EEP Crowned pigeon number 4

European Studbook 

Number 4 

Crowned Pigeons 

- Goura cristata - Goura scheepmakeri - Goura victoria - 

Rotterdam Zoo Joeke Nijboer (EEP Species Coordinator) 

P.O. Box 532 & 

3000 AM Rotterdam Marc Damen 

The Netherlands September 2000 

Tel: +31 (0)10 4431 441 / 4431 431 

Fax: +31 (0)10 4431 414 / 4677 811 

E-mail: J.Nijboer@rotterdamzoo.nl

EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS PROLOGUE 

Acknowledgement 

This studbook would not have been completed without substantial contribution of Marc Damen 

and the editing help of my students Sofie van Wees and Esther Tieleman. 

Joeke Nijboer 

2


Prologue 

In the year 1598 AD, Portuguese sailors landing on the shores of the island of Mauritius 

discovered a previously unknown species of bird, the Dodo. Having been isolated by its 

island location from contact with humanity, the dodo greeted the new visitors with a childlike 

innocence. The sailors mistook the gentle spirit of the dodo, and its lack of fear of the 

new predators, as stupidity. They dubbed the bird ‘dodo’ (meaning something similar to a 

simpleton in the Portuguese tongue). Many dodos were killed by the human visitors, and 

those that survived man had to face the introduced animals. Dogs and pigs soon became 

feral when introduced to the Mauritian ecosystem. By the year 1681, the last dodo had died, 

and the world was left worse with its passing. 

In 1627 Mauritius was visited by an English adventurer, Thomas Herbert. The island was 

uninhabited by man, but there were a considerable number of weird looking, flightless birds, 

possessing what Herbert describes as ‘a melancholic look’. James Greenway in “Extinct and 

Vanishing Birds of the World” describes the dodo in these terms: 

“A large and heavily built bird, the Dodo is thought to have weighed fifty pounds. Its plumage 

was loose and wispy, more like the down of a chick than feathers, and was grey on the body, 

whitish on the belly and dark on the thighs. Its huge hooked bill was grey at the base and 

yellowish at the tip. Its tail is depicted as a clump of wispy white feathers positioned rather 

high on the back. The yellowish wings are generally shown hanging rather loosely at the side, 

quite inadequate for flight, they may have been used in fights with rivals. The Dodo’s very 

large yellow feet had black claws”. 

The Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) did not survive long after the first settlement of the Dutch in 

Mauritius in 1638.Even though they described the bird as ‘walgvogel’ meaning ‘disgusting to 

eat’ they certainly must have had fun clobbering the clumsy creatures that waddled up to 

them only to be hit on the head with a stout staff. In fact the name Dodo comes from the Dutch 

‘Dodars’ or ‘Dodoor’, meaning a sluggard or a stupid fool. 

The extinction of the dodo, however, was probably due mainly to dogs, hogs and monkeys 

which were introduced in to the island, and they had a particular weakness for the large, 

single egg that the dodo laid. By 1681, the dodo had been totally wiped out. Thus it became 

the first creature known to have become extinct due to the actions of man and other 

predators, and the destruction of its habitat. Almost everything we know about the superficial 

anatomy of this unique bird stems from a single picture, possibly painted from a live model, 

by the noted fifteenth century animal painter, Roland Savery. 

There are few museum remains of the dodo. There is a foot in the British museum, a cranium 

in Copenhagen, and a foot and a head in Oxford. In 1866, a schoolteacher, Georg Clark, 

discovered a large number of bones in a swamp in the south of the island of Mauritius. In 

fact, in the area which now houses the airport. (Ironically, the home of the flightless bird is 

now the meeting place of jet aircraft). The bones George Clark found were not enough to reconstitute 

an entire dodo. However, a complete skeleton, made up of the remains of several 

individuals, is to be found at Durban Museum. 

3


There is also a skeleton and reconstructed model in the Mauritius Institute Museum in Port 

Louis. Also a model of the dodo can be found in the Museum of Natural History in New York. 

But despite the regrettable extinction of the innocent dodo, its memory lives on, not only in 

Port Louis Museum, but also in a thousand other places on the island. Nowadays the dodo 

figures prominently on the national emblem, propping up the arms of Mauritius with a stiff 

left leg. It also appears on coins and paper currency, in club-emblems and on T-shirts and is 

the subject of countless souvenirs of Mauritius. Giant dodos have been sculpted in wood and 

stone. Precious tiny dodos in gold and diamonds have emerged from the jeweller’s table. The 

famous modern Mauritian painter Malcom de Chazal has painted dodos, and his motifs are 

converted into hand-woven tapestries. Mauritian ladies, instead of knitting booties, make 

patch work dodos, stuff them, and sell them as pin-cushions. Dodos rear their pretty heads on 

hand-tooled leather goods. Dodos are delicately re-created out of dried cane-leaves. Even the 

chefs of our star studded hotels occasionally come down with dodo fever and may be 

discovered secretly chiseling away a dodo ice-sculpture, or shaping the rotund backside of a 

dodo moulded in butter. Yes indeed, the dodo is dead, but long live the dodo! 

The tragedy of the dodo highlights the potential effects mankind can have upon the 

environment, and the ease with which humanity can disrupt the delicate balance of an 

ecosystem by eradicating a whole species. As one of the earliest examples of modern 

ecovandalism, the impact of the Portuguese sailors on Mauritius not only wiped out the 

famous dodo, but it disrupted nature further in unexpected ways. 

The Mauritian ‘calvaria’ tree, soon after the dodo bird became extinct, stopped sprouting 

seeds, and it appeared it would soon face extinction itself. While it was not initially apparent, 

the calvaria would only sprout seeds after having been eaten and digested by the dodo bird. 

Some scientists disagree on the connection between dodo and calvaria, but others believe that 

the dodo played an integral part in the spreading of calvaria seeds. Turkeys have been given 

seeds to digest, and it is believed they can perform a similar role. 

This story serves to highlight the dangerous implications of animal extinction, and why 

humanity must work to safeguard the environment and nature. The bio-diversity of our world 

must be protected, both for current and future generations. The dodo was such a unique 

species of a bird, that some three centuries later, it still is remembered as a symbol of the 

harm mankind can bring to the environment. As the memory of the dodo and the legacy of 

ecovandalism lives on, we must not forget to take heed of such a warning - particularly as 

more and more species are brought to the point of extinction. 

Crowned pigeons can also be easily hunted and could become 

“the dodo of the 21st century”. 

4

PROLOGUE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

SUMMARIES 

- 

5 

Table of Contents 

1.1 Summary of this Studbook 8 

1.2 Summary of the selected management data for Goura cristata EEP 9 

1.3 Summary of the selected management data for Goura scheepmakeri EEP 10 

1.4 Summary of the selected management data for Goura victoria EEP 11 

1.5 Recommendations for ex situ management 12 

INTRODUCTION 

2.1 Introduction 16 

2.2 Crowned pigeon Species Committee Members 17 

2.3 Crowned pigeon EEP Participants 18 

2.4 EAZA Pigeon & Dove TAG (minutes) 23 

GOURA CRISTATA 

3.1 Age distribution as of 31 December 1999 28 

3.2 Current Goura Cristata population as of 31 December 1999 29 

3.3 Births of Goura cristata 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 33 

3.4 Deaths of Goura cristata 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 36 

3.5 Transfers of Goura cristata 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 39 

GOURA SCHEEPMAKERI 


4.2 Current Goura Scheepmakeri population as of 31 December 1999 45 

4.3 Births of Goura scheepmakeri 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 48 

4.4 Deaths of Goura scheepmakeri 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 51 

4.5 Transfers of Goura scheepmakeri 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 54 

3

5 

6 

7 

8 

GOURA VICTORIA 

- 

6 

Table of Contents 


5.2 Current Goura Victoria population as of 31 December 1999 59 

5.3 Births of Goura victoria 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 66 

5.4 Deaths of Goura victoria 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 70 

5.5 Transfers of Goura victoria 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 & 1999 74 

RESEARCH 

6.1 Crowned pigeons: Species or sub-species? 80 

6.2 Nutrition of crowned pigeons in captivity and in the wild 89 

6.3 Reproductive life-span, generation time and longevity in crowned pigeons 94 

6.4 Comparison in time-budgets between crowned pigeons kept under different 97 

housing conditions 

6.5 Information on crowned pigeons in Papua New Guinea 

6.5.1 Ecology of crowned pigeons 

113 

6.5.2 General information on Papua New Guinea 119 

6.5.3 Threats for Papua New Guinea 126 

6.5.4 The Lakekamu Basin 128 

6.6 Results from the study in Papua New Guinea 

6.6.1 Observations and interviews 136 

6.7 Status and threats of crowned pigeons in Papua New Guinea 140 

6.7.1 Questions which have been asked to the Peace Corps People 140 

6.7.2 Results of the questionnaire 141 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE RESEARCH PROJECT IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

APPENDIX I 

APPENDIX II 

APPENDIX III 

Temperature and rainfall in the Lakekamu Basin 

Organisations in Papua New Guinea 

Additive Information on Papua New Guinea 

APPENDIX IV A) Results management survey 1999 (Goura Cristata) 

167 

B) Results management survey 1999 (Goura Scheepmakeri) 169 

C) Results management survey 1999 (Goura Victoria) 171 

APPENDIX V A) Results egg questionnaire 1999 (Goura Cristata) 175 

B) Results egg questionnaire 1999 (Goura Scheepmakeri) 177 

C) Results egg questionnaire 1999 (Goura Victoria) 178 

143 

145 

159 

160 

161

- 

Summaries 

7 

EE 

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1

EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS SUMMARIES 

1.1 Summary of this Studbook 

The First crowned pigeon EEP studbook was published in 1988, the second in 1989 and the 

third in 1994. Most of the animals included in the EEP are also registered in the international 

crowned pigeon studbook, kept by David Wetzel. A species committee for this EEP has been 

selected, and a committee meeting was held in 1997. Developments in the EEP have been 

reported annually in the EEP yearbooks, published by the EEP Executive Office in 

Amsterdam. 

At the moment a husbandry guideline is in preparation. This is necessary, because this might 

contribute improve the reproduction, which is a priority in the EEP goals. Although the 

cooperation within the EEP is improving, more effective exchange of birds has to be 

improved, according to the EEP guidelines. This means less attention has to be paid to the 

monetary value of the animals and more emphasis should be given to establish breeding pairs. 

Participants are encouraged to cooperate providing the information needed to develop 

husbandry guidelines and continually assess the status of animals and problems in the EEP. 

Accurate accounting of reproductive activities to the EEP coordinator is an important medium 

of providing the needed information. 

Summarized, the number of institutions participating in the crowned pigeon EEP has 

increased in the past few years. 53 institutes in 1994 and 58 institutes in 1999. The number of 

birds has also increased during the past few years. 50 Goura cristatas are born between 1995 

and 1999, 43 died. 52 Goura scheepmakeri are born between 1995 and 1999, 37 died. 78 

Goura victorias are born between 1995 and 1999, 54 died. 

In 1997, a research project was carried out in Papua New Guinea by Marc Damen, who is 

now working at “Burgers’ Zoo”, Arnhem (The Netherlands), to study the ecology of crowned 

pigeons in the wild. He also sampled some crop and stomach contents from crowned pigeons 

for analysing. His article summarises and compares the results of both investigations and can 

be found in this studbook. 

