Police-Encounters-With-People-In-Crisis

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Though officer presence and communication skills are not physical use of force options, they have been included to illustrate the full range of factors that have an impact on the behaviour of the subject. THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS: The process of assessing a situation is threefold involving: 1. The Situation, 2. Subject Behaviours, and 3. Officer’s Perception / Tactical Considerations Careful consideration of all possible factors within each of the above categories, assists the officer in understanding, and responding to situations, and in explaining to others how a particular situation was perceived, assessed, and responded to. The examples provided throughout this document are presented for the purpose of illustration, and are by no means exhaustive. 1. THE SITUATION: When an officer responds to an incident, he or she must assess various aspects of the immediate situation. There are at least six different conditions that can characterize a situation. Each of these may become part of the officer’s assessment. It should be noted that some of these factors may fall under more than one category (i.e. situation, subject behaviour, or perception/tactical considerations). Additionally the following lists are not exhaustive. They are simply common factors that an officer can expect to consider when making their decisions. a) Environment There will be times when environmental conditions may affect the officer’s assessment of the situation. • weather conditions: rain, snow, wind, heat, etc. • moment of the day: daylight or darkness • location: residential, rural, urban, indoor, outdoors • physical position: roof top, roadside, stairwell, cell area • other factors: cover, concealment b) Number of Subjects The number of officers versus the number of subjects will affect the officer’s assessment of the situation: • one subject facing one officer • one subject facing two or more officers • multiple subjects facing one officer • multiple subjects facing multiple officers c) Perceived Subjects’ Abilities The officer’s perception of a subject’s various characteristics will affect his or her assessment of the situation: • under the influence of drugs or alcohol February 17, 2004 TPS Policy & Procedure Manual R.O. 2009.02.18–0180 3 of 8 15–01 Use of Force – Appendix B
• intoxicated vs. under the influence • subject’s physical size, strength, skills • emotional state • proximity to weapons d) Knowledge of Subject Prior knowledge may affect the officer’s assessment of the situation. He or she may be aware of the subject’s criminal history, reputation, or the officer may have had prior contacts with the subject. • Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC) information • previous history, reputation • demonstrated ability e) Time and Distance The concept of time and distance refers to those conditions that determine whether an officer must respond immediately or whether a delayed response may be employed. For example, in situations where there is a pressing threat to public safety, an immediate response may be unavoidable. In other situations, conditions may allow the officer to delay his or her response. For example, the availability of cover, the imminent arrival of backup, or simply being able to increase the distance between the officer and the subject may allow the officer to reduce the threat and delay responding until conditions are more favourable. The officer must address the following time and distance factors as part of the Assess-Plan- Act process. • seriousness of situation • must you act immediately • can you create more time and distance • escape routes f) Potential Attack Signs A subject may give clues to his or her intentions. The following list includes physical behaviours displayed by a subject that have been known to precede an attack on a police officer. • ignoring the officer • repetitious questioning • aggressive verbalization • emotional venting • refusing to comply with lawful request • ceasing all movement • invasion of personal space • adopting an aggressive stance • hiding 2. SUBJECT BEHAVIOURS: Central to the Assess-Plan-Act process is the behaviour of the subject. The model records five different categories of subject behaviour in the circle adjacent to the SITUATION. The gradual blending of colours in this circle reflects the fact that the boundaries between categories are difficult to distinguish. It is often difficult to differentiate between categories of behaviour. Where a subject falls in these categories is in part dependent upon the officer’s perception. The following describes each of the five categories of subject behaviour. Co-operative February 17, 2004 TPS Policy & Procedure Manual R.O. 2009.02.18–0180 4 of 8 15–01 Use of Force – Appendix B
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POLICE ENCOUNTERS WITH PEOPLE IN CR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many ind
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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(viii) best practices and precedent
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18. Chapter 3 provides a commentary
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exercised with that zero target in
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G. Recommendations 48. The 84 Recom
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viii. conducting routine monitoring
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CHAPTER 6: SELECTION OF POLICE OFFI
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CHAPTER 7: TRAINING Recruit trainin
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(b) (c) Exposure: providing officer
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) increas
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RECOMMENDATION 51: The TPS encourag
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iii. iv. the disciplinary and train
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eports detailing any circumstances
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cooperation from other organization
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PART 1 The Independent Review
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9. Third, it is important at the ou
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23. As I emphasize in the Report, t
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CHAPTER 2. MANDATE, INDEPENDENCE, S
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(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) TPS
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20. The act of engaging in professi
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mental crisis and whose behaviour e
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(l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) a f
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3. Police College site visits 44. T
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Mike Creek Bethan Dinning Julian Fa
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CHAPTER 3. CONTEXT Table of Content
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service by the public. 1 The front
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society must bear. One result is, I
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perceived uncertainty as to whether
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Figure 2. Toronto Police Service or
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Command includes Communications (i.
