Police-Encounters-With-People-In-Crisis

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Henry J. Steadman, et al., “Comparing Outcomes of Major Models of Police Responses to Mental Health Emergencies” (2000) 51 Psychiatric Services 5. Henry J. Steadman, et al., Police Response to Emotionally Disturbed Persons: Analyzing New Models of Police Interactions with the Mental Health System (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 1999). Independent Investigations Office of BC, Annual Report 2012-2013 (Surrey, BC: Independent Investigations Office of British Columbia, 2013). Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies, Report on the Second International Law Enforcement Forum: Minimal Force Options (Reston: Applied Research Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University, 2003). International Association of Chiefs of Police, Building Safer Communities: Improving Police Response to Persons with Mental Illness (Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2010). International Association of Chiefs of Police, Emerging Use of Force Issues: Balancing Public and Officer Safety (Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice Office, Community Oriented Policing Services, 2005). International Association of Chiefs of Police, Police Psychology Reference List (2010). J.N. Vickers & William Lewinski, “Performing under pressure: Gaze control, decision making and shooting performance of elite and rookie police officers” (2012) 31 Human Movement Science 1. Jack Sommers, “Taser use of knife wielders ‘appropriate’” Police Oracle (14 March 2014), online: Police Oracle . James J. Fyfe, “The Split-Second Syndrome and Other Determinants of Police Violence.” In Anne Campbell and John J. Gibbs (Eds) of Violent Transactions: The Limits of Personality (New York: Basi Blackwell, 1985) James K. Stewart, et al., The Baltimore Police Department: Police-Involved Shooting of January 9, 2011 (Baltimore: Independent Review Board, 2011). Janet R. Oliva & Michael T. Compton, “A Statewide Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Initiative: Evolution of the Georgia CIT Program” (2008) 36 Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1. Janet R. Oliva, Rhiannon Morgan & Michael T. Compton, “A Practical Overview of De- Escalation Skills in Law Enforcement: Helping Individuals in Crisis While Reducing Police Liability and Injury” (2010) 10 Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations 1. Jeffrey Geller, “Commentary: Is CIT Today’s Lobotomy” 36 Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1. Police Encounters With People in Crisis |293
Jeffrey Nicholl & Clay Kelly, “Can Municipalities Bear Respondeat Superior Liability for Failure to Adequately Train Police Officers in Crisis Intervention Techniques” (2012) 40 Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2. Jennifer L.S. Teller, et al., “Crisis Intervention Team Training for Police Officers Responding to Mental Disturbance Calls” (2006) 57 Psychiatric Services 2. Jennifer Pagliaro, “Federal government seeks to study police use of force” The Toronto Star (9 December 2013), online: TheStar.com . Jennifer Skeem & Lynne Bibeau, “How Does Violence Potential Relate to Crisis Intervention Team Responses to Emergencies” (2008) 59 Psychiatric Services 2. Joel W. Godfredson, et al., “Police perceptions of their encounters with individuals experiencing mental illness: A Victorian survey” (2011) 44 Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 2. Johann Brink, et al., A Study of How People with Mental Illness Perceive and Interact with the Police (Calgary: Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2011). Joshua A. Ederheimer, ed., Critical Issues in Policing Series: Strategies for Resolving Conflict and Minimizing Use of Force (Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, 2007). Judith Adelman, Study in Blue and Grey: Police Interventions with People with Mental Illness (Vancouver: Canadian Mental Health Association, BC Division, 2003). Judy Hails & Randy Borum, “Police Training and Specialized Approaches to Respond to People with Mental Illnesses” (2003) 49 Crime & Delinquency 1. Kelmeny Fraser, “State Police Minister Jack Dempsey confirms police may soon be wearing surveillance gear” The Australian (24 March 2014), online: The Courier Mail . Kelly Bouchard, “Across nations, unsettling acceptance when mentally ill in crisis are killed” The Portland Press Herald (12 December 2012), online: PressHerald.com . Kris Mohandie & J. R. Meloy, “Hostage and Barricade Incidents Within an Officer- Involved Shooting Sample: Suicide by Cop, Intervention Efficacy, and Descriptive Characteristics” (2010) 10 Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations 1. Kris Mohandie, et al., “Suicide by Cop Among Officer-Involved Shooting Cases” (2009) 54 Journal of Forensic Science 2. Police Encounters With People in Crisis |294
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POLICE ENCOUNTERS WITH PEOPLE IN CR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many ind
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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(viii) best practices and precedent
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18. Chapter 3 provides a commentary
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exercised with that zero target in
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G. Recommendations 48. The 84 Recom
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viii. conducting routine monitoring
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CHAPTER 6: SELECTION OF POLICE OFFI
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CHAPTER 7: TRAINING Recruit trainin
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(b) (c) Exposure: providing officer
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) increas
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RECOMMENDATION 51: The TPS encourag
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iii. iv. the disciplinary and train
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eports detailing any circumstances
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cooperation from other organization
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PART 1 The Independent Review
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9. Third, it is important at the ou
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23. As I emphasize in the Report, t
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CHAPTER 2. MANDATE, INDEPENDENCE, S
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(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) TPS