Hopefully the information included in this studbook will be of value to all of the crowned 

pigeon EEP participants, as without their contributions there would be no studbook and no 

program. The cooperation of all participants is highly appreciated, and we look forward to 

future efforts in ensuring together the survival of crowned pigeons in European collections for 

the generations to come. 

8


1.2 Summary of the selected management data 

for Goura cristata EEP 1995 - 1999 

Age distribution (See 3.1) 

The age of 53 individuals (30.5 males and 22.5 females) in the current population was known 

on 31 December 1999. There were 14 male specimens and 13 female specimens of unknown 

age. 

Current population size (See 3.2) 

The current population as of 31 December 1999 of the Goura cristata species consists of 

35.27.17 (Total: 79). 

Number of births and deaths (See 3.3 and 3.4) 

In 1995, 14 Goura cristata crowned pigeons were born and 10 died. 





Age of individuals at death during the period 1995 – 1999 

Age 0-30d 30d-1y 1 + -5y 5 + –10y 10 + -15y 15 + –20y 20 + y Total 

Est. 0 1 0 3 2 0 1 7 

Known 7 4 11 9 5 0 0 36 

Total 7 5 11 12 7 0 1 43 

Est. = estimated age, or minimum age, based on date of arrival 

Known = age known 

Estimated ages are based on date of arrival, thus the age at death for estimated age could be 

higher. The mortality of adults in the Goura cristata population did not differ a lot from the 

younger age categories. The 0-30 day group comprised only 16,3 % of all deaths. 

Transfers, Imports and Exports (See 3.5) 

20 transfers were made in 1995, 11 in 1996, 2 in 1997, 5 in 1998 and 6 in 1999. 2 crowned 

pigeons were transferred to unknown institutes at unknown dates. 

Conclusion 

Unfortunately in 1998 and 1999 the deaths exceeded the number of births. In 1995, 1996 and 

1997 the births exceeded the deaths. The population of the Goura cristata species is 

decreasing in the last two years (1998 – 1999) due to high mortality, despite the imports. 

9



for Goura scheepmakeri EEP 1995 –1999 



on 31 December 1999. There were 7 male specimens and 5 female specimens of unknown 

age. There was 1 unknown sex specimen of unknown age. 

Current population (See 4.2) 

The current population as of 31 December 1999 of the Goura scheepmakeri species consists 

of 22.26.5 (Total: 53). 


In 1995, 7 Goura scheepmakeri crowned pigeons were born and 4 died. 







Est. 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 4 

Known 11 7 1 9 4 1 0 33 

Total 11 7 1 12 4 2 0 37 



Estimated ages are based on date of arrival, thus the age at death for estimated age could be 

higher. The mortality of the younger age categories in the Goura scheepmakeri population 

was not very high in relation to the adult age categories. The 0-30 day group comprised 29,7 

% of all deaths. This is quite high. The 5 + –10y age category is also very high, this group 

comprised 32,4 % of all deaths. 


13 transfers were made in 1995, 7 in 1996, 6 in 1997, 4 in 1998 and 6 in 1999. 

Conlusion 

During the time spent 1995 till 1999 the Goura scheepmakeri species improved considerably. 

10



for Goura victoria EEP 



on 31 December 1999. The age of 8 male specimens and 22 female specimens were unknown. 

There was 1 unknown sex specimen of unknown age. 

Current population (See 5.2) 

The current population as of 31 December 1999 of the Goura victoria species consists of 

49.57.21 (total: 127). 


In 1995, 20 Goura victoria crowned pigeons were born and 9 died. 







Est. 0 0 1 4 2 5 3 15 

Known 14 4 6 11 4 0 0 39 

Total 14 4 7 15 6 5 3 54 



Estimated ages are based on dates of arrival, thus the age at death for estimated age could be 

higher. The 0-30 day group comprised 25,9 % of all deaths. This is quite high. The 5 + –10y 

age category is also very high, this group comprised 27,8 % of all deaths. 


10 transfers were made in 1995, 29 in 1996, 3 in 1997, 14 in 1998 and 7 in 1999. 

There were 3 crowned pigeons transfered to unknown institutes at unknown dates. 

Conclusion 

In 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998 the births exceeded the deaths. Unfortunately in 1999 the 

deaths exceeded the number of births. 

11


1.5 Recommendations for ex situ management 

A crowned pigeon EEP Species Committee meeting chaired by species coordinator Ing. Joeke 

Nijboer (Rotterdam) was held in 1997. It was agreed that the EEP would offer to take the 

seven remaining Goura scheepmakeri in North America as suggested by the crowned pigeon 

SSP. It was also agreed that a location to experiment with pair formation within a group of 

crowned pigeons would be searched for, as reproductive results might improve if the birds 

were given the opportunity to choose their own mates. It was suggested that the incoming 

group of Goura scheepmakeri would provide a good opportunity to make an attempt. It was 

proposed that the U.K. would focus on Goura victoria (Bolton, 1997). 

Nest heights: a pair of Goura victoria nested 3 - 4 m from the ground level when the choice is 

given, while a pair of Goura scheepmakeri at Copenhagen Zoo nested 2 - 2.5 m from the 

ground when given a free choice (Bolton, 1997). 

The goal for a breeding program for crowned pigeons determines whether seperate breeding 

programs for sub-species are required. If re-introduction of captive-born individuals into the 

original populations belongs to one of the topics in the future, even each island-form of the 

common crowned pigeon should be bred in separate enclosures. Hybridization of sub-species/ 

populations might be allowed when preservation of the captive population or introduction 

under semi-wild conditions are the only options. 

In the latter case, it is merely a matter of opinion where zoos show "pure" forms or a lookalike 

of a species. Hybridization will probably not result in outbreeding depression, which can 

occur when sub-species or populations are so genetically different that hybridization will 

result in offspring with reduced fitness (Templeton, et al., 1986). 

Outbreeding depression is expected to occur when isolated populations are genetically 

adapted to specific conditions in their environment. Since the (sub-)species of crowned 

pigeons seem to inhabit the same type of environment, special genetic adaptations are not 

expected. The three species of Goura seem not to differ in chromosomal features (De Boer 

and Belterman; Belterman and De Boer in Assink, 1988). Recent DNA-research (Bohmke and 

Patton in Wetzel, 1991) proved that the DNA pattern of the three species are so much 

different from each other, that the DNA pattern does not point to different sub-species, but 

must be considered as three species. 

The close affinity of the "pure" species, indicates that the period of isolation of their islandforms 

might be too short to develop large genetic differences (Assink, 1988). Assink 

suggested maintaining a breeding program for Goura victoria and also one for Goura cristata 

and don’t differ between the sub-species. The differences between the two subspecies of 

Goura scheepmakeri are larger, so he would like to start separate breeding programs for each 

subspecies of Goura scheepmakeri, but the low number of both populations does not allow a 

division into two breeding populations (Assink, 1988). 

The breeding success of crowned pigeons in captivity is low in comparison to the number of 

offsprings they can produce theoretically. It is important to know how many birds are 

required to maintain viable populations. 

12


The carrying capacity is determined by the so-called Minimal Viable Population size (MVP): 

the size of a population that is large enough to reduce genetic loss per generation to 

acceptable levels. Calculations show that the minimum population size needs to be at least 

240 individuals for each species (Assink, 1988). 

At the moment (data 31 December 1996), there only are 100 Common Crowned Pigeons, 137 

Victoria Crowned Pigeons and 70 Scheepmaker's Crowned Pigeons in the EEP programme 

(Rietkerk, et al. (Eds.), 1998). 

It is the aim of this EEP to try to stabilize the European population of crowned Pigeons 

(Nijboer, 1990). 

During the last years many wild crowned pigeons have been captured and illegally imported 

into Europe. Because of these illegal imports official steps have to be taken to take control of 

this situation (Nijboer, 1990). 

13


14

Introduction 

EEP Studbook Chapter 2 

15

EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS INTRODUCTION 

2.1 Introduction 

Herewith we proudly present the fourth edition of the EEP Studbook for crowned pigeons 

(Goura species). The EEP for crowned pigeons started 1987 and in the past 12 years the 

number of crowned pigeons registered in the program has increased substantially. 

Unfortunately this is not due to natural growth, but to legal imports and confiscation. 

In the wild crowned pigeons are disappearing rapidly. The famous ornithologist Bruce 

Beehler, who conducted a lot of studies in New Guinea, wrote about crowned pigeons: 

“The populations of crowned pigeons are quickly eliminated by hunters from any forest 

within a days walk of some village. For Papua New Guinea, at least, most forest tracts lie 

within a day’s walk of some village; thus the two species of crowned pigeons that inhabit 

Papua New Guinea are under threat. 

At this time it is critical that we initiate studies of the crowned pigeons for at least two 

reasons. First, we need to learn something about this genus, one of the more remarkable 

evolutionary products of the long isolation of New Guinea’s tropical humid forest. 

Second, we must learn something about the Goura in the wild in order to develop a strategy 

for its long-term protection” (Beehler, 1991). 

Zoos and birdparks can contribute considerably to improve the knowledge about these 

magnificent pigeons. This knowledge can be used by field workers to work more efficiently. 

On the contrary, field workers can, with the results of in situ studies, help institutions ex situ 

to improve the housing conditions in order to stimulate reproduction. In this way birdparks 

and zoos will be more better capable to build up a sustainable population which might be used 

(if necessary) to reintroduce birds into their natural habitat. Secondly, crowned pigeons can be 

used as a ‘flagship-species’ to impress the visitors with the fauna of New Guinea, which is a 

tool to protect New Guinea’s flora and fauna. 

This fourth edition of the EEP Studbook contains both data from the wild as well as from 

European institutions. First of all the current status of the three species of crowned pigeons is 

described. For each species attention is paid to the development of the EEP-population 

(births, deaths and transfers), the current EEP-population, founder representation and age 

distribution. The research chapter mainly focuses on research carried out in Papua New 

Guinea. Also a contribution to the discussion, whether crowned pigeons are species or subspecies, 

is published. Recently a time budget analysis of crowned pigeons kept under different 

housing conditions was carried out. This can be found in the research chapter, also with the 

information of longevity. The final chapter lists all publications of crowned pigeons and a lot 

of articles on their natural habitat. 

We sincerely hope this Studbook will contribute to the welfare of crowned pigeons, first in 

captivity and maybe later on also in the wild. We would like to thank all institutions and 

persons who contributed to this studbook, by submitting data or by giving comments on the 

third edition of the studbook or the draft edition of this studbook. Finally we would like to 

thank Rotterdam Zoo by giving financial support. We hope the birds will benefit from this. 

Ing. Joeke Nijboer (EEP Coordinator for crowned pigeons) & Marc Damen 

16


2.2 Crowned pigeons EEP Species Committee Members 

Rotterdam Zoo Joeke Nijboer 

EEP-coordinator 

Tel: +31-10-4431 441 

Fax: +31-10-4431 414 

E-mail: J.Nijboer@Rotterdamzoo.nl 

Catherine E. King 

Adivisor to the coordinator 

Tel: +31 10 4431 4412 

Fax: +31 10 4431 41 

E-mail: C.King@Rotterdamzoo.nl 

Bristol Zoo Duncan Bolton 

Tel: +44 117 970 6176 

Fax: +44 117 973 8915 

E-mail: dbolton@bristolzoo.uk 

Vogelpark Walsrode Dieter Rinke 

Tel: +49 5161 2015 

Fax: +49 5161 8210 

E-mail: office@vogelpark-walsrode.de 

Zool. Garden Bojnice Eric Kocner 

Tel: +421 862 5430 8604 

Fax: +421 862 5430 852 

E-mail: zooboj@isternet.sk 

Chester Zoo Roger Wilkinson 

Tel: +44 1244 650 280 

Fax: +44 1244 381 352 

E-mail: r.wilkinson@chesterzoo.co.uk 

London Zoo Simon Tonge 

Tel: +44 722 3333 

Fax: +44 722 2852 

E-mail: simon.tonge@ZSL.org 

Frankfurt Zoo Stefan Stadler 

Tel: +49 69 212 33 727 

Fax: +49 69 212 37 855 

E-mai: Stefan.Stadler@stadt-Frankfurt.de 

17


2.3 Crowned pigeons EEP Participants 

Vogelpark Schmiding 

Dr. W. Artmann 

Schmiding 19 

A-4631 Krengelbach 

AUSTRIA 

+ 43 7249 46566 

Al Azizia Gardens 

c/o Mr. Aziz Kanoo 

PO Box 45 Manama 

BAHRAIN 

+ 973 601411 

+ 973 246093 

Parc Paradisio S.H. 