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65. The objective of the course was
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78. Some may consider a statistical
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that period. These other deaths wer
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F. The legal context 100. Before pr
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(j) The internal disciplinary proce
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CHAPTER 4. THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM
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Chapter 4. The Mental Health System
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police may reencounter the person i
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them to available resources, provid
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3. Accessibility of information reg
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how to recognize common mental illn
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mental illness can be impossible. T
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contains a section that addresses t
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60. When Communications Services re
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scene from its central location. Th
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with, and apprehension of, “emoti
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of people in crisis from TPS to the
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92. Procedure 06-04 directs Divisio
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103. The issue of sharing mental he
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under the Mental Health Act, as any
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III. Recommendations 120. Before se
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ii. iii. iv. providing cross-sector
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CHAPTER 5. POLICE CULTURE Table of
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7. It is for this reason that, alth
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officers against vulnerable citizen
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I want to impress upon you the nece
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policing. That is an unfortunate at
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) A c
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Chapter 6. Selection of Police Offi
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of a police constable. Furthermore,
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4. Education 19. A number of indivi
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1. The Emergency Task Force 29. Psy
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elationship with a TPS member, the
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positions are directed to demonstra
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CHAPTER 7. TRAINING Table of Conten
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policing as compared to the data re
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services identified in the Police S
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my view, police training should aim
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25. When recruits return from the B
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However, the Review also heard that
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(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Use of Forc
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CHAPTER 8. SUPERVISION Table of Con
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can be considered for further promo
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13. The TPS provides a two-part sup
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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30. All TPS members are trained in
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the TPS must participate in an annu
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(a) Misconduct 49. Pursuant to the
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Further, a hearing officer may impo
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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Chapter 9. The Mental Health of Pol
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B. Workplace mental health standard
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20. As discussed in Chapter 5 (Poli
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TPS member or a group of TPS member
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45. If an officer is subject to a f
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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CHAPTER 10. USE OF FORCE Table of C
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and Effectiveness of Police Service
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Figure 1. The Ontario Use of Force
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19. Although it is beyond the scope
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28. The Criminal Code limits the ac
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36. The Use of Force Procedure auth
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primary response officers is to con
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Table 1. IACP Model Policies v. Ont
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armed units—approximately 10% of
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65. Communication is central to eve
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well-being of the subject and encou
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CHAPTER 11. MCIT AND OTHER MODELS O
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officers serving as first responder
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) St. Joseph’s
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crises occur at the same time, in a
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32. Second, mental health nurses po
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41. Clarification of the MCIT’s r
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Table 1. Mobile Crisis Teams and Ot
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1. Vancouver’s Assertive Communit
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58. While an officer is not expecte
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for those with serious mental illne
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advocacy community. These forums ca
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RECOMMENDATION 46: The TPS should a
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CHAPTER 12. EQUIPMENT Table of Cont
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(a) Batons 5. Provincial guidelines
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to incapacitate a person so that po
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20. The guiding principles of the C
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Reports 40 —as they relate to the
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e used in practice as alternatives
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48. The absence of definitive resea
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when collision sensors are triggere
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attachments (which adds an addition
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75. Many of the stakeholders who ho
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(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) any medical
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RECOMMENDATION 65: The TPS carefull
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PART 3 The Next Stage
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Chapter 13. Implementation I. Intro
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Report should not simply fade from
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H. Ongoing review 26. Finally, effe
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C. Leadership RECOMMENDATION 77: Th
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Appendix A List of Individuals Inte
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Name Position Institutional Affilia
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Basic Principles on the Use of Forc
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Ellen M. Scrivner, Controlling Poli
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Extract from the Minutes of the TPS
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Henry J. Steadman, et al., “Compa
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Leslie Sinclair, “Crisis Interven
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Ministry of Community Safety and Co
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Ronald J. MacDonald, The First Year
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Toronto Police Service, Professiona
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• North Bay Police Service • Or
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Appendix C List of Stakeholders tha
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Appendix D Selected Legislative Pro
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(a) he acts in good faith; and (b)
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Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.
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(c) is apparently suffering from th
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Duty of attending physician 20.(1)T
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1. Crime prevention. 2. Law enforce
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it was not of a serious nature, the
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Employment record (9) The chief of
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11. requiring territories without m
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Regulations Adequacy and Effectiven
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Member of the board PART I OATHS AN
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Third-Class Constable Fourth-Class
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1. Expressing views on any issue no
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(b) being a member of the municipal
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(3) Before the chief of police may
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(e) (i) BREACH OF CONFIDENCE, in th
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Conduct and Duties of Police Office
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Equipment and Use of Force, R.R.O.
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Public Complaints - Local Complaint
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Page 365 and 366: DIV HOSPITAL ADDRESS REMARKS 13. 53
Page 367 and 368: Associated Service Governance Numbe
Page 369 and 370: NOTE: The surrender of Service issu
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Page 375 and 376: TPSB ER-004 Major Incident Command
Page 377 and 378: Communication Strategy In order to
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Page 381 and 382: Incident Commander 15. When respond
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Page 385 and 386: 15 - 01 Use of Force USE OF FORCE A
Page 387 and 388: Training Ontario Regulation 926/90
Page 389 and 390: Additionally, members are required
Page 391 and 392: NOTE: Batons are the only impact we
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Page 397 and 398: Procedure 15-01 - Appendix A Provin
Page 399: Force Framework. As conceived by th
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Page 405 and 406: Considerations. Based on the office
Page 407 and 408: 08-06 Hazardous Materials, Decontam
Page 409 and 410: • conduct a spark test at the beg
Page 411 and 412: • package the expended air cartri
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