Police-Encounters-With-People-In-Crisis

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when collision sensors are triggered. Officers also wear microphones on their uniforms, which record audio that can be paired with video from the in-car camera system. 55 56. There is now broad recognition, within the TPS and in the general public, that police officers should expect to have their interactions with citizens recorded at all times. The widespread availability of video cameras on smart phones has removed police control over publicity surrounding police-public interactions and placed it in the hands of subjects, by-standers, and media outlets. The expanded availability of video footage of police interactions can enhance police accountability and transparency, while also discrediting false allegations of police brutality. However, video can also exacerbate crises of public confidence in the wake of unusual displays of police aggression or reliance on force options, especially when dealing with vulnerable people. 2. Toronto Police Operations Centre 57. In January 2013, the TPS began to develop a Toronto Police Operations Centre, a real-time crime centre that will maintain central, 24/7 oversight of policing operations in the city. Centre staff will be authorized to redeploy primary response officers to different divisions based on call volumes and response times, and will use more advanced technology to monitor intelligence and crime analysis operations. Such technology could permit the TPS to monitor closed-circuit television and other public video feeds, as well as GPS tracking on officers and vehicles to provide faster, more appropriate responses and assistance to crisis calls. 3. Body camera pilot project 58. In 2013, the TPS released its Police and Community Engagement Review (PACER) Report, which aims to ensure the Service is a world leader in bias-free policing. 56 One of the Report’s 31 recommendations urged the Service to “continue to leverage and monitor the In ‐ Car Camera System currently installed in all marked police vehicles, as well as explore the possibility of equipping all uniform Officers with Body Worn Video (Body Cameras).” As of March 2014, the TPS was in the process of establishing a body camera pilot project, which is expected to launch in late 2014. 57 59. The primary argument articulated in support of body worn cameras is that cameras enhance the accountability of officers and citizens whose conduct is recorded. Multiple field studies have demonstrated that complaints against police decrease when officers are equipped with cameras. This is in part because police have an additional incentive to treat people respectfully, and also because individuals are deterred from bringing false allegations against police officers when video evidence exists of the interaction. Similarly, field studies indicate that police use of force decreases when officers are outfitted with cameras because police know that their conduct can be 55 Toronto Police Service, “In-Car Camera System (ICCS) project” (2014), online: Toronto Police Service . 56 Toronto Police Service, Police and Community Engagement Review Report (2013), online: Toronto Police Service at 11. 57 Ibid; Toronto Police Service, “The PACER Report – Recommendations” (March 27, 2014), online: Toronto Police Service . Police Encounters With People in Crisis |255
eviewed on the basis of objective evidence, and, therefore, there is an incentive for all participants to act calmly. 60. While video may be better evidence than witness testimony, it too can be misinterpreted. However, the increased transparency that results from recordings of contentious police encounters, combined with the potential for reduced injuries and deaths, can add public confidence in the Service’s important public work. 61. Despite the benefits of body cameras, their use during police interactions with the public also carries significant privacy implications for the officers, subjects, and bystanders. The Service will have to balance individuals’ rights to privacy, especially when an officer encounters people in their homes, with the need to ensure consistency and accountability by strictly limiting the circumstances in which police can deactivate the cameras. Once collected, information recorded on body cameras and uploaded to a TPS database must be subject to appropriate standards for storage, length of retention, method of destruction, access, and disclosure (or non-disclosure) to third-party agencies such as Crown prosecutors, the Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC) database, Canada Border Services Agency, and mental health professionals. 62. Many tensions surround officer discretion in the activation or deactivation of body camera recordings. On the one hand, vulnerable groups such as people with mental illness or substance abuse problems are among the populations most concerned about respectful, accountable policing. Body cameras may serve to pacify encounters between police and the public. Both participants are aware that their words and actions will be recorded, thereby creating a more constructive environment for de-escalation and passive resolution of situations. 63. However, some people in crisis who suffer from paranoia, delusions, or similar symptoms may have their anxiety levels increased by the presence of a camera. In situations where rapport and trust are central to safe de-escalation, a well-intentioned officer’s efforts could be thwarted if he or she is not given the discretion to remove or disable body camera recording. In turn, giving officers the discretion to stop recording raises concerns about misuse and accountability that can only be addressed through clear procedures and enforcement mechanisms. These procedures must set out the grounds for de-activation and strict penalties for breaches or other attempts to avoid creating a record of an interaction. 64. Developing a protocol to govern police discretion to de-activate body cameras that respects individual privacy interests is a challenging endeavor that should be done in consultation with affected stakeholder groups, including police officers, civil liberties and privacy experts, and community members. It is preferable to have these difficult conversations at the outset of the Service’s consideration of body cameras rather than after TPS cameras have already collected personal information. 65. Body cameras range in cost from approximately $700 to $1,500 each. Although equipping all officers with body cameras would be a significant financial undertaking, the cost is somewhat lower than purchasing CEWs for all officers (approximately $1,500 each), and substantially lower than purchasing CEWs for all officers with audio/visual Police Encounters With People in Crisis |256
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POLICE ENCOUNTERS WITH PEOPLE IN CR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many ind
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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(viii) best practices and precedent
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18. Chapter 3 provides a commentary
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exercised with that zero target in
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G. Recommendations 48. The 84 Recom