Domaine de Cambron 1 

7940 Cambron-Castern 

BELGIUM 

+ 32 68 454594 

+ 32 68 454653 

+32 68 455405 

Zoological Garden Dvur Kralove n.L. 

Stefanikova 1029 

544 01 Dvur Kralove Nad Labem 

CZECH REPUBLIC 

+420 437 829 515 

+420 437 820 564 

Zoo Praha 

U trojskehe zamku 120/3 

171 00 Praha 7 


+420 2 688 0480 

+420 2 689 0369 

Zoologicka zahrada Liberec 

Masarykova 1347/31 

46001 Liberec 1 


+420 48 2710 6167 

+420 48 2710 618 

Copenhagen Zoo 

Sdr. Fasanvej 79 

2000 Frederiksberg 

DENMARK 

+45 3630 2555 

+45 3644 2455 

18 

Jesperhus Blomsterpark 

Legindvej 13 

7900 Nykobing Mors 

DENMARK 

+45 9772 32 00 

+45 9771 02 66 

Fuengirola Zoo 

Mr. Julio Diaz 

Camilo José Cela 6 

29640 Fuengirola, Malaga 

SPAIN 

+ 34 952 666 301 

Jardin Aux Oiseaux 

Upie 

26120 Chabeuil 

FRANCE 

+33 75 84 45 90 

+33 75 84 39 26 

Mr. J. Quinquarlet 

3 Rue Familongue 

34725 St. Andre de Sangles 

FRANCE 

Parc des Oiseaux 

01330 Villars les Dombes 

FRANCE 

+33 474 98 0554 

+33 474 98 2774 

Parc Henri de Lunaret 

Christian Hovette 

Avenue Agropolis 

F-34090 Montpellier 

FRANCE 

+ 33 467 41 45 57 

Parc Zoologique de Clères 

76690 Clères 

FRANCE 

+33 02 3533 2308 

+33 02 3533 5604


Zoo de Doué la Fontaine 

49700 Doue la Fontaine 

FRANCE 

+33 241 59 1858 

+33 241 59 2586 

Zoo de Mulhouse 

51 Rue du Jardin Zoologique 

68100 Mulhouse 

FRANCE 

+33 8931 8511 

+33 8931 8526 

Zoo la Palmyre 

17570 Les Mathes 

FRANCE 

+33 46224606 

+33 46236297 

Zoo Parc de Beauval 

Saint Aignan Sur Chez 

FRANCE 

+33 254 755 000 

+33 254 326 594 

Zoo Köln 

Theo Pagel 

680369 

50706 Köln 

GERMANY 

+49 221 778 51 11 

Mr. D. Schmidt 

Lagerbachtstrasse 23 

58644 Iserlohn 

GERMANY 

+49 2371 232229 

+49 2352 208021 

Mr. U. Ossenbruggen 

Westerfelder Weg 20 

24644 Timmaspe 

GERMANY 

+49 4392 6797 

Tierpark Bochum 

Klinikstrasse 49 

44791 Bochum 1 

GERMANY 

+49 350 290 

+49 350 2970 

19 

Tierpark Gettorf 

Suderstrasse 33 

24214 Gettorf 

GERMANY 

+49 4346 41600 

+49 4346 416060 

Vogelpark Walsrode 

Am Rieselbach 

29664 Walsrode 

GERMANY 

+49 5161 2015 

+49 5161 8210 

Wilhelma Zool. Bot. Garden 

Postfach 501227 

70342 Stuttgart 50 

GERMANY 

+49 71154020 

+49 7115402107 

+49 7115402222 

Zoo Augsburg 

Brehmplatz 1 

86161 Augsburg 

GERMANY 

+49 821555031 

+49 82156729 

Zoologischer Garten Berlin 

Hardenbergplatz 8 

10787 Berlin 

GERMANY 

+49 030254010 

+49 03025401255 

Zoologischer Garten Frankfurt 

Alfred-Brehm-Platz 16 

60316 Frankfurt 

GERMANY 

+49 69 212 33727 

+49 69 212 37855 

Zoologischer Garten Leipzig 

Pfaffendorfer Strasse 29 

04105 Leipzig 

GERMANY 

+49 341291001/2 

+49 341591742


Zoologischer Garten Wuppertal 

Hubertusallee 30 

42117 Wuppertal 

GERMANY 

+49 202 2747075 

+49 202 741888 

Bristol Zoo 

Clifton 

BS8 3HA Bristol 

UNITED KINGDOM 

+44 117 970 6176 

+44 117 973 8915 

Chester Zoo 

Canghall Road Upton 

CH2 1CH Chester 


+44 1244 650280 

+44 1244 381 352 

Paradise Park 

Glanmore Hayle 

TR27 4HY Cornwall 


+44 1736 753365 

+44 1736 756438 

Budapest Zoo 

Allatkerti U 6-12 

1371 Budapest Pf. 469 

HUNGARY 

+36 1 321 2527 

+36 1 343 0059 

Royal Zoological Society of Ireland 

Phoenix Park 

Dublin 8 

IRELAND 

+353 1 677 1425 

+353 1 677 1660 

Zoological Center Tel Aviv -RG 

PO Box 984 

52109 Ramat - Gan 

ISRAEL 

+972 3 6312181 

+972 3 6314774 

20 

Mario Stortoni 

Via Sambucheto N 58 - 62019 

Recanati - Macerata 

ITALY 

+39 71 986047 

+39 733 281190 

Amsterdam Zoo 

Plantage Kerklaan 38-40 

1018 CZ Amsterdam 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 20 52 33 400/404 

+31 20 52 33 419 

Burgers’ Zoo en Safari 

Schelmseweg 85 

6816 SH Arnhem 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 26 442 4534 

+31 26 443 0776 

De Vogelhof 

Boerenweg 66 

5944 EL Arcen 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 77 473 1272 

+31 77 473 2884 

Dierenpark de Vleut 

Broekdijk 15 

5680 AJ Best 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 499 37 1706 

+31 499 37 3147 

Fowl Oase 

Nieuwendijk 87 

5712 EK Someren 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 493 494 881 

+31 493 494 881


Kwekerij Dongemond Animals 

Boerenhoekstraat 44 

4921 KB Made 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 162 687 140 

+31 162 670 005 

Mr. A. Machielsen 

Buitenweg 3 

4841 DP Prinsenbeek 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 76 541 03 78 

Mr. R. Roosen 

Hoogstraat 25 

6245 LT Eysden 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 43 409 1196 

+31 43 409 1196 

Rotterdam Zoo 

Van Aerssenlaan 49 

3039 KE Rotterdam 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 10 4431 441 

+31 10 4431 414 

Vogelkwekerij de Koning 

Zijtaartse weg 8 

5491 SG St. Oedenrode 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 413 473 382 

+31 413 477 509 

Vogelpark Avifauna 

Hoorn 65 

2400 AA Alphen a/d Rijn 

NETHERLANDS 

+31 6 55 33 2936 

+31 172 487 544 

Belfast Zoo 

Antrim Road 

BT36 7PN Belfast 

NORTHERN IRELAND 

+44 1232 774 625 

+44 1232 370 578 

21 

Lisbon Zoological Garden 

Estrada de Benfica no 158 

1500 Lisboa 

PORTUGAL 

+351 1 726 8041 

+351 1 727 1856 

Mocow Zoo 

Bolshaya Gruzinskaya .1 

129242 Moscow 

RUSSIA 

+95 255 6034 

+95 973 2056 

Zooglogicka Zahrada Bojnice 

Zool. Zahr. Podzamok 1972 

972 01 Bojnice 

SLOVAKIA 

+421 862 5430 8604 

+421 862 5430 852 

Grupo Aspro Ocio 

Oquendo 23 2a planta 

28006 Madrid 

SPAIN 

+34 1 562 50 10 

+34 1 561 56 49 

Parque Zool. Paraiso de las Aves 

Panadera 16 La Palma Islas Canarius 

38750 El Paso 

SPAIN 

+34 22 486 160 

+34 22 486 160 

Zoo Barcelona 

Parc de la Ciutadella 

8003 Barcelona 

SPAIN 

+34 3 221 25 06 

+34 3 221 38 53 

Zoo Jerez 

c/ Taxdirt S/N 

11404 Jerez de la Frontera 

SPAIN 

+34 956 182 397 

+34 956 311 586


Voliere-Geselschaft Zürich 

Kirchbergstrasse 62 

8134 Adliswil 

SWITZERLAND 

+41 411 710 69 29 

+41 411 710 69 29 

22


2.4 EAZA Pigeon & Dove TAG (minutes) 

1. Information on organisation, structure & activities of TAG 

TAG Chair: Mr. Duncan A. Bolton 

Bristol Zoo Gardens 

Clifton, 

Bristol BS8 3HA 

United Kingdom 

TAG Members: Stefan Stadler (Frankfurt) 

David Jeggo (Jersey) 

Joeke Nijboer (Rotterdam) 

Dieter Rinke (Walsrode) 

Cathy King (Rotterdam) 

Current EEP's: Crowned Pigeons (Goura sp.) 

Pink Pigeon (Columba mayeri) 

Socorro Dove (Zenaida graysoni) 

European Studbooks: Bleeding heart pigeons (Gallicolumba luzonica 

and G. criniger) 

International Studbooks: Crowned pigeons (Goura sp.) 

TAG Chairs in other regions: North American Co-chairs 

Dave Wetzel, Jackson Zoological Park 

and Herb Roberts, Memphis Zoo 

EEP TAG meetings: 

A one day symposium was held at Bristol Zoo Gardens in May 1998 aimed to improve cooperation 

between public and private collections and also to inform a wider audience of the 

activities of the TAG and its members. Speakers from Madagascar, Europe and North 

America presented varied and interesting papers. 

A TAG meeting was held in Berlin during the EEP / EAZA Annual meeting in September 

1999. 

EEP TAG surveys: 

A survey of the full EAZA membership was carried out which included all recommended 

species and managed programs. The results will be published by EAZA. It indicates that for 

nearly all species on the recommended list numbers are higher than previously indicated. 

23


2. Information on developments in 1997 / 1998 

Several Mindanao bleeding heart (Gallicolumba criniger) doves were imported to the ESB 

population from the private sector in Belgium. As a result this population is now stronger and 

will provide useful information to aid in the management of the critically threatened Negros 

bleeding heart (G. keayi) in the Philippines. 

A proposal during the year to add the European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) to the 

recommended species list was agreed during the TAG meeting in September and Gary Clark, 

Tilgate Nature Centre, West Sussex, will act as contact for this species. 

