Police-Encounters-With-People-In-Crisis

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CHAPTER 9. THE MENTAL HEALTH OF POLICE PERSONNEL Table of Contents I. THE CURRENT SITUATION ............................................................................ 180 Page A. The need to support officers’ psychological wellness .............................. 180 B. Workplace mental health standard ......................................................... 182 C. Psychological wellness resources for TPS members ............................... 182 (1) The Psychological Wellness Program ........................................... 183 (2) Employee and Family Assistance Program .................................. 185 (3) Response to traumatic incidents .................................................. 185 (4) Other forms of peer support ......................................................... 186 D. In-service monitoring ............................................................................. 187 (1) Fitness for duty evaluations .......................................................... 187 (2) The role of supervisory officers .................................................... 188 II. OVERVIEW OF ISSUES HIGHLIGHTED BY STAKEHOLDERS ..................... 190 III. RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 190 Police Encounters With People in Crisis |179
Chapter 9. The Mental Health of Police Personnel 1. This chapter discusses the current state of mental health initiatives for members of the Toronto Police Service, including the Service’s psychological wellness program, its approach to critical incident response debriefings, the availability of peer support and the steps taken to monitor officer mental health. 2. As one stakeholder has noted, when a police officer encounters a person in crisis, everyone is in crisis—including the officer, who must overcome his or her own physiological stress and fear in order to help and protect the person in crisis, while also ensuring the public’s safety and his or her own safety. 3. To have the confidence, openness and empathy needed to engage calmly with a person in crisis using the minimum force necessary, TPS officers must be mentally healthy themselves. Yet a portion of TPS officers will inevitably experience mental health issues. While estimates for the prevalence of mental illness in Canada vary as a result of divergences in definitions and research methodology, it is indisputable that mental health issues are common in Canadian society. 1 Police officers are no more immune to such issues than others. Rather, because they must deal on a day-to-day basis with some of the most saddening features of human nature, it appears that police are more likely than the average person to experience mental health difficulties. 4. I have concluded that officer mental wellness is important to dealing effectively with people in crisis and potentially reducing the number of violent confrontations. It is best for all concerned if psychological wellness issues affecting police officers are identified and treated before they affect an officer’s fitness for duty. I. The Current Situation A. The need to support officers’ psychological wellness 5. Exposure to trauma is an inherent feature of police work. While the mental health effects of police work have not been comprehensively studied, existing data suggest that they can be significant. One recent study found that police officers in Canada “are exposed to a fairly unique set of stressors and face a different set of challenges at work than most employees,” challenges which include the pressure to take 1 Toronto’s Centre for Addiction and Mental Health estimates that in any given year, one in five Canadians experiences a mental health or addiction problem. See Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, “Statistics on Mental Illness and Addictions” (2012), online: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health . The Canadian Mental Health Association estimates that one in five Canadians will experience a mental illness in their lifetime. See Canadian Mental Health Association, “Fast Facts about Mental Illness” (2014), online: Canadian Mental Health Association . The Mental Health Commission of Canada similarly estimates that in any given year, one in five people in Canada experiences a mental health problem or illness. See Mental Health Commission of Canada, “The Facts” (2012), online: Mental Health Commission of Canada . The Mood Disorders Society of Canada estimates that at any given time 10.4 percent of Canadians are living with a mental illness. See Mood Disorders Society of Canada, “Quick Facts: Mental illness and addiction in Canada” (Nov. 2009), online: Mood Disorders Society of Canada . Police Encounters With People in Crisis |180
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POLICE ENCOUNTERS WITH PEOPLE IN CR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many ind
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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(viii) best practices and precedent
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18. Chapter 3 provides a commentary
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exercised with that zero target in
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G. Recommendations 48. The 84 Recom
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viii. conducting routine monitoring
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CHAPTER 6: SELECTION OF POLICE OFFI
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CHAPTER 7: TRAINING Recruit trainin
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(b) (c) Exposure: providing officer
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(j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
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De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
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(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) increas
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RECOMMENDATION 51: The TPS encourag
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iii. iv. the disciplinary and train
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eports detailing any circumstances
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cooperation from other organization
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PART 1 The Independent Review
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9. Third, it is important at the ou
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23. As I emphasize in the Report, t
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CHAPTER 2. MANDATE, INDEPENDENCE, S
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(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) TPS
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20. The act of engaging in professi
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mental crisis and whose behaviour e
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(l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) a f
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3. Police College site visits 44. T
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Mike Creek Bethan Dinning Julian Fa
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CHAPTER 3. CONTEXT Table of Content
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service by the public. 1 The front
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society must bear. One result is, I
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perceived uncertainty as to whether
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Figure 2. Toronto Police Service or
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Command includes Communications (i.
