda war effort led by US has yet not been able to evolve a consensus policy and strategy to eradicate Al Qaeda’s co-opting strategy. Al Qaeda, though weak, has still managed to widen the gap between Muslims and the West. Furthermore, its ingress in the literate Muslim community is evident from the availability of pro Al Qaeda literature in libraries and internet. This twenty three year old religious militant organization, despite losing its top leadership, masterminds and hard-core militants, is still simmering in Muslim world waiting for its re-emergence. In last two decades, Al Qaeda has been successful in selling their brand through their ideology as the most inspirational militant organization. Most of its co-opted militant organizations in different parts of the world draw strength for just being associated to them. This article is aimed at analyzing the evolution of Al Qaeda and its impact on the Muslim world in general and Pakistan in particular, so as to draw pertinent recommendations. Evolution of Al Qaeda Genesis Al Qaeda, meaning "the base", was created in 1989 in Afghanistan. Bin Laden himself had security training from the US and its allies. After differences with Saudi government in 1991, Al Qaeda leadership moved to Sudan where they operated until forced out under world pressure in 1996. Al Qaeda’s limited choice could only select friendly Taliban led Afghanistan for pursuance of their Ideology. Afghanistan remained their operational base until late 2001 when US campaign in Afghanistan dispersed them in Pak-Afghan border area and remaining Muslim world. Al Qaeda is a loosely knit organization; which operates across continents as a chain of interlocking networks with little more than shared aims, ideas and methods, with high degree of autonomy. Evolution of Al Qaeda’s Ideology 1 To understand the mindset of Al Qaeda’s volunteers one must appreciate their belief system and the group’s ideology, which as per them was based on Islam and pursuit of Jihad. Its founding ideologues include Ibn Taymiyyah and later Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab who claimed that Islam was corrupted a generation or so after the death of Holy Prophet (MPBUH) and professed “bringing back the purity in Islam”. Abdul Ala Maududi was the first to instrumentalize the concept of “Jihad in a political context” 2 . Hasan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb developed the idea further in the Middle East, primarily against Israel and the Jews. Conceptualization of Jihad was marked by “Takfir” whereby willingness to kill apostate was propagated declaring western civilization the enemy of Islam and denouncing leaders of Muslim nations for not following Islam closely enough. Jihad as a political concept returned to Asia with the influx of Arab mujahideen to Afghanistan from 1979 onwards where Abdullah Azzam conceptualized it in a struggle to defeat Soviets. Later, to legitimize Al Qaeda’s campaign against US and West, Osama based his arguments on selective choice from his mentor’s writing. One of the key reasons why Osama and Abdullah Azzam parted ways in the late 1980s was the latter’s firm contention that terrorism was not an acceptable act. At that point Egyptian veterans of the Afghan campaign were planning to turn to terrorism on their return home, and having lived in Egypt Azzam understood the implications of their decision. As an activist as much as an ideologue, Osama and subsequent mentors (al-Zawahiri, al-Turabi, Omar Sheikh) developed and broadened the appeal of Al Qaeda’s ideology to attract the widest possible support. Aims and Objectives of Al Qaeda 3 Aims and objectives of Al Qaeda are:- Unite all Muslims and re-establish an Islamic Caliphate. Topple pro-Western dictatorships around the Middle East. Remove American military, economic and cultural influence from the Middle East and Islamic countries. OPINION Vol.1 No.1 11 June 2013
- Page 1 and 2: O P I N I O N VOL.1, NO.1 JUNE 2013
- Page 3 and 4: MESSAGE OF PATRON The depth of know
- Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Part-1 Global / R
- Page 7 and 8: Introduction SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA
- Page 9 and 10: Hydropower Resources. Tajikistan is
- Page 11 and 12: post-Arab Spring transition in the
- Page 13 and 14: Opportunities • Russian aspiratio
- Page 15: Infrastructural Development It
- Page 19 and 20: Attacks in mainland USA - 09 Sep 20
- Page 21 and 22: of peace negotiations, saying that
- Page 23 and 24: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Aft
- Page 25 and 26: Reactive Strategy against Al Qaeda.