3. Tag goals for 1998 / 1999 

1. To publish proceedings from the symposium held at Bristol Zoo Gardens in May 1998. 

(These will be produced through ABWAK). 

2. To continue to enhance links with the North American Co-chairs and improve cooperation. 

3. To forge links with field conservation work and encourage support wherever possible. 

4. To produce a TAG newsletter for circulation to all interested parties. 

EEP Pigeon TAG Regional Collection Plan Report 

EEP Species 

1. Mauritius pink pigeon (Columba mayeri) from Mauritius. 

2. Socorro dove (Zenaida graysoni) from the Socorro Islands. 

3. Common crowned pigeon (Goura cristata) from Northwest New Guinea and offshore 

islands. 

4. Scheepmakers crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri) form southern New Guinea. 

5. Victoria Crowned Pigeon (Goura Victoria), Jobi + Biak Island, Northern New Guinea. 

ESB Species 

1. Luzon bleeding heart pigeon (Gallicolumba luzonica) from the Philippines. 

2. Bartlett's dove (Gallicolumba criniger) from the Philippines. 

3. Pheasant pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis aruensis) from the Aru islands. 

24


Recommended Species 

1. Rock dove (Columba livia) from Western Europe, Northern Africa, Asia. 

2. Speckled dove (Columba guinea) from Ethiopia to South Africa. 

3. Stock dove (Columba oenas) Northwest Africa, Europe, Asia. 

4. Olive pigeon (Columba arquatrix) from Ethiopia and Angola to East Southern Africa. 

5. Salvin's pigeon (Columba oenops) from North Peru. 

6. Plain pigeon (Columba inornata) from Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Peru. 

7. Turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) from Europe, Asia, North Africa. 

8. Namaqua dove (Oena capensis) from Madagascar, Sudan, Arabia. 

9. Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica) from Southeast Asia, Australia. 

10. Bronzewing dove (Phaps chalcoptera), from Australia, Tasmania. 

11. Crested pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes) from Australia. 

12. White-fronted dove (Leptotila verreauxi) from Central and South America. 

13. Crested quail dove (Geotrygon versicolor) from Jamaica and the Greater Antilles. 

14. Nicobar pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) from Palau, the Philippines and the Solomon 

Islands. 

15. Golden heart ground pigeon (Gallicolumba rufigula) from New Guinea, Aru, Papuan 

Islands. 

16. Magnificent ground pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis), mountains of New Guinea. 

17. Pink-necked green pigeon (Treron vernans) from Malaysia to Java. 

18. Jambu fruit dove (Ptilinopus jambu) from Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. 

19. Magnificent fruit dove (Ptilinopus magnificus) from Northwest Australia and New 

Guinea. 

20. Superb fruit dove (Ptilinopus superbus) from Sulawesi, Aru, Northern New Guinea, 

Australia. 

21. Black-naped fruit dove (Ptilinopus melanospilla) from Sulawesi and Talut islands. 

22. Chestnut naped imperial pigeon (Ducula aenea paulina) from Sulawesi and Talut Islands. 

23. Pied imperial pigeon (Ducula bicolor) from India, Indonesia and the Southwest Pacific 

Islands. 

25


26

EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS GOURA CRISTATA 

Goura cristata 

27 

EEP Studbook Chapter 3


3.1 Age Distribution of Goura Cristata as of 31 December 1999 

Age Males N = 30.5 Females N = 22.5 

24- |X 

23- | 

22- | 

21- | 

20- | 

19- | 

18- | 

17- | 

16- | 

15- X|X 

14- | 

13- | 

12- XXX|X 

11- X| 

10- |X 

9- XX| 

8- X|X 

7- XXXXX|X 

6- XXX|XX 

5- ???|???XX 

4- X???????X 

3- XX| 

2- XX|X 

1- X|X 

0- ??|??X 

- - - - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - 

- - 

32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 

X >>> Specimens of known sex... 

? >>> Specimens of unknown sex... 

14 Male Specimens of unknown age... 

13 Female Specimens of unknown age... 

Number of Animals 

28


3.2 Current Goura Cristata population as of 31 December 1999 

Stud # |Sex | Hatch Date | Sire | Dam | Location | Date | Event | Housename | Identification| 

DVUR KRALOVE, CZECH REPUBLIC (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9609 M 25 May 1996 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 25 May 1996 Hatch 

DVURKRALV 04 Feb 1998 Transfer 

9711 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch 

DVURKRALV 09 May 1999 Transfer 

ZOO PRAHA, CZECH REPUBLIC (Subtotal: 1.2.0) 

8916 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band BC 213 

PRAHA 25 Apr 1989 Transfer 

9202 M 21 May 1992 7403 9012 WUPPERTAL 21 May 1992 Hatch 359/20 Tag/Band 9063 

PRAHA 14 Jul 1994 Loan to 

9505 F 24 Sep 1995 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 24 Sep 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 800030 

PRAHA 05 Feb 1998 Transfer 

CHESTER, ENGLAND (U.K.) (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8708 M 17 Jun 1987 WILD UNKNOWN BOCHUM 17 Jun 1987 Hatch 7 Tag/Band 

CHESTER 27 Mar 1990 Loan to BLUE LEFT 

9014 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ALPHEN 07 Jun 1990 Hatch Tag/Band 

CHESTER 02 Dec 1991 Transfer BLUE RIGHT 

JARDIN AUX OISEAUX, FRANCE (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8717 M 07 Aug 1987 8508 8509 CHABEUIL 07 Aug 1987 Hatch NO 2 

9102 F 06 Jun 1991 8508 8509 CHABEUIL 06 Jun 1991 Hatch NO 6 

ST. AIGNAN, FRANCE (Subtotal: 3.0.0) 

8801 M 23 Aug 1988 8508 8509 CHABEUIL 23 Aug 1988 Hatch NO 3 

FONTAINE 01 Jan 1990 Transfer 

ST AIGNAN 05 Feb 1999 Transfer 

9218 M 01 Jan 1992 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN SERVION 01 Jan 1992 Hatch 

ST AIGNAN 25 May 1995 Transfer 


ST AIGNAN 20 Jun 1995 Transfer 

ST. ANDRE DE SANGONIS, FRANCE (Subtotal: 1.0.0) 

9203 M 19 Jun 1992 8103 7702 DOMBES 19 Jun 1992 Hatch 

STAN. DE 24 Oct 1993 Transfer 

VILLARS LES DOMBES, FRANCE (Subtotal: 2.1.0) 

8103 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 109 

DOMBES 02 Jul 1970 Transfer 

8715 M 01 May 1987 8103 7702 DOMBES 01 May 1987 Hatch 102 

8716 F 20 Sep 1987 8103 7702 DOMBES 20 Sep 1987 Hatch 102 

BOCHUM, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8709 F 16 Jan 1989 8202 8707 BOCHUM 16 Jan 1989 Hatch 9 Tag/Band WHITE 

9809 M 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN OELDE 1998 Hatch 

BOCHUM 24 Feb 1999 Transfer 

29



ISERLOHN, GERMANY (Subtotal: 2.2.0) 

9216 M 03 Mar 1992 7605 8207 WALSRODE 03 Mar 1992 Hatch Tag/Band B 8510 

02 Feb 1993 Transfer 

ISERLOHN 22 Mar 1996 Transfer 

9225 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band AJ 950 

ISERLOHN 01 Jan 1992 Transfer 

9625 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 2520 


9710 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 2925 


LEIPZIG, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.0.0) 

8506 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN JURONG 03 Aug 1986 Hatch 

LEIPZIG 04 Aug 1986 Transfer 

TIMMASPE, GERMANY (Subtotal: 3.3.0) 

8804 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN TIMMASPE 21 Apr 1990 Transfer 

8925 M 1993 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN TIMMASPE 12 Aug 1994 Transfer Tag/Band 

SH00101064 

9108 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN TIMMASPE 16 Dec 1993 Transfer 

9310 F 27 Jul 1993 7605 8207 WALSRODE 27 Jul 1993 Hatch Tag/Band B 8538 

TIMMASPE 01 Sep 1995 Transfer 

9315 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 

TIMMASPE 25 Jun 1993 Transfer AZ 804 93 0071 

9413 M 01 Jan 1994 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN DANNENBUR 01 Jan 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

TIMMASPE 02 Jul 1995 Transfer WPA 3770 

WALSRODE, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

7605 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band B 8126 

WALSRODE 20 Feb 1976 Transfer 

8207 F 1975 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band B 8127 

WALSRODE 20 Feb 1976 Transfer 

WUPPERTAL, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9005 M 22 Jun 1990 8202 8707 BOCHUM 22 Jun 1990 Hatch 11 Tag/Band ORANGE 

WUPPERTAL 14 Jul 1994 Loan to 

9012 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 341/24 

WUPPERTAL 07 Nov 1990 Transfer 

BUDAPEST ZOOL & BOTANICAL GARDEN, HUNGARY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 


BOJNICE 01 Dec 1994 Transfer 

BUDAPEST 02 Dec 1994 Transfer 

9704 M 24 Dec 1997 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 24 Dec 1997 Hatch 

TEL AVIV, ISRAEL (Subtotal: 1.0.0) 

7900 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch 

TEL AVIV 01 Jan 1979 Transfer 

30



RECANATI - MACERATA, ITALY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8512 F 01 Jan 1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN PISA 01 Jan 1985 Hatch 

RECANATI 01 Sep 1988 Loan to 

8513 M 01 Jan 1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN PISA 01 Jan 1985 Hatch 

RECANATI 01 Sep 1986 Loan to 

ALPHEN A/D RIJN, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 2.1.0) 

8305 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 045285 

ALPHEN 31 Dec 1983 Transfer 

8306 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 04042 



ALPHEN 31 Dec 1983 Transfer BLIJDORP/L027 

BEST, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 1.0.0) 

8719 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 

OISTERWIJ 01 Jan 1987 Transfer 

BEST 08 Feb 1993 Transfer 

EIJSDEN, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 4.6.4) 

9313 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN GOCH 01 Jan 1993 Hatch Tag/Band 0080 

WEERT 15 Oct 1993 Transfer 

EIJSDEN 24 Nov 1995 Transfer 

9411 F 18 Jun 1994 9313 9002 WEERT 18 Jun 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 087 


9415 M 01 Jan 1994 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN HARD 01 Jan 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 24 Jun 1995 Transfer 3949/94 

9416 F 01 Jan 1994 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN HARD 01 Jan 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 24 Jun 1995 Transfer 3988/94 

9512 F 01 Jan 1995 9313 9002 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 95/60 


9618 F UNKNOWN 9415 9411 EIJSDEN UNKNOWN Hatch 

9619 M UNKNOWN 9313 9416 EIJSDEN UNKNOWN Hatch 

9708 M 01 Jan 1997 9313 9002 EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1997 Hatch 

9709 F 01 Jan 1997 9415 9411 EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1997 Hatch 

9808 F 06 Jun 1998 9415 9411 EIJSDEN 06 Jun 1998 Hatch 

9905 U 12 Aug 1999 9313 9416 EIJSDEN 12 Aug 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/391 

9906 U 15 May 1999 9415 9411 EIJSDEN 15 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/396 

9907 U 20 Jul 1999 9619 9618 EIJSDEN 20 Jul 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/397 

9908 U 14 Apr 1999 9313 9416 EIJSDEN 14 Apr 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/393 

ST. OEDENRODE, THE NETHERLANDS (1) (Subtotal: 0.0.13) 