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65. The objective of the course was
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78. Some may consider a statistical
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that period. These other deaths wer
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F. The legal context 100. Before pr
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(j) The internal disciplinary proce
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CHAPTER 4. THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM
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Chapter 4. The Mental Health System
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police may reencounter the person i
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them to available resources, provid
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3. Accessibility of information reg
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how to recognize common mental illn
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mental illness can be impossible. T
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contains a section that addresses t
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60. When Communications Services re
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scene from its central location. Th
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with, and apprehension of, “emoti
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of people in crisis from TPS to the
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92. Procedure 06-04 directs Divisio
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103. The issue of sharing mental he
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under the Mental Health Act, as any
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III. Recommendations 120. Before se
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ii. iii. iv. providing cross-sector
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CHAPTER 5. POLICE CULTURE Table of
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7. It is for this reason that, alth
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officers against vulnerable citizen
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I want to impress upon you the nece
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policing. That is an unfortunate at
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) A c
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 6. Selection of Police Offi
Page 134 and 135: of a police constable. Furthermore,
Page 136 and 137: 4. Education 19. A number of indivi
Page 138 and 139: 1. The Emergency Task Force 29. Psy
Page 140 and 141: elationship with a TPS member, the
Page 142 and 143: positions are directed to demonstra
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 7. TRAINING Table of Conten
Page 147 and 148: policing as compared to the data re
Page 149 and 150: services identified in the Police S
Page 151 and 152: my view, police training should aim
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Page 155 and 156: However, the Review also heard that
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Page 162 and 163: can be considered for further promo
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Page 168 and 169: 30. All TPS members are trained in
Page 170 and 171: the TPS must participate in an annu
Page 172 and 173: (a) Misconduct 49. Pursuant to the
Page 174 and 175: Further, a hearing officer may impo
Page 176 and 177: II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
Page 178 and 179: (j) Valuing the Role of Debriefs: m
Page 180: De-escalation requirements RECOMMEN
Page 185 and 186: B. Workplace mental health standard
Page 187 and 188: 20. As discussed in Chapter 5 (Poli
Page 189 and 190: TPS member or a group of TPS member
Page 191 and 192: 45. If an officer is subject to a f
Page 193 and 194: II. Overview of Issues Highlighted
Page 196 and 197: CHAPTER 10. USE OF FORCE Table of C
Page 198 and 199: and Effectiveness of Police Service
Page 200 and 201: Figure 1. The Ontario Use of Force
Page 202 and 203: 19. Although it is beyond the scope
Page 204 and 205: 28. The Criminal Code limits the ac
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Page 208 and 209: primary response officers is to con
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Page 212 and 213: armed units—approximately 10% of
Page 214 and 215: 65. Communication is central to eve
Page 216 and 217: well-being of the subject and encou
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Page 221 and 222: officers serving as first responder
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Page 225 and 226: crises occur at the same time, in a
Page 227 and 228: 32. Second, mental health nurses po
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Table 1. Mobile Crisis Teams and Ot
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1. Vancouver’s Assertive Communit
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58. While an officer is not expecte
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for those with serious mental illne
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advocacy community. These forums ca
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RECOMMENDATION 46: The TPS should a
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CHAPTER 12. EQUIPMENT Table of Cont
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(a) Batons 5. Provincial guidelines
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to incapacitate a person so that po
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20. The guiding principles of the C
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Reports 40 —as they relate to the
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e used in practice as alternatives
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48. The absence of definitive resea
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when collision sensors are triggere
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attachments (which adds an addition
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75. Many of the stakeholders who ho
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(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) any medical
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RECOMMENDATION 65: The TPS carefull
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PART 3 The Next Stage
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Chapter 13. Implementation I. Intro
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Report should not simply fade from
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H. Ongoing review 26. Finally, effe
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C. Leadership RECOMMENDATION 77: Th
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Appendix A List of Individuals Inte
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Name Position Institutional Affilia
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Basic Principles on the Use of Forc
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Ellen M. Scrivner, Controlling Poli
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Extract from the Minutes of the TPS
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Henry J. Steadman, et al., “Compa
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Leslie Sinclair, “Crisis Interven
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Ministry of Community Safety and Co
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Ronald J. MacDonald, The First Year
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Toronto Police Service, Professiona
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• North Bay Police Service • Or
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Appendix C List of Stakeholders tha
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Appendix D Selected Legislative Pro
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(a) he acts in good faith; and (b)
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Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.
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(c) is apparently suffering from th
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Duty of attending physician 20.(1)T
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1. Crime prevention. 2. Law enforce
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it was not of a serious nature, the
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Employment record (9) The chief of
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11. requiring territories without m
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Regulations Adequacy and Effectiven
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Member of the board PART I OATHS AN
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Third-Class Constable Fourth-Class
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1. Expressing views on any issue no
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(b) being a member of the municipal
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(3) Before the chief of police may
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(e) (i) BREACH OF CONFIDENCE, in th
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Conduct and Duties of Police Office
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Equipment and Use of Force, R.R.O.
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Public Complaints - Local Complaint
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Regulation under the Mental Health
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PROVINCIAL INVESTIGATIONS 06 - 04 E
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Form 47 MHA means an ‘Order for E
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• conduct a Person Query, includi
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• give the original Form - MHA an
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22. Upon receipt of an original For
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TPS Policy & Procedure Manual R.O.
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DIV HOSPITAL ADDRESS REMARKS 13. 53
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Associated Service Governance Numbe
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NOTE: The surrender of Service issu
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Unit Commander 15. Upon becoming aw
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• assess fitness for duty • if
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TPSB ER-004 Major Incident Command
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Communication Strategy In order to
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• notify the divisional officer i
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Incident Commander 15. When respond
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− − the on-call EM&PO member th
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15 - 01 Use of Force USE OF FORCE A
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Training Ontario Regulation 926/90
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Additionally, members are required
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NOTE: Batons are the only impact we
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• ensure the scene and all eviden
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26. In addition to the duties descr
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Procedure 15-01 - Appendix A Provin
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Force Framework. As conceived by th
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• intoxicated vs. under the influ
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• personal experience • skill/a
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Considerations. Based on the office
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08-06 Hazardous Materials, Decontam
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• conduct a spark test at the beg
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• package the expended air cartri
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