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20. The act of engaging in professi
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mental crisis and whose behaviour e
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(l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) a f
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3. Police College site visits 44. T
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Mike Creek Bethan Dinning Julian Fa
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CHAPTER 3. CONTEXT Table of Content
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service by the public. 1 The front
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society must bear. One result is, I
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perceived uncertainty as to whether
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Figure 2. Toronto Police Service or
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Command includes Communications (i.
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65. The objective of the course was
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78. Some may consider a statistical
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that period. These other deaths wer
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F. The legal context 100. Before pr
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(j) The internal disciplinary proce
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CHAPTER 4. THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM
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Chapter 4. The Mental Health System
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police may reencounter the person i
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them to available resources, provid
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3. Accessibility of information reg
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how to recognize common mental illn
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mental illness can be impossible. T
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contains a section that addresses t
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60. When Communications Services re
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scene from its central location. Th
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with, and apprehension of, “emoti
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of people in crisis from TPS to the
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92. Procedure 06-04 directs Divisio
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103. The issue of sharing mental he
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under the Mental Health Act, as any
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III. Recommendations 120. Before se
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ii. iii. iv. providing cross-sector
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CHAPTER 5. POLICE CULTURE Table of
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7. It is for this reason that, alth
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officers against vulnerable citizen
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I want to impress upon you the nece
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policing. That is an unfortunate at
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) A c
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Chapter 6. Selection of Police Offi
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of a police constable. Furthermore,
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4. Education 19. A number of indivi
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1. The Emergency Task Force 29. Psy
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elationship with a TPS member, the
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positions are directed to demonstra
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CHAPTER 7. TRAINING Table of Conten
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policing as compared to the data re
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services identified in the Police S
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my view, police training should aim
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25. When recruits return from the B
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However, the Review also heard that
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(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Use of Forc
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CHAPTER 8. SUPERVISION Table of Con
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can be considered for further promo
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13. The TPS provides a two-part sup
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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30. All TPS members are trained in
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the TPS must participate in an annu
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(a) Misconduct 49. Pursuant to the
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Further, a hearing officer may impo
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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Chapter 9. The Mental Health of Pol
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B. Workplace mental health standard
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20. As discussed in Chapter 5 (Poli
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TPS member or a group of TPS member
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45. If an officer is subject to a f
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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CHAPTER 10. USE OF FORCE Table of C
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and Effectiveness of Police Service
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Figure 1. The Ontario Use of Force
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19. Although it is beyond the scope
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28. The Criminal Code limits the ac
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36. The Use of Force Procedure auth
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primary response officers is to con
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Table 1. IACP Model Policies v. Ont
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armed units—approximately 10% of