9513 U 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN SINGAPORE 01 Jan 1995 Hatch 

ST. OEDEN 02 Jan 1995 Transfer 









31




















BOJNICE, SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Subtotal: 0.1.0) 

9115 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 

BOJNICE 08 Apr 1991 Transfer RING (PVC) 

BARCELONA, SPAIN (Subtotal: 5.3.0) 

8812 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band T0177 

BARCELONA 28 Feb 1988 Loan to 

8813 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Transponder ID 

BARCELONA 28 Feb 1988 Loan to 00-0014-GCF8 

8822 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Transponder ID 

BARCELONA 10 Mar 1988 Loan to 00-0015-ECB7 

8824 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Transponder ID 

BARCELONA 28 Feb 1988 Loan to 00-004F-7A73 

9210 F 24 May 1992 8810 8813 BARCELONA 24 May 1992 Hatch PUNKY Transponder ID 

00-0017-A846 

9215 M 06 Oct 1992 8810 8813 BARCELONA 06 Oct 1992 Hatch PITUFO Transponder ID 

00-0026-8B82 

9511 M 05 Aug 1995 8810 8813 BARCELONA 05 Aug 1995 Hatch Transponder ID 

00-0124-0490 

9901 F 14 Oct 1999 8822 9210 BARCELONA 14 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

00-0214-58C1 

EL PASO, LA PALMA, SPAIN (Subtotal: 1.0.0) 

9624 M 22 Dec 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN BERLIN TP 22 Dec 1996 Hatch Tattoo 

LA PALMA 01 Jan 1998 Transfer 00-01C6-15F7 

TOTALS: 35.27.17 (79) 

23 Institutions 

32


3.3 Births of Goura Cristata 1995 - 1999 

Stud #|Sex| Hatch Date | Sire | Dam | Location | Date | Event | Identification |Rearing| 

Births during: 1995 (Subtotal: 2.2.10) 

9501 U 01 Jan 1995 8925 8804 TIMMASPE 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Parent 

03 Jan 1995 Death 

9508 U 01 Jan 1995 8719 8720 BEST 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Parent 


9512 F 01 Jan 1995 9313 9002 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 95/60 Parent 


9513 U 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN SINGAPORE 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Parent 












9510 U UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Parent 

BARCELONA 10 May 1995 Loan to 

10 May 1995 Death 

9504 M 15 Jun 1995 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 15 Jun 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 800011 Parent 

BOJNICE 27 Jan 1998 Transfer 

01 Feb 1998 Death 

9511 M 05 Aug 1995 8810 8813 BARCELONA 05 Aug 1995 Hatch Transponder I.D Parent 

00-0124-0490 

9507 U 15 Aug 1995 9007 9216 WALSRODE 15 Aug 1995 Hatch Parent 


9505 F 24 Sep 1995 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 24 Sep 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 800030 Parent 

PRAHA 05 Feb 1998 Transfer 

Births during: 1996 (1) (Total 1/2: 6.1.10) 





33



Births during: 1996 (2) 











9618 F UNKNOWN 9415 9411 EIJSDEN UNKNOWN Hatch Parent 

9619 M UNKNOWN 9313 9416 EIJSDEN UNKNOWN Hatch Parent 

9625 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 2520 Parent 


9601 U 11 Feb 1996 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 11 Feb 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 800032 Parent 


9608 M 20 Apr 1996 8409 9111 JERLAFRON 20 Apr 1996 Hatch Parent 

JEREZ ZOO 01 Jan 1999 Transfer 

UNKNOWN Death 

9609 M 25 May 1996 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 25 May 1996 Hatch Parent 


9604 U 22 Jun 1996 8708 9014 CHESTER 22 Jun 1996 Hatch Parent 

25 Jun 1996 Death 

9610 M 10 Jul 1996 7605 8207 WALSRODE 10 Jul 1996 Hatch Tag/Band C 7660 Parent 

07 Sep 1999 Death 

9605 U 14 Jul 1996 8708 9014 CHESTER 14 Jul 1996 Hatch Parent 

19 Jul 1996 Death 

9624 M 22 Dec 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN BERLIN TP 22 Dec 1996 Hatch Tattoo Parent 

LA PALMA 01 Jan 1998 Transfer 00-01C615F7 

Births during: 1997 (1) (Subtotal: 3.5.1) 

9708 M 01 Jan 1997 9313 9002 EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1997 Hatch Parent 

9709 F 01 Jan 1997 9415 9411 EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1997 Hatch Parent 

9710 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 2925 Parent 


9711 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Unknown 


9701 U 14 May 1997 8202 8709 BOCHUM 14 May 1997 Hatch Parent 


9705 F 25 May 1997 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 25 May 1997 Hatch Parent 

LIBEREC 26 Mar 1998 Transfer 


34


Stud #|Sex| Hatch Date | Sire | Dam | Location | Date | Event | Identification | Rearing 


9702 F 06 Jul 1997 8305 8306 ALPHEN 06 Jul 1997 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

15 Jan 2000 Death AVI.93.311 

9703 M 29 Sep 1997 7605 8207 WALSRODE 29 Sep 1997 Hatch Parent 


9704 M 24 Dec 1997 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 24 Dec 1997 Hatch Parent 


9809 M 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN OELDE 1998 Hatch Unknown 

BOCHUM 24 Feb 1999 Transfer 

9802 U 15 Feb 1998 8305 8306 ALPHEN 15 Feb 1998 Hatch Parent 


9808 F 06 Jun 1998 9415 9411 EIJSDEN 06 Jun 1998 Hatch Parent 

9803 U 21 Jun 1998 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 21 Jun 1998 Hatch Parent 



9908 U 14 Apr 1999 9313 9416 EIJSDEN 14 Apr 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/393 Unknown 

9906 U 15 May 1999 9415 9411 EIJSDEN 15 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/396 Unknown 

9907 U 20 Jul 1999 9619 9618 EIJSDEN 20 Jul 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/397 Unknown 

9905 U 12 Aug 1999 9313 9416 EIJSDEN 12 Aug 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/391 Unknown 

9909 U 13 Sep 1999 8715 8716 DOMBES 13 Sep 1999 Hatch Hand 


9901 F 14 Oct 1999 8822 9210 BARCELONA 14 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

00-0214-58C1 

TOTALS: 12.10.28 (50) 

35


3.4 Deaths of Goura Cristata 1995 - 1999 

Stud #|Sex | Death-date | Hatch Date | Sire | Dam | Location | Date | Event | Identification| 

Deaths during: 1995 (Subtotal: 3.4.3) 

9011 F 01 Jan 1995 22 Dec 1990 8103 7702 DOMBES 22 Dec 1990 Hatch 

STAN. DE 24 Oct 1993 Transfer 


9501 U 03 Jan 1995 01 Jan 1995 8925 8804 TIMMASPE 01 Jan 1995 Hatch 


9508 U 03 Jan 1995 01 Jan 1995 8719 8720 BEST 01 Jan 1995 Hatch 


8504 M 18 Jan 1995 31 Dec 1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 31 Dec 1985 Hatch 

BUDAPEST 31 Dec 1985 Transfer 

BOJNICE 28 Jun 1994 Transfer 


8917 F 05 Feb 1995 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band P 2 

PRAHA 25 Apr 1989 Transfer 


9510 U 10 May 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch 

BARCELONA 10 May 1995 Loan to 


9212 M 20 Oct 1995 22 Feb 1992 8202 8707 BOCHUM 22 Feb 1992 Hatch Transponder I.D 

20 Oct 1995 Death 00-0019-4D19 

9105 F 07 Dec 1995 14 Sep 1991 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ARCEN 14 Sep 1991 Hatch Tag/Band R 2645 

FONTAINE 03 Apr 1993 Loan to 

07 Dec 1995 Death 

8803 M 18 Dec 1995 21 Apr 1990 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN TIMMASPE 21 Apr 1990 Hatch 


8825 F 18 Dec 1995 1993 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN TIMMASPE 12 Aug 1994 Transfer Tag/Band 

18 Dec 1995 Death SH00100817 

Deaths during: 1996 (1) (Subtotal 1/2: 4.5.3) 

9404 F 09 Jan 1996 14 May 1994 7605 8207 WALSRODE 14 May 1994 Hatch Tag/Band B 8856 


8802 F 16 Jan 1996 1988 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band B 304 

LISBON 04 Dec 1988 Loan to 

WALSRODE 08 Mar 1995 Transfer 


9507 U 16 Jan 1996 15 Aug 1995 9007 9216 WALSRODE 15 Aug 1995 Hatch 


8212 M 13 Mar 1996 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band B 8049 

WALSRODE 02 Jun 1982 Transfer 

13 Mar 1996 Death 

8508 M 18 Mar 1996 1986 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 

CHABEUIL 06 Aug 1986 Transfer 


8909 M 25 Mar 1996 23 Jun 1989 8715 8716 DOMBES 23 Jun 1989 Hatch 

MONTPELLI 23 Mar 1990 Transfer 


8720 F 27 May 1996 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 

OISTERWIJ 01 Aug 1987 Transfer 

BEST 08 Feb 1993 Transfer 


36



Deaths during: 1996 (2) 

9604 U 25 Jun 1996 22 Jun 1996 8708 9014 CHESTER 22 Jun 1996 Hatch 


9605 U 19 Jul 1996 14 Jul 1996 8708 9014 CHESTER 14 Jul 1996 Hatch 


8911 F 29 Jul 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN OSIJEK 01 Jan 1986 Hatch 

LIBEREC 13 May 1989 Transfer 


9004 F 27 Aug 1996 14 Aug 1989 8202 8707 BOCHUM 14 Aug 1989 Hatch Tag/Band Red 

27 Aug 1996 Death 

8810 M 14 Oct 1996 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Transponder I.D 

BARCELONA 28 Feb 1988 Loan to 00-0017-9F18 

14 Oct 1996 Death 


7702 F 28 Jan 1997 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 

DOMBES 26 Jan 1977 Transfer 


8607 F 10 Mar 1997 01 Jun 1986 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ALPHEN 01 Jun 1986 Hatch Tag/Band Yellow 

ARCEN 01 May 1988 Transfer 


9701 U 14 Jul 1997 14 May 1997 8202 8709 BOCHUM 14 May 1997 Hatch 


Deaths during: 1998 (1) (Subtotal: 6.2.3) 

9017 F 13 Jan 1998 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 645 

ADLISWIL 08 Jun 1990 Transfer 


9601 U 28 Jan 1998 11 Feb 1996 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 11 Feb 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 800032 


9504 M 01 Feb 1998 15 Jun 1995 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 15 Jun 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 800011 