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viii. conducting routine monitoring
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CHAPTER 6: SELECTION OF POLICE OFFI
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CHAPTER 7: TRAINING Recruit trainin
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(b) (c) Exposure: providing officer
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) increas
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RECOMMENDATION 51: The TPS encourag
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iii. iv. the disciplinary and train
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eports detailing any circumstances
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cooperation from other organization
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PART 1 The Independent Review
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9. Third, it is important at the ou
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23. As I emphasize in the Report, t
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CHAPTER 2. MANDATE, INDEPENDENCE, S
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(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) TPS
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20. The act of engaging in professi
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mental crisis and whose behaviour e
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(l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) a f
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3. Police College site visits 44. T
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Mike Creek Bethan Dinning Julian Fa
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CHAPTER 3. CONTEXT Table of Content
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service by the public. 1 The front
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society must bear. One result is, I
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perceived uncertainty as to whether
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Figure 2. Toronto Police Service or
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Command includes Communications (i.
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65. The objective of the course was
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78. Some may consider a statistical
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that period. These other deaths wer
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F. The legal context 100. Before pr
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(j) The internal disciplinary proce
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CHAPTER 4. THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM
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Chapter 4. The Mental Health System
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police may reencounter the person i
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them to available resources, provid
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3. Accessibility of information reg
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how to recognize common mental illn
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mental illness can be impossible. T
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contains a section that addresses t
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60. When Communications Services re
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scene from its central location. Th
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with, and apprehension of, “emoti
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of people in crisis from TPS to the
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92. Procedure 06-04 directs Divisio
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103. The issue of sharing mental he
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under the Mental Health Act, as any
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III. Recommendations 120. Before se
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ii. iii. iv. providing cross-sector
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CHAPTER 5. POLICE CULTURE Table of
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7. It is for this reason that, alth
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officers against vulnerable citizen
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I want to impress upon you the nece
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policing. That is an unfortunate at
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) A c
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Chapter 6. Selection of Police Offi
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of a police constable. Furthermore,
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4. Education 19. A number of indivi
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1. The Emergency Task Force 29. Psy
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elationship with a TPS member, the
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positions are directed to demonstra
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CHAPTER 7. TRAINING Table of Conten
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policing as compared to the data re
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services identified in the Police S
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my view, police training should aim
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25. When recruits return from the B
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However, the Review also heard that
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(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Use of Forc
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CHAPTER 8. SUPERVISION Table of Con
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can be considered for further promo
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13. The TPS provides a two-part sup
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
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30. All TPS members are trained in
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the TPS must participate in an annu
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(a) Misconduct 49. Pursuant to the
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Further, a hearing officer may impo
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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Chapter 9. The Mental Health of Pol
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B. Workplace mental health standard
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20. As discussed in Chapter 5 (Poli
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TPS member or a group of TPS member
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45. If an officer is subject to a f
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II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
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CHAPTER 10. USE OF FORCE Table of C
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and Effectiveness of Police Service
