Police-Encounters-With-People-In-Crisis

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considerations, the correspondence between the subject’s behaviour and that of the officer can never be precise. How reasonable one considers an officer’s actions can be judged only after one considers the complex interplay amongst the situation, the subject’s behaviour, the officer’s perceptions and tactical considerations. The force options may be used alone or in combination to enable the officer to control the situation. The premise of the model is that an officer’s perception and tactical considerations are specific to the situation. The dynamic nature of the situation requires continual assessment, therefore, the force options selected may change at any point. The following provides a brief discussion of the five use of force options available to an officer. Officer Presence While not strictly a use of force option, the simple presence of an officer can affect both the subject and the situation. Visible signs of authority such as uniforms and marked police cars can change a subject’s behaviour. Communication An officer can use verbal and non-verbal communication to control and/or resolve the situation. The Police Challenge (“Police, Don’t Move!”) is to be delivered loudly and clearly, when a handgun is drawn or a firearm is presented in response to a threat to life, or threat of serious bodily harm, recognizing that some circumstances, due to the need for an instantaneous response, may not immediately allow for the use of the challenge. Physical Control The model identifies two levels of physical control: soft and hard. In general, physical control means any physical technique used to control the subject that does not involve the use of a weapon. Soft techniques are control oriented and have a lower probability of causing injury. They may include restraining techniques, joint locks and non-resistant handcuffing. Hard techniques are intended to stop a subject’s behaviour or to allow application of a control technique and have a higher probability of causing injury. They may include empty hand strikes such as punches and kicks. Intermediate Weapons This use of force option involves the use of a less-lethal weapon. Less-lethal weapons are those whose use is not intended to cause serious injury or death. Impact weapons and aerosols fall under this heading. Lethal Force This use of force option involves the use of any weapons or techniques that are intended to, or are reasonably likely to cause serious bodily harm or death. Summary The Ontario Use of Force Model (2004) represents the process by which an officer assesses, plans and responds to situations that threaten public and officer safety. The assessment process begins in the centre of the model with the SITUATION confronting the officer. From there, the assessment process moves outward and addresses the subject’s behaviour and the officers Perceptions and Tactical February 17, 2004 TPS Policy & Procedure Manual R.O. 2009.02.18–0180 7 of 8 15–01 Use of Force – Appendix B
Considerations. Based on the officer’s assessment of the conditions represented by these inner circles, the officer selects from the use of force options contained within the model’s outer circle. After the officer chooses a response option the officer must continue to Assess-Plan and Act to determine if his or her actions are appropriate and/or effective or if a new strategy should be selected. The whole process should be seen as dynamic and constantly evolving until the SITUATION is brought under control. Authority to use force separates law enforcement officials from other members of society and the reasonable use of force is central to every officer’s duties. The Ontario Use of Force Model (2004) provides a framework that guides the officer in that duty. February 17, 2004 TPS Policy & Procedure Manual R.O. 2009.02.18–0180 8 of 8 15–01 Use of Force – Appendix B
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POLICE ENCOUNTERS WITH PEOPLE IN CR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many ind
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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(viii) best practices and precedent
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18. Chapter 3 provides a commentary
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exercised with that zero target in
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G. Recommendations 48. The 84 Recom
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viii. conducting routine monitoring
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CHAPTER 6: SELECTION OF POLICE OFFI
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CHAPTER 7: TRAINING Recruit trainin
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(b) (c) Exposure: providing officer
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) increas
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RECOMMENDATION 51: The TPS encourag
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iii. iv. the disciplinary and train
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eports detailing any circumstances
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cooperation from other organization
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PART 1 The Independent Review
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9. Third, it is important at the ou
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23. As I emphasize in the Report, t
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CHAPTER 2. MANDATE, INDEPENDENCE, S
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(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) TPS
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20. The act of engaging in professi
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mental crisis and whose behaviour e
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(l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) a f
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3. Police College site visits 44. T
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Mike Creek Bethan Dinning Julian Fa
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CHAPTER 3. CONTEXT Table of Content
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service by the public. 1 The front
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society must bear. One result is, I
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perceived uncertainty as to whether
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Figure 2. Toronto Police Service or
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Command includes Communications (i.