BOJNICE 27 Jan 1998 Transfer 


9802 U 22 Feb 1998 15 Feb 1998 8305 8306 ALPHEN 15 Feb 1998 Hatch 


9703 M 28 Feb 1998 29 Sep 1997 7605 8207 WALSRODE 29 Sep 199 Hatch 


9314 M 23 Mar 1998 30 Sep 1993 8307 8210 ALPHEN 30 Sep 1993 Hatch Tag/Band 

LONDON 01 Feb 1996 Loan to AVI 93 325 


8202 M 24 Mar 1998 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band Yellow 

BOCHUM 24 Sep 1982 Transfer 


9320 F 22 May 1998 01 Jan 1993 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN BEAUVAL 01 Jan 1993 Hatch 

FONTAINE 27 Apr 1993 Loan to 


9803 U 29 Jun 1998 21 Jun 1998 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 21 Jun 1998 Hatch 


8910 M 13 Sep 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN OSIJEK 01 Jan 1986 Hatch 

LIBEREC 13 May 1989 Transfer 


37




8703 M 21 Dec 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN NEW GUINE 18 Feb 1988 Hatch 

SINGAPORE 19 Feb 1988 Transfer 

BUDAPEST 27 May 1988 Transfer 



9608 M UNKNOWN 20 Apr 1996 8409 9111 JERLAFRON 20 Apr 1996 Hatch 

JEREZ ZOO 01 Jan 1999 Transfer 

UNKNOWN Death 

9002 F 14 Feb 1999 1989 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 12 RE 

WEERT 14 Jun 1990 Transfer 



9013 M 24 May 1999 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 675 

ADLISWIL 08 Jun 1990 Transfer 


9705 F 23 Jul 1999 25 May 1997 8703 9114 BUDAPEST 25 May 1997 Hatch 

LIBEREC 26 Mar 1998 Transfer 


8509 F 18 Aug 1999 1985 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 

CHABEUIL 30 Aug 1985 Transfer 

DOMBES 24 Nov 1997 Transfer 


9610 M 07 Sep 1999 10 Jul 1996 7605 8207 WALSRODE 10 Jul 1996 Hatch Tag/Band C 7660 


9909 U 28 Sep 1999 13 Sep 1999 8715 8716 DOMBES 13 Sep 1999 Hatch 


TOTALS: 16.16.11 (43) 

38


3.5 Transfers of Goura Cristata 1995 - 1999 

Stud # | Sex | Hatch Date | Location | Date | Event | Local ID | 

Transfers in 1995 

9513 U 01 Jan 1995 SINGAPORE 01 Jan 1995 Hatch UNKNOWN 

ST. OEDEN 02 Jan 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 











8802 F 1988 LISBON 04 Dec 1988 Loan to 2782 

WALSRODE 08 Mar 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9510 U UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch UNKNOWN 

BARCELONA 10 May 1995 Loan to 4565 


9218 M 01 Jan 1992 SERVION 01 Jan 1992 Hatch UNKNOWN 

ST AIGNAN 25 May 1995 Transfer 98349 

9321 M 01 Jan 1993 SERVION 01 Jan 1993 Hatch B 2865 

ST AIGNAN 20 Jun 1995 Transfer 98350 

9415 M 01 Jan 1994 HARD 01 Jan 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 24 Jun 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9416 F 01 Jan 1994 HARD 01 Jan 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 24 Jun 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9413 M 01 Jan 1994 DANNENBUR 01 Jan 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

TIMMASPE 02 Jul 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9310 F 27 Jul 1993 WALSRODE 27 Jul 1993 Hatch UNKNOWN 

TIMMASPE 01 Sep 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9009 M 20 Mar 1990 MONTPELLI 18 Mar 1991 Loan to UNKNOWN 

UNKNOWN 14 Oct 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9010 M 23 Mar 1990 MONTPELLI 18 Mar 1991 Loan to UNKNOWN 

UNKNOWN 14 Oct 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9002 F 1989 WEERT 14 Jun 1990 Transfer UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 24 Nov 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9313 M UNKNOWN WEERT 15 Oct 1993 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9411 F 18 Jun 1994 WEERT 18 Jun 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 


9512 F 01 Jan 1995 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch UNKNOWN 


39




9625 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch UNKNOWN 

ISERLOHN 01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 















9314 M 30 Sep 1993 ALPHEN 30 Sep 1993 Hatch 3134 

LONDON 01 Feb 1996 Loan to B 2865 


9007 M 24 Jun 1990 WALSRODE 27 Apr 1992 Transfer UNKNOWN 

ISERLOHN 22 Mar 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9216 M 03 Mar 1992 WALSRODE 02 Feb 1993 Transfer UNKNOWN 



9710 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch UNKNOWN 


8509 F 1985 CHABEUIL 30 Aug 1985 Transfer UNKNOWN 

DOMBES 24 Nov 1997 Transfer V97151 



9624 M 22 Dec 1996 BERLIN TP 22 Dec 1996 Hatch UNKNOWN 

LA PALMA 01 Jan 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9504 M 15 Jun 1995 BUDAPEST 15 Jun 1995 Hatch 000684 

BOJNICE 27 Jan 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9609 M 25 May 1996 BUDAPEST 25 May 1996 Hatch 001132 

DVURKRALV 04 Feb 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9505 F 24 Sep 1995 BUDAPEST 24 Sep 1995 Hatch 000783 

PRAHA 05 Feb 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9705 F 25 May 1997 BUDAPEST 25 May 1997 Hatch 002113 

LIBEREC 26 Mar 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 


40




9608 M 20 Apr 1996 JERLAFRON 20 Apr 1996 Hatch UNKNOWN 

JEREZ ZOO 01 Jan 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

UNKNOWN Death 

8801 M 23 Aug 1988 FONTAINE 01 Jan 1990 Transfer 41GC1 

ST AIGNAN 05 Feb 1999 Transfer 98351 

9809 M 1998 OELDE 1998 Hatch E0099 

BOCHUM 24 Feb 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

8914 M 1986 GETTORF 07 Oct 1987 Transfer 8914 

IRGENOED 13 Apr 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

8915 F 1989 GETTORF 01 Aug 1990 Transfer 8915 

IRGENOED 13 Apr 1999 Transfer 8915 


DVURKRALV 09 May 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

Transfers to UNKNOWN institutes 

8413 U 24 Sep 1984 GRUPO ASP 24 Sep 1984 Hatch UNKNOWN 

UNKN UNKNOWN Transfer UNKNOWN 


UNKN UNKNOWN Transfer UNKNOWN 

41


42

Goura scheepmakeri 

43 


EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS GOURA SCHEEPMAKERI 

4.1 Age Distribution of Goura Scheepmakeri as of 31 December 1999 


17- |X 

16- | 

15- | 

14- X| 

13- | 

12- | 

11- |X 

10- |X 

9- |X 

8- X|X 

7- |XXXX 

6- |X 

5- XXX|X 

4- X|X 

3- XXX|XX 

2- XX|XX 

1- X?|?XX 

0- XXX?|?XXX 

- - - - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - 

- - 

32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 






1 Unknown sex Specimens of unknown age... 

44


4.2 Current Goura Scheepmakeri population as of 31 December 1999 


AL AZIZIA, BAHRAIN (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9607 M 01 Jan 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 01 Jan 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 

AL AZIZIA 02 Jan 1996 Transfer ABR 09-002 


01 Jan 1996 Transfer ABR 10-002 

AL AZIZIA 02 Jan 1996 Transfer 

COPENHAGEN, DENMARK (Subtotal: 3.3.0) 

9211 F 01 Sep 1992 8406 8804 WALSRODE 01 Sep 1992 Hatch Tag/Band B 7569 

10 Aug 1993 Transfer 

COPENHAGN 03 Feb 1994 Transfer 

9702 M 05 May 1997 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 05 May 1997 Hatch Tag/Band 

COPENHAGN 21 Apr 1998 Transfer DB97-275 

9707 F 20 Feb 1997 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 20 Feb 1997 Hatch 

9803 M 03 Mar 1998 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 03 Mar 1998 Hatch 

9904 M 19 May 1999 9702 UNKNOWN COPENHAGN 19 May 1999 Hatch 

9905 F 22 Nov 1999 9702 UNKNOWN COPENHAGN 22 Nov 1999 Hatch 

MULHOUSE, FRANCE (Subtotal: 1.1.2) 

7802 M 1985 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 25 ZM 89 LEFT 

AGRATE 01 Jan 1987 Transfer 

MULHOUSE 01 Jul 1989 Transfer 

9602 F 14 Apr 1996 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 14 Apr 1996 Hatch 

MULHOUSE 12 Jun 1997 Transfer 

9806 U 27 Aug 1998 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 27 Aug 1998 Hatch Identification 

1 ZM 98 

9909 U 02 Jul 1999 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 02 Jul 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

2 ZM 99 (R) 

GETTORF, GERMANY (Subtotal: 2.2.0) 

9203 F 05 Nov 1992 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 05 Nov 1992 Hatch Tag/Band 

GETTORF 29 Jul 1993 Loan to DB 92-123 


GOCH 01 Jan 1997 Transfer 

GETTORF 06 Dec 1998 Transfer 

9911 F 30 Apr 1999 9709 9203 GETTORF 30 Apr 1999 Hatch 

9912 M 26 Sep 1999 9709 9203 GETTORF 26 Sep 1999 Hatch 


9605 F 09 Aug 1996 8506 9212 WALSRODE 09 Aug 1996 Hatch Tag/Band C 7693 

ISERLOHN 17 May 1997 Transfer 

9606 M 03 Sep 1996 8408 8607 WALSRODE 03 Sep 1996 Hatch Tag/Band C 7694 


9620 U UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band C 7694 


45




8408 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band B8079 

WALSRODE 31 Dec 1984 Transfer 

8607 F 03 Aug 1989 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 03 Aug 1989 Hatch Tag/Band B 8519 

WALSRODE 18 Oct 1991 Transfer 

9212 F 18 Sep 1992 8410 8505 WALSRODE 18 Sep 1992 Hatch Tag/Band B 7567 


9704 M 11 Dec 1997 8408 8607 WALSRODE 11 Dec 1997 Hatch 

9901 U 29 Sep 1999 9704 9212 WALSRODE 29 Sep 1999 Hatch 

EIJSDEN, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 2.6.0) 

8604 F 15 May 1988 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 15 May 1988 Hatch Identification 

WEERT 02 May 1990 Transfer L015 R 


9103 F 20 Oct 1991 8410 8505 WALSRODE 20 Oct 1991 Hatch Tag/Band B 7573 

20 Oct 1993 Transfer 

EIJSDEN 13 Feb 1997 Transfer 

9205 F 01 Jun 1992 UNKNOWN 8604 WEERT 01 Jun 1992 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 01 May 1995 Transfer 92-780-48 

9416 M 18 Jun 1994 UNKNOWN 8604 WEERT 18 Jun 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 088 


9418 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN GOCH 01 Sep 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1995 Transfer WPA 36 53/94 

9518 F UNKNOWN 8704 8604 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 61 


9519 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 9016 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Identification 

EIJSDEN 24 Nov 1995 Transfer 95/67 

9703 F 13 Oct 1997 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 13 Oct 1997 Hatch 


ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 3.4.0) 

8202 F 12 Jul 1982 6802 UNKNOWN ROTTERDAM 12 Jul 1982 Hatch L056 R/ Tag/Band 

REDBRW R L056 R/REDBRW R 

8403 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture L143 L Tag/Band L143 L 

ROTTERDAM 31 Oct 1984 Transfer 

9012 M 01 Aug 1991 8410 8505 WALSRODE 01 Aug 1991 Hatch ORNISF3 1990 Tag/Band C 7349 


COPENHAGN 03 Feb 1994 Transfer 

ROTTERDAM 28 Apr 1998 Transfer 

9304 F 28 Jun 1993 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 28 Jun 1993 Hatch Tag/Band 

DB93-326 right 

9809 F 10 Sep 1998 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 10 Sep 1998 Hatch B1c-6 Tag/Band 

DB 98-301 

9902 F 18 Jul 1999 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 18 Jul 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

DB99-359(RIGHT) 

9913 M 27 Jan 1999 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 27 Jan 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