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65. Communication is central to eve
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well-being of the subject and encou
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CHAPTER 11. MCIT AND OTHER MODELS O
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officers serving as first responder
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) St. Joseph’s
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crises occur at the same time, in a
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32. Second, mental health nurses po
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41. Clarification of the MCIT’s r
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Table 1. Mobile Crisis Teams and Ot
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1. Vancouver’s Assertive Communit
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58. While an officer is not expecte
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for those with serious mental illne
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advocacy community. These forums ca
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RECOMMENDATION 46: The TPS should a
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CHAPTER 12. EQUIPMENT Table of Cont
Page 246 and 247: (a) Batons 5. Provincial guidelines
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Page 250 and 251: 20. The guiding principles of the C
Page 252 and 253: Reports 40 —as they relate to the
Page 254 and 255: e used in practice as alternatives
Page 256 and 257: 48. The absence of definitive resea
Page 258 and 259: when collision sensors are triggere
Page 260 and 261: attachments (which adds an addition
Page 262 and 263: 75. Many of the stakeholders who ho
Page 264 and 265: (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) any medical
Page 266 and 267: RECOMMENDATION 65: The TPS carefull
Page 268: PART 3 The Next Stage
Page 271 and 272: Chapter 13. Implementation I. Intro
Page 273 and 274: Report should not simply fade from
Page 275 and 276: H. Ongoing review 26. Finally, effe
Page 277 and 278: C. Leadership RECOMMENDATION 77: Th
Page 281 and 282: Appendix A List of Individuals Inte
Page 283 and 284: Name Position Institutional Affilia
Page 285 and 286: Name Position Institutional Affilia
Page 287: Name Position Institutional Affilia
Page 290 and 291: Basic Principles on the Use of Forc
Page 292 and 293: Ellen M. Scrivner, Controlling Poli
Page 294 and 295: Extract from the Minutes of the TPS
Page 298 and 299: Leslie Sinclair, “Crisis Interven
Page 300 and 301: Ministry of Community Safety and Co
Page 302 and 303: Ronald J. MacDonald, The First Year
Page 304 and 305: Toronto Police Service, Professiona
Page 306 and 307: • North Bay Police Service • Or
Page 309 and 310: Appendix C List of Stakeholders tha
Page 312 and 313: Appendix D Selected Legislative Pro
Page 314 and 315: (a) he acts in good faith; and (b)
Page 316 and 317: Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.
Page 318 and 319: (c) is apparently suffering from th
Page 320 and 321: Duty of attending physician 20.(1)T
Page 322 and 323: 1. Crime prevention. 2. Law enforce
Page 324 and 325: it was not of a serious nature, the
Page 326 and 327: Employment record (9) The chief of
Page 328 and 329: 11. requiring territories without m
Page 330 and 331: Regulations Adequacy and Effectiven
Page 332 and 333: Member of the board PART I OATHS AN
Page 334 and 335: Third-Class Constable Fourth-Class
Page 336 and 337: 1. Expressing views on any issue no
Page 338 and 339: (b) being a member of the municipal
Page 340 and 341: (3) Before the chief of police may
Page 342 and 343: (e) (i) BREACH OF CONFIDENCE, in th
Page 344 and 345: Conduct and Duties of Police Office
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Equipment and Use of Force, R.R.O.
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Public Complaints - Local Complaint
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Regulation under the Mental Health
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PROVINCIAL INVESTIGATIONS 06 - 04 E
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Form 47 MHA means an ‘Order for E
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• conduct a Person Query, includi
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• give the original Form - MHA an
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22. Upon receipt of an original For
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TPS Policy & Procedure Manual R.O.
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DIV HOSPITAL ADDRESS REMARKS 13. 53
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Associated Service Governance Numbe
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NOTE: The surrender of Service issu
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Unit Commander 15. Upon becoming aw
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• assess fitness for duty • if
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TPSB ER-004 Major Incident Command
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Communication Strategy In order to
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• notify the divisional officer i
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Incident Commander 15. When respond
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− − the on-call EM&PO member th
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15 - 01 Use of Force USE OF FORCE A
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Training Ontario Regulation 926/90
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Additionally, members are required
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NOTE: Batons are the only impact we
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• ensure the scene and all eviden
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26. In addition to the duties descr
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Procedure 15-01 - Appendix A Provin
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Force Framework. As conceived by th
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• intoxicated vs. under the influ
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• personal experience • skill/a
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Considerations. Based on the office
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08-06 Hazardous Materials, Decontam
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• conduct a spark test at the beg
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• package the expended air cartri
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