EEP Crowned pigeon number 4

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EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS Discussion about the results This comparison gives only a rough indication about the differences about nutrition in the wild and in captivity. First of all a lot of data submitted by the European institutions, were incomplete, and some data could not be used. The data of the five institutions used, have not been proved with those institutions and it might be possible that there is some bias. For example, some institutions listed mineral stones and limestones on their list, while others did not. In some institutions mineral stones are ad libitum available and they could have been comitted or it might be difficult to calculate the eaten amount of mineral stones. A lot of diets are not very accurate, because sometimes the amount fed instead of the intake was listed and in most aviaries there are other birds (and unwanted animals like mice!) as well. Finally, no questions were asked about seasonal influences in the diet of crowned pigeons. Of course also in captivity there is variation in diet, caused by prices and availability of products like greens and fruits. The data from the crowned pigeons collected in the wild were collected shortly after the reproductive season. It might be possible that during this period the intake of protein and calcium is lower, to compensate the higher intake during the reproductive season. Furthermore, only the crop and stomach contents of four crowned pigeons at only two days and at two locations could be collected, so it is hardly possible to draw any scientific conclusion from these data. The samples were collected in the summer of 1997, when it had not rained for weeks, because of El Niño. Therefore the samples collected in Papua New Guinea might not represent their “normal” diet. Furthermore the samples were put into ethanol, immediately after taking them out of the bird (within an hour of being shot), and kept under these circumstances for about two months before analysing them. It was not possible to estimate the amount of dry matter within the food, because when removing the ethanol, also some water, enclosed in the food, was removed. Conclusion According to observations from the field researcher of Rotterdam Zoo, and other sources as well, it is known that they are feeding on seeds as well as on fruits. Most diets in captivity contain a wide range of fruits, seeds, cereals, vegetables and so on. A bird in its productive stage has other requirements than a bird, which only needs food for maintenance. A productive bird has a much higher demand for calcium and magnesium. Although there is much variation between diets in captivity and all institutions say that their birds are in good condition, in most cases the breeding results are poor. Deficiencies in the diet of the birds does not seem to have any visible effect on the birds. From this research project it turned out that differences in nutrient availability might be a cause for the poor breeding results and therefore more research into this topic is needed. The most striking difference between the diet for crowned pigeons in captivity and the wild is the ratio of crude fibre. It should be considered to supply the crowned pigeons with larger food parts, to stimulate the activities of their gastro-intestinal tract. If more crude fibre and large mineral stones should be fed to the birds, their gastro-intestinal tract would be more active, which will reduce stress and will lead to more natural behaviour. Furthermore the amount of protein, calcium and phosphorus is higher in captivity than in the wild and this can be a reason for the relatively high egg production in captivity. Of course there are more factors which can have an influence on the breeding results like zootechnic factors and stress. 92
EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS The EEP-coordinator for crowned pigeons, who is also nutritionist at Rotterdam Zoo, composed the following tentative directives for nutrition of crowned pigeons in captivity: 12- 15% of the dry matter should be protein, 7-10% fat, 10-30% fibre, 7-10% ash, 1-1.5% phosphorus and 2-3% calcium. Still very little is known about nutrition preferences and requirements of crowned pigeons and there are large differences in the results found by different researchers. The diet can be one of the factors responsible for the poor breeding results and therefore it should be advised to pay more attention to a better balanced diet. Also research into seasonal influences, both in the wild and in captivity should be carried out for optimal results into this topic to benefit the crowned pigeons welfare. Hopefully someone will have the opportunity to collect more data from the wild, because that still is considered to be the most natural situation, so we better take that as a guideline. References (1) Centraal Veevoederbureau. 1993. Voedernormen landbouwhuisdieren en voederwaarde veevoeders. Published by the Centraal Veevoederbureau, Lelystad. (in Dutch. English: Nutrient requirements of agricultural animals and nutritional value of forage). (2) Gennip, E.M.S.J. van. 1988. A functional morphological study of the feeding system in Pigeons (Columbia livia L.); behavioural flexibility and morphological plasticity. Thesis at the University of Leiden, The Netherlands. Krips Repro Meppel. (3) Griminger, P. 1983. Digestive system and nutrition. In: Abs, M (ed.) Psysiology and behaviour of the pigeon. Academic Press, London, England, pp. 19-39. (4) Hallebeek, A. 1995. Voeding kroonduiven. Thesis supervised by the Faculty of Animal Health, University of Utrecht. (in Dutch, English translation of this title: Nutrition of crowned pigeons) (5) Klasing, K.C. 1998. Comparative avian nutrition. CAB International, New York, USA. (6) National Research Institute. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Research Institute (NRC), Washington. (7) Robbins, Ch. T. 1993. Wildlife feeding and nutrition Edited by T.J. Cunha. Academic Press Inc. San Diego California, 2nd edition (8) The National Research Council 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. (9) Vogel, Dr. K. 1984. Die Taube: Biologie, Haltung, Fütterung. VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin (in German: English translation of this title: The pigeon: biology, husbandry and nutrition). 93
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European Studbook Number 4 Crowned
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EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS PROLOG
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