ST. OEDEN 23 Feb 2000 Transfer DB99-356 


9005 F 17 Jun 1990 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 17 Jun 1990 Hatch Tag/Band R 1470 

ST. OEDEN 24 Jul 1991 Loan to 

9011 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 8604 WEERT 07 Jun 1990 Hatch 

ST. OEDEN 01 Jul 1991 Transfer 

9408 F 11 Mar 1994 8408 8607 WALSRODE 11 Mar 1994 Hatch Tag/Band C 7524 

ST. OEDEN 09 Aug 1996 Transfer 

46



ST. OEDENRODE, THE NETHERLANDS (2) 

9411 M 01 Nov 1994 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 01 Nov 1994 Hatch 

ST. OEDEN 07 Dec 1995 Loan to 

9501 F 22 Mar 1995 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 22 Mar 1995 Hatch B44-3 Tag/Band 

ST. OEDEN 03 Sep 1996 Loan to DB 95-268 

9510 M 01 Jan 1995 9411 9011 ST. OEDEN 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 

DA 06-95-441 

9614 M 01 May 1996 9411 9011 ST. OEDEN 01 May 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 

DA 06 381-96 

9615 M 01 Jul 1996 9411 9011 ST. OEDEN 01 Jul 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 

DA 06 382-96 

9801 U 01 Jan 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ST. OEDEN 01 Jan 1998 Hatch Tag/Band 

DA06 98 228 



BOJNICE 08 Apr 1991 Transfer 


BOJNICE 09 Apr 1991 Transfer 

JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA, SPAIN (Subtotal: 0.1.0) 

9808 F 07 Mar 1998 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 07 Mar 1998 Hatch Tag/Band 

JEREZ ZOO 10 Feb 1999 Loan to DB 98-304 

MADRID, SPAIN (Subtotal: 2.0.0) 


GRUPO ASP 24 Sep 1984 Transfer 



TOTALS: 22.26.5 (53) 


47


4.3 Births of Goura Scheepmakeri 1995 - 1999 



9510 M 01 Jan 1995 9411 9011 ST. OEDEN 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DA 06-95-441 

9518 F UNKNOWN 8704 8604 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 61 Parent 


9519 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 9016 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Identification Parent 

EIJSDEN 24 Nov 1995 Transfer 95/67 

9501 F 22 Mar 1995 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 22 Mar 1995 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

ST. OEDEN 03 Sep 1996 Loan to DB 95-268 

9515 M 23 Mar 1995 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 23 Mar 1995 Hatch Parent 


9507 U 07 Dec 1995 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 07 Dec 1995 Hatch Parent 


9516 U 17 Dec 1995 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 17 Dec 1995 Hatch Parent 



9607 M 01 Jan 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 01 Jan 1996 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

AL AZIZIA 02 Jan 1996 Transfer ABR 09-002 

9608 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

01 Jan 1996 Transfer ABR 10-002 


9620 U UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band C 7694 Parent 


9601 U 12 Mar 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 12 Mar 1996 Hatch Parent 

13 Apr 1996 Death 

9613 U 22 Mar 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 22 Mar 1996 Hatch Parent 


9602 F 14 Apr 1996 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 14 Apr 1996 Hatch Unknown 

MULHOUSE 12 Jun 1997 Transfer 

9614 M 01 May 1996 9411 9011 ST. OEDEN 01 May 1996 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DA 06 381-96 

9612 U 30 May 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 30 May 1996 Hatch Parent 


9615 M 01 Jul 1996 9411 9011 ST. OEDEN 01 Jul 1996 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DA 06 382-96 

9611 U 13 Jul 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 13 Jul 1996 Hatch Parent 


9605 F 09 Aug 1996 8506 9212 WALSRODE 09 Aug 1996 Hatch Tag/Band C 7693 Parent 


9610 U 24 Aug 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 24 Aug 1996 Hatch Parent 


9606 M 03 Sep 1996 8408 8607 WALSRODE 03 Sep 1996 Hatch Tag/Band C 7694 Parent 


9609 U 03 Dec 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 03 Dec 1996 Hatch Parent 


9603 U 18 Dec 1996 UNKNOWN 9203 GETTORF 18 Dec 1996 Hatch Parent 


48




9709 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Parent 

GOCH 01 Jan 1997 Transfer 

GETTORF 06 Dec 1998 Transfer 

9707 F 20 Feb 1997 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 20 Feb 1997 Hatch Parent 

9705 U 14 Apr 1997 UNKNOWN 9203 GETTORF 14 Apr 1997 Hatch Parent 

GOCH 30 Apr 1999 Transfer 

9702 M 05 May 1997 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 05 May 1997 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

COPENHAGN 21 Apr 1998 Transfer DB97-275 

9710 M 05 May 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN JERLAFRON 05 May 1997 Hatch Tag/Band Hand 

JEREZ ZOO 17 Feb 1999 Transfer 952 S-97 (R) 


9703 F 13 Oct 1997 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 13 Oct 1997 Hatch Parent 


9706 U 02 Dec 1997 UNKNOWN 9203 GETTORF 02 Dec 1997 Hatch Parent 


9704 M 11 Dec 1997 8408 8607 WALSRODE 11 Dec 1997 Hatch Parent 

9701 U 17 Dec 1997 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 17 Dec 1997 Hatch Hand 



9801 U 01 Jan 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ST. OEDEN 01 Jan 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DA06 98 228 

9804 U 26 Feb 1998 UNKNOWN 9203 GETTORF 26 Feb 1998 Hatch Parent 


9803 M 03 Mar 1998 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 03 Mar 1998 Hatch Parent 

9808 F 07 Mar 1998 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 07 Mar 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

JEREZ ZOO 10 Feb 1999 Loan to DB 98-304 

9805 U 18 Apr 1998 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 18 Apr 1998 Hatch Parent 


9806 U 27 Aug 1998 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 27 Aug 1998 Hatch Identification Hand 

1 ZM 98 

9802 U 29 Aug 1998 9118 9119 BOJNICE 29 Aug 1998 Hatch Parent 


9809 F 10 Sep 1998 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 10 Sep 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DB 98-301 

9807 U 30 Sep 1998 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 30 Sep 1998 Hatch Hand 


9401 F 01 Oct 1998 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 07 Feb 1994 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

HANNOVER 31 Mar 1996 Loan to DB\94\290 RE 

BLOMSTERP 01 Oct 1998 Hatch 

18 Nov 1998 Death 

49




9913 M 27 Jan 1999 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 27 Jan 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

ST. OEDEN 23 Feb 2000 Transfer DB99-356 

9911 F 30 Apr 1999 9709 9203 GETTORF 30 Apr 1999 Hatch Parent 

9908 U 09 May 1999 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 09 May 1999 Hatch Hand 


9904 M 19 May 1999 9702 UNKNOWN COPENHAGN 19 May 1999 Hatch Parent 

9909 U 02 Jul 1999 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 02 Jul 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

2 ZM 99 (R) 

9902 F 18 Jul 1999 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 18 Jul 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DB99-359 (R) 

9903 U 16 Sep 1999 9012 9304 ROTTERDAM 16 Sep 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

28 Dec 1999 Death DB99-352 (R) 

9914 U 16 Sep 1999 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ROTTERDAM 16 Sep 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

28 Dec 1999 Death DB99-352 

9912 M 26 Sep 1999 9709 9203 GETTORF 26 Sep 1999 Hatch Parent 

9901 U 29 Sep 1999 9704 9212 WALSRODE 29 Sep 1999 Hatch Parent 

9905 F 22 Nov 1999 9702 UNKNOWN COPENHAGN 22 Nov 1999 Hatch Unknown 

TOTALS: 14.14.24 (52) 

50


4.4 Deaths of Goura Scheepmakeri 1995 - 1999 



9108 M 01 Jan 1995 23 Jan 1992 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 23 Jan 1992 Hatch Tag/Band 

ST. OEDEN 30 Jun 1993 Loan to DB92-125 L 


9402 M 30 Apr 1995 27 Jun 1994 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 27 Jun 1994 Hatch 


9516 U 19 Dec 1995 17 Dec 1995 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 17 Dec 1995 Hatch 


9507 U 27 Dec 1995 07 Dec 1995 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 07 Dec 1995 Hatch 



9001 M 01 Jan 1996 1989 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 

ST. OEDEN 14 Jun 1990 Transfer 


9101 M 01 Jan 1996 1990 WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 

GETTORF 01 Jul 1991 Transfer 


9515 M 12 Jan 1996 23 Mar 1995 9012 9211 COPENHAGN 23 Mar 1995 Hatch 


8801 M 06 Apr 1996 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 

BARCELONA 10 Mar 1988 Loan to SIN ANILLA 


9601 U 13 Apr 1996 12 Mar 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 12 Mar 1996 Hatch 


9612 U 01 Jun 1996 30 May 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 30 May 1996 Hatch 


9611 U 13 Jul 1996 13 Jul 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 13 Jul 1996 Hatch 


9610 U 27 Aug 1996 24 Aug 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 24 Aug 1996 Hatch 


9613 U 03 Sep 1996 22 Mar 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 22 Mar 1996 Hatch 


7803 F 20 Sep 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch 

SCHMIDING 01 Jan 1978 Transfer 


9417 M 24 Nov 1996 06 Sep 1994 UNKNOWN 9205 WEERT 06 Sep 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 02 Feb 1995 Transfer 780 94 91 Blue 

ARCEN 01 Nov 1995 Transfer 


9609 U 11 Dec 1996 03 Dec 1996 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 03 Dec 1996 Hatch 


51




9409 M 16 Jan 1997 13 Sep 1994 8408 8607 WALSRODE 13 Sep 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

HANNOVER 13 Nov 1995 Loan to 75 rev 10 


9016 F 02 Feb 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1986 Hatch Tag/Band 

ARCEN 19 Dec 1995 Transfer 780 88 8103 


8506 M 04 Jun 1997 31 Dec 1985 8406 8405 WALSRODE 31 Dec 1985 Hatch Tag/Band B8039 

31 Dec 1985 Hatch 


9603 U 01 Oct 1997 18 Dec 1996 UNKNOWN 9203 GETTORF 18 Dec 1996 Hatch 


9419 U 20 Dec 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 092 

EIJSDEN 23 Sep 1995 Transfer 



9701 U 09 Jan 1998 17 Dec 1997 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 17 Dec 1997 Hatch 


8704 M 10 Jan 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1987 Hatch Tag/Band 87/10 



9805 U 19 Apr 1998 18 Apr 1998 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 18 Apr 1998 Hatch 


8203 M 15 May 1998 31 Oct 1980 7201 7202 BERN 31 Oct 1980 Hatch Tag/Band 5493 

MULHOUSE 13 Sep 1983 Transfer 

COPENHAGN 26 Jun 1997 Transfer 


9412 U 03 Aug 1998 01 Dec 1994 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN GRUPO ASP 01 Dec 1994 Hatch 


9802 U 03 Sep 1998 29 Aug 1998 9118 9119 BOJNICE 29 Aug 1998 Hatch 


9807 U 09 Oct 1998 30 Sep 1998 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 30 Sep 1998 Hatch 


8108 F 15 Nov 1998 UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 



9401 F 18 Nov 1998 01 Oct 1998 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 07 Feb 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