- Page 27 and 28: Deportation / Repatriation of Illeg
- Page 29 and 30: COERCIVE STATECRAFT "The most compl
- Page 31 and 32: US Coercion of USSR - Cuban Missile
- Page 33 and 34: Indian Coercion of Pakistan - Opera
- Page 35 and 36: • Determine the punishment regime
- Page 37 and 38: other states, or produce counter na
- Page 39 and 40: Introduction RISING INDIA - A CRITI
- Page 41 and 42: protecting Indian investments overs
- Page 43 and 44: India’s Military. Indian military
- Page 45 and 46: India has neither been able to prod
- Page 47 and 48: In an idealistic scenario, where In
- Page 49 and 50: Introduction RISING POWERS AND GLOB
- Page 51 and 52: come to dominate the 21 st century
- Page 53 and 54: In the face of the growing importan
- Page 55 and 56: Better Security Hope in Sight Prosp
- Page 57 and 58: power in central and provincial gov
- Page 59 and 60: Introduction ARAB UPRISING - A CRIT
- Page 61 and 62: Abd-al-Rab Mansur Al Hadi assumed p
- Page 63 and 64: the region of Northwest Africa, wes
- Page 65 and 66: Transparency International report f
15 World Energy Outlook 2011.<br />
16 Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-12, Statistical Appendix, 75.<br />
17 “Pakistan President returns after three-day visit to Tajikistan,” APP Report, 31 July 2009.<br />
18<br />
General (Retd) V P Malik, “Northern Areas of J&K: Darkness and Silence”,18 <strong>June</strong> 2007,<br />
http://orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.htmlcmaid=8325&mmacmaid=8326 (accessed 12 October 2012).<br />
19 Shalini Sharan, “Central Asia: India’s real strategic depth”,27 February 2012, http://csis.org/blog/central-asia-indias-real-strategic-depth<br />
(accessed 5 October 2012).<br />
20 “Indo Kazakhstan Joint Commission Meets in Astana”, Hindustan Times, New Delhi, 18 February 2005.<br />
21 Bhadrakumar, M. K., "US brings Silk Road to India", Hindu, 24 December 2010.<br />
22 “TAPI pipeline gas sale agreement signed”, Hindu, 23 May 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article3449588.ece (accessed 12<br />
October 2012).<br />
23 “Inter-governmental meeting on CASA-1000 commences in Dubai”, Express Tribune, 17 May 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/379950/intergovernmental-meeting-on-casa-1000-commences-in-dubai/<br />
(accessed 12 October 2012)<br />
24 “1,000MW project of Pakistan via Central Asian states”, Daily Times, 18 May 2012,<br />
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asppage=2012%5C05%5C18%5Cstory_18-5-2012_pg5_8 (accessed 12 October 2012).<br />
25 Zahid Anwar, “Development of Infrastructural Linkages between Pakistan and Central Asia”, South Asian StudiesVol. 26, No. 1, January-<strong>June</strong><br />
2011, 103-115.<br />
26 Ring Road Construction Restarts After Five Years, http://tolonews.com/en/business/7355-ring-road-construction-restarts-after-five-years-<br />
(accessed 18 October 2012).<br />
27 Shi Ze, “The Changing Central Asia and Trends for Its Future Development”, China Institute of International Studies,<br />
http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/index.html (accessed 3 September 2012).<br />
28 Zahid Anwar, “Development of Infrastructural Linkages between Pakistan and Central Asia”, South Asian StudiesVol. 26, No. 1, January-<strong>June</strong><br />
2011, 103-115.<br />
29 “South Asia Energy: Potentials and Prospects for Regional Trade”,<br />
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21542148~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~the<br />
SitePK:223547,00.html (accessed 3 October 2012).<br />
30 Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-12, v.<br />
31 The situation in the Republics of Central Asia, http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc07/EDOC11460.pdf (accessed 9 October<br />
2012).<br />
32 James M. Dorsey, “The Arab Revolts: Impact on Central Asia”, No. 161/2012 dated 27 August 2012.<br />
33 Eugene Chausovsky, “Militancy in Central Asia: More Than Religious Extremism”, Security Weekly Stratfor, 9 August 2012,<br />
http://www.stratfor.com/sample/analysis/central-asias-increasing-volatility (accessed 5 September 2012).<br />
34 Simbal Khan, “The Geo-politics of Jihad: Militant movements in South-Central Asia and Regional Security”, Islamabad Institute of Strategic<br />
Studies.<br />
35 Ramtanu Maitra, “Regional Implications: If and When the US withdraws from Afghanistan”, Indian <strong>Defence</strong> Review, 2 July 2012.<br />
36 Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, (New York, The Penguin Group 2005), 305.<br />
37 Stephen Blank, “The Strategic Importance of Central Asia: An American View”, US Army War College Quarterly, Spring 2008, Vol 38, No. 1,<br />
76.<br />
38 C. Raja Mohan, “Iran Transit”, Indian Express, 29 August 2012.<br />
<strong>OPINION</strong> <strong>Vol.1</strong> <strong>No.1</strong> 10 <strong>June</strong> <strong>2013</strong>
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