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65. The objective of the course was
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78. Some may consider a statistical
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that period. These other deaths wer
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F. The legal context 100. Before pr
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(j) The internal disciplinary proce
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CHAPTER 4. THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM
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Chapter 4. The Mental Health System
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police may reencounter the person i
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them to available resources, provid
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3. Accessibility of information reg
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how to recognize common mental illn
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mental illness can be impossible. T
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contains a section that addresses t
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60. When Communications Services re
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scene from its central location. Th
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with, and apprehension of, “emoti
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of people in crisis from TPS to the
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92. Procedure 06-04 directs Divisio
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103. The issue of sharing mental he
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under the Mental Health Act, as any
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III. Recommendations 120. Before se
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ii. iii. iv. providing cross-sector
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CHAPTER 5. POLICE CULTURE Table of
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7. It is for this reason that, alth
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officers against vulnerable citizen
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I want to impress upon you the nece
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policing. That is an unfortunate at
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) A c
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Chapter 6. Selection of Police Offi
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of a police constable. Furthermore,
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4. Education 19. A number of indivi
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1. The Emergency Task Force 29. Psy
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elationship with a TPS member, the
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positions are directed to demonstra
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CHAPTER 7. TRAINING Table of Conten
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policing as compared to the data re
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services identified in the Police S
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my view, police training should aim
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25. When recruits return from the B
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However, the Review also heard that
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(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Use of Forc
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CHAPTER 8. SUPERVISION Table of Con
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can be considered for further promo
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13. The TPS provides a two-part sup
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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30. All TPS members are trained in
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the TPS must participate in an annu
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(a) Misconduct 49. Pursuant to the
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Further, a hearing officer may impo
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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Chapter 9. The Mental Health of Pol
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B. Workplace mental health standard
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20. As discussed in Chapter 5 (Poli
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TPS member or a group of TPS member
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45. If an officer is subject to a f
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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CHAPTER 10. USE OF FORCE Table of C
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and Effectiveness of Police Service
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Figure 1. The Ontario Use of Force
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19. Although it is beyond the scope
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28. The Criminal Code limits the ac
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36. The Use of Force Procedure auth
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primary response officers is to con
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Table 1. IACP Model Policies v. Ont
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armed units—approximately 10% of
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65. Communication is central to eve
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well-being of the subject and encou
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CHAPTER 11. MCIT AND OTHER MODELS O
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officers serving as first responder
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) St. Joseph’s
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crises occur at the same time, in a
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32. Second, mental health nurses po
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41. Clarification of the MCIT’s r
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Table 1. Mobile Crisis Teams and Ot
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1. Vancouver’s Assertive Communit
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58. While an officer is not expecte
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for those with serious mental illne
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advocacy community. These forums ca
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RECOMMENDATION 46: The TPS should a
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CHAPTER 12. EQUIPMENT Table of Cont
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(a) Batons 5. Provincial guidelines
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to incapacitate a person so that po
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20. The guiding principles of the C
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Reports 40 —as they relate to the
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e used in practice as alternatives
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48. The absence of definitive resea
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when collision sensors are triggere
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attachments (which adds an addition
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75. Many of the stakeholders who ho
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(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) any medical
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RECOMMENDATION 65: The TPS carefull
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PART 3 The Next Stage
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Chapter 13. Implementation I. Intro
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Report should not simply fade from
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H. Ongoing review 26. Finally, effe
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C. Leadership RECOMMENDATION 77: Th
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Appendix A List of Individuals Inte
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Name Position Institutional Affilia
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Basic Principles on the Use of Forc
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Ellen M. Scrivner, Controlling Poli
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Extract from the Minutes of the TPS
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Henry J. Steadman, et al., “Compa
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Leslie Sinclair, “Crisis Interven
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Ministry of Community Safety and Co
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Ronald J. MacDonald, The First Year
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Toronto Police Service, Professiona
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• North Bay Police Service • Or
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Appendix C List of Stakeholders tha
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Appendix D Selected Legislative Pro
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(a) he acts in good faith; and (b)
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Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.
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(c) is apparently suffering from th
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Duty of attending physician 20.(1)T
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1. Crime prevention. 2. Law enforce
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it was not of a serious nature, the
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Employment record (9) The chief of
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11. requiring territories without m
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Regulations Adequacy and Effectiven
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Member of the board PART I OATHS AN
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Third-Class Constable Fourth-Class
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1. Expressing views on any issue no
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(b) being a member of the municipal
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(3) Before the chief of police may
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(e) (i) BREACH OF CONFIDENCE, in th
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Conduct and Duties of Police Office
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Equipment and Use of Force, R.R.O.
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Public Complaints - Local Complaint
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Regulation under the Mental Health
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Page 365 and 366: DIV HOSPITAL ADDRESS REMARKS 13. 53
Page 367 and 368: Associated Service Governance Numbe
Page 369 and 370: NOTE: The surrender of Service issu
Page 371 and 372: Unit Commander 15. Upon becoming aw
Page 373 and 374: • assess fitness for duty • if
Page 375 and 376: TPSB ER-004 Major Incident Command
Page 377 and 378: Communication Strategy In order to
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Page 381 and 382: Incident Commander 15. When respond
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Page 385 and 386: 15 - 01 Use of Force USE OF FORCE A
Page 387 and 388: Training Ontario Regulation 926/90
Page 389 and 390: Additionally, members are required
Page 391 and 392: NOTE: Batons are the only impact we
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Page 395 and 396: 26. In addition to the duties descr
Page 397 and 398: Procedure 15-01 - Appendix A Provin
Page 399 and 400: Force Framework. As conceived by th
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Page 407 and 408: 08-06 Hazardous Materials, Decontam
Page 409 and 410: • conduct a spark test at the beg
Page 411 and 412: • package the expended air cartri
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