HANNOVER 31 Mar 1996 Loan to DB\94\290 RE 

BLOMSTERP 01 Oct 1998 Hatch 


9107 M 22 Nov 1998 23 Jul 1991 8403 8202 ROTTERDAM 23 Jul 1991 Hatch Tag/Band L 297 l 

SCHMIDING 15 Jul 1993 Loan to 


8505 F 31 Dec 1998 31 Dec 1985 8406 8405 WALSRODE 31 Dec 1985 Hatch Tag/Band B 7465 

13 Nov 1986 Transfer 

ISERLOHN 22 Mar 1996 Transfer 


52




9908 U 09 May 1999 09 May 1999 7802 9602 MULHOUSE 09 May 1999 Hatch 


9314 M 21 May 1999 UNKNOWN UNK UNK WEERT 01 Jan 1993 Hatch Tag/Band 098 

EIJSDEN 23 Sep 1995 Transfer 


9710 M 27 Oct 1999 05 May 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN JERLAFRON 05 May 1997 Hatch Tag/Band 

JEREZ ZOO 17 Feb 1999 Transfer 952 S-97 (R) 


9903 U 28 Dec 1999 16 Sep 1999 9012 9304 ROTTERDAM 16 Sep 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

28 Dec 1999 Death DB99-352 (Right) 

9914 U 28 Dec 1999 16 Sep 1999 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ROTTERDAM 16 Sep 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

28 Dec 1999 Death DB99-352 

TOTALS: 14.5.18 (37) 

53


4.5 Transfers of Goura Scheepmakeri 1995 - 1999 



9418 M UNKNOWN GOCH 01 Sep 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9416 M 18 Jun 1994 WEERT 18 Jun 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 02 Feb 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9417 M 06 Sep 1994 WEERT 06 Sep 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 


ARCEN 01 Nov 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9205 F 01 Jun 1992 WEERT 01 Jun 1992 Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 01 May 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9314 M UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1993 Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 23 Sep 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9419 U UNKNOWN WEERT UNKNOWN Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 23 Sep 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9409 M 13 Sep 1994 WALSRODE 13 Sep 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

HANNOVER 13 Nov 1995 Loan to K 21 


8604 F 15 May 1988 WEERT 02 May 1990 Transfer UNKNOWN 


8704 M UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1987 Hatch UNKNOWN 







9411 M 01 Nov 1994 ROTTERDAM 01 Nov 1994 Hatch 403965 

ST. OEDEN 07 Dec 1995 Loan to UNKNOWN 

9016 F UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1986 Hatch UNKNOWN 

ARCEN 19 Dec 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 


54




9620 U UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch UNKNOWN 


9607 M 01 Jan 1996 UNKNOWN 01 Jan 1996 Hatch UNKNOWN 

AL AZIZIA 02 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 


01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

AL AZIZIA 02 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

8505 F 31 Dec 1985 WALSRODE 13 Nov 1986 Transfer UNKNOWN 



9401 F 01 Oct 1998 ROTTERDAM 07 Feb 1994 Hatch 403555 

HANNOVER 31 Mar 1996 Loan to K 22 

9408 F 11 Mar 1994 WALSRODE 11 Mar 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

ST. OEDEN 09 Aug 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9501 F 22 Mar 1995 ROTTERDAM 22 Mar 1995 Hatch 404192 

ST. OEDEN 03 Sep 1996 Loan to UNKNOWN 



GOCH 01 Jan 1997 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9103 F 20 Oct 1991 WALSRODE 20 Oct 1993 Transfer CJL012 


9605 F 09 Aug 1996 WALSRODE 09 Aug 1996 Hatch CJL023 

ISERLOHN 17 May 1997 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9606 M 03 Sep 1996 WALSRODE 03 Sep 1996 Hatch CJL024 

ISERLOHN 17 May 1997 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9602 F 14 Apr 1996 COPENHAGN 14 Apr 1996 Hatch UNKNOWN 

MULHOUSE 12 Jun 1997 Transfer 970150 

8203 M 31 Oct 1980 MULHOUSE 13 Sep 1983 Transfer 830063 

COPENHAGN 26 Jun 1997 Transfer KR0007 



9702 M 05 May 1997 ROTTERDAM 05 May 1997 Hatch 405048 

COPENHAGN 21 Apr 1998 Transfer KR0010 

9012 M 01 Aug 1991 COPENHAGN 03 Feb 1994 Transfer KROO2 

ROTTERDAM 28 Apr 1998 Transfer 405502 

9401 F 01 Oct 1998 HANNOVER 31 Mar 1996 Loan to K 22 

BLOMSTERP 01 Oct 1998 Hatch g08802 


9709 M UNKNOWN GOCH 01 Jan 1997 Transfer UNKNOWN 

GETTORF 06 Dec 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

55




9808 F 07 Mar 1998 ROTTERDAM 07 Mar 1998 Hatch 405460 

JEREZ ZOO 10 Feb 1999 Loan to UNKNOWN 

9710 M 05 May 1997 JERLAFRON 05 May 1997 Hatch UNKNOWN 

JEREZ ZOO 17 Feb 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9703 F 13 Oct 1997 ROTTERDAM 13 Oct 1997 Hatch 405328 


9705 U 14 Apr 1997 GETTORF 14 Apr 1997 Hatch UNKNOWN 

GOCH 30 Apr 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9706 U 02 Dec 1997 GETTORF 02 Dec 1997 Hatch UNKNOWN 


9804 U 26 Feb 1998 GETTORF 26 Feb 1998 Hatch UNKNOWN 


56

Goura victoria 


57

EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS GOURA VICTORIA 

5.1 Age Distribution of Goura Victoria as of 31 December 1999 


23- X|X 

22- X|X 

21- X| 

20- X| 

19- |X 

18- | 

17- | 

16- | 

15- | 

14- | 

13- |XX 

12- XXX|XX 

11- | 

10- XXX|XXX 

9- XXX|XXX 

8- XXXXX|X 

7- XXXX?|?XXX 

6- XXX| 

5- XXXX???XX 

4- XXX???XX 

3- XX?|?XXX 

2- X?XXXXX 

1- XXXX???????XXXX 

0- XX???XXXX 

- - - - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - 

- - 

32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 






1 Unknown sex Specimens of unknown age... 

58


5.2 Current Goura Victoria population as of 31 December 1999 

Stud # |Sex | Hatch Date | Sire | Dam | Location | Date | Event | Housename | Identification 

KRENGLBACH, AUSTRIA (Subtotal: 1.1.1) 




KUFSTEIN 10 Sep 1993 Transfer 

SCHMIDING 11 Sep 1993 Transfer 

9810 U 28 Dec 1998 9314 9204 SCHMIDING 28 Dec 1998 Hatch 

AL AZIZIA, BAHRAIN (Subtotal: 0.4.0) 

9024 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD AL AZIZIA 01 Jan 1990 Hatch Tag/Band az 1 

9026 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band AZ 3 






PARC PARADISIO, BELGIUM (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8712 M 30 Sep 1987 7701 7407 ARNHEM 30 Sep 1987 Hatch 54340 Transponder ID 

CAMBRON 09 Sep 1998 Transfer RED R/01249842 

9325 F 01 Jan 1992 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN MANILA 01 Jan 1992 Hatch Identification 

CAMBRON 04 Feb 1995 Transfer B11 1212 

DVUR KRALOVE, CZECH REPUBLIC (Subtotal: 0.2.0) 

9706 F 24 Jun 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN BOJNICE 24 Jun 1997 Hatch Transponder ID 

DVURKRALV 20 Jun 1998 Transfer 00-01C5-8090 

9812 F 21 May 1998 9119 9117 BOJNICE 21 May 1998 Hatch 


BRISTOL, ENGLAND (U.K.) (Subtotal: 2.1.1) 

9423 M 01 Jun 1994 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ARCEN 01 Jun 1994 Hatch Identification 

BRISTOL 30 May 1996 Transfer 780 95 65 GOLD 

HAYLE 18 Jun 1996 Transfer 

BRISTOL 20 Nov 1996 Transfer 

9508 M 03 Jun 1995 9113 UNKNOWN ARCEN 03 Jun 1995 Hatch 454 Tag/Band 1352 

BRISTOL 12 Jan 1996 Loan to HOS 

9509 F 03 Jul 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ARCEN 03 Jul 1995 Hatch 

BRISTOL 12 Jan 1996 Transfer 

9918 U 27 Jul 1999 9508 9509 BRISTOL 27 Jul 1999 Hatch 

PARADISE PARK, ENGLAND (U.K.) (Subtotal: 2.0.0) 

9114 M 28 Nov 1991 7701 7407 ARNHEM 28 Nov 1991 Hatch Tag/Band 

HAYLE 19 Jul 1996 Loan to 3638 L/WHITE R 

9506 M 18 Apr 1995 9118 9002 ARNHEM 18 Apr 1995 Hatch Tag/Band R3560 

HAYLE 19 Jul 1996 Loan to 

59



CLERES, FRANCE (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8801 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Tag/Band VERTG 

PARIS JP 06 Oct 1988 Transfer 

CLERES 09 May 1989 Transfer 

9211 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Capture 

CAMBRON 04 Mar 1995 Transfer 

CLERES 05 Mar 1999 Loan to 

JARDIN AUX OISEAUX, FRANCE (Subtotal: 0.2.0) 

7711 F 06 May 1992 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN MONTPELLI 16 Aug 1991 Hatch NO 3 

DOMBES 06 May 1992 Hatch 

CHABEUIL 28 Oct 1992 Loan to 

8301 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 

PARIS JP 15 Jun 1972 Transfer M 72128 PARIS 84-93 

DOMBES 27 Oct 1983 Loan to 

CHABEUIL 23 Oct 1991 Transfer NO 1 

ST. AIGNAN, FRANCE (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 



9704 F 06 Sep 1997 9405 9406 ST AIGNAN 06 Sep 1997 Hatch Tattoo 

01BE8A29 

VILLARS LES DOMBES, FRANCE (Subtotal: 0.1.0) 

7710 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture 

MONTPELLI 25 May 1976 Transfer 

DOMBES 28 Oct 1992 Loan to 

AUGSBURG, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9005 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture 

AUGSBURG 07 Nov 1990 Transfer 

9202 M 25 Apr 1992 7701 7407 ARNHEM 25 Apr 1992 Hatch 

AUGSBURG 11 May 1993 Loan to 

FRANKFURT, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9311 M 26 Dec 1993 7701 7407 ARNHEM 26 Dec 1993 Hatch Transponder ID 

FRANKFURT 15 May 1995 Transfer 4121R/0123398C 

9410 F 24 Oct 1994 9118 9002 ARNHEM 24 Oct 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

FRANKFURT 15 May 1995 Transfer 03871 Yellow 

GETTORF, GERMANY (Subtotal: 3.1.0) 

9023 M 1989 WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture 



VAN KLOST 01 Jan 1996 Transfer 

GETTORF 27 Jun 1998 Transfer 

9703 F 20 Jul 1997 9118 9002 ARNHEM 20 Jul 1997 Hatch Tag/Band l3575 


9801 M 27 Apr 1998 9118 9002 ARNHEM 27 Apr 1998 Hatch 

GETTORF 10 Jul 1998 Loan to 

14 Sep 1999 Transfer 

60





ISERLOHN 01 Jan 1990 Transfer SH 001 00235 


ISERLOHN 01 Jan 1992 Transfer 001 92 







STUTTGART, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

7405 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD NEW GUINE UNKNOWN Capture 

STUTTGART 11 Oct 1974 Transfer 

7610 M 25 Oct 1976 7003 7002 ROTTERDAM 25 Oct 1976 Hatch L086 R Tag/Band 

STUTTGART 04 Dec 1990 Transfer K 297 R 

TIMMASPE, GERMANY (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8910 M 1993 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 1993 Hatch Tag/