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Figure 1. The Ontario Use of Force
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19. Although it is beyond the scope
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28. The Criminal Code limits the ac
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36. The Use of Force Procedure auth
Page 208 and 209: primary response officers is to con
Page 210 and 211: Table 1. IACP Model Policies v. Ont
Page 212 and 213: armed units—approximately 10% of
Page 214 and 215: 65. Communication is central to eve
Page 216 and 217: well-being of the subject and encou
Page 219 and 220: CHAPTER 11. MCIT AND OTHER MODELS O
Page 221 and 222: officers serving as first responder
Page 223 and 224: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) St. Joseph’s
Page 225 and 226: crises occur at the same time, in a
Page 227 and 228: 32. Second, mental health nurses po
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Page 231 and 232: Table 1. Mobile Crisis Teams and Ot
Page 233 and 234: 1. Vancouver’s Assertive Communit
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Page 237 and 238: for those with serious mental illne
Page 239 and 240: advocacy community. These forums ca
Page 241 and 242: RECOMMENDATION 46: The TPS should a
Page 244 and 245: CHAPTER 12. EQUIPMENT Table of Cont
Page 246 and 247: (a) Batons 5. Provincial guidelines
Page 248 and 249: to incapacitate a person so that po
Page 250 and 251: 20. The guiding principles of the C
Page 252 and 253: Reports 40 —as they relate to the
Page 254 and 255: e used in practice as alternatives
Page 256 and 257: 48. The absence of definitive resea
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Page 262 and 263: 75. Many of the stakeholders who ho
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Page 266 and 267: RECOMMENDATION 65: The TPS carefull
Page 268: PART 3 The Next Stage
Page 271 and 272: Chapter 13. Implementation I. Intro
Page 273 and 274: Report should not simply fade from
Page 275 and 276: H. Ongoing review 26. Finally, effe
Page 277 and 278: C. Leadership RECOMMENDATION 77: Th
Page 281 and 282: Appendix A List of Individuals Inte
Page 283 and 284: Name Position Institutional Affilia
Page 285 and 286: Name Position Institutional Affilia
Page 287: Name Position Institutional Affilia
Page 290 and 291: Basic Principles on the Use of Forc
Page 292 and 293: Ellen M. Scrivner, Controlling Poli
Page 294 and 295: Extract from the Minutes of the TPS
Page 296 and 297: Henry J. Steadman, et al., “Compa
Page 298 and 299: Leslie Sinclair, “Crisis Interven
Page 300 and 301: Ministry of Community Safety and Co
Page 302 and 303: Ronald J. MacDonald, The First Year
Page 304 and 305: Toronto Police Service, Professiona
Page 306 and 307: • North Bay Police Service • Or
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Appendix C List of Stakeholders tha
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Appendix D Selected Legislative Pro
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(a) he acts in good faith; and (b)
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Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.
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(c) is apparently suffering from th
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Duty of attending physician 20.(1)T
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1. Crime prevention. 2. Law enforce
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it was not of a serious nature, the
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Employment record (9) The chief of
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11. requiring territories without m
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Regulations Adequacy and Effectiven
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Member of the board PART I OATHS AN
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Third-Class Constable Fourth-Class
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1. Expressing views on any issue no
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(b) being a member of the municipal
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(3) Before the chief of police may
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(e) (i) BREACH OF CONFIDENCE, in th
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Conduct and Duties of Police Office
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Equipment and Use of Force, R.R.O.
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Public Complaints - Local Complaint
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Regulation under the Mental Health
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PROVINCIAL INVESTIGATIONS 06 - 04 E
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Form 47 MHA means an ‘Order for E
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• conduct a Person Query, includi
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• give the original Form - MHA an
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22. Upon receipt of an original For
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TPS Policy & Procedure Manual R.O.
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DIV HOSPITAL ADDRESS REMARKS 13. 53
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Associated Service Governance Numbe
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NOTE: The surrender of Service issu
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Unit Commander 15. Upon becoming aw
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• assess fitness for duty • if
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TPSB ER-004 Major Incident Command
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Communication Strategy In order to
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• notify the divisional officer i
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Incident Commander 15. When respond
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− − the on-call EM&PO member th
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15 - 01 Use of Force USE OF FORCE A
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Training Ontario Regulation 926/90
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Additionally, members are required
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NOTE: Batons are the only impact we
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• ensure the scene and all eviden
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26. In addition to the duties descr
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Procedure 15-01 - Appendix A Provin
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Force Framework. As conceived by th
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• intoxicated vs. under the influ
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• personal experience • skill/a
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Considerations. Based on the office
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08-06 Hazardous Materials, Decontam
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• conduct a spark test at the beg
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• package the expended air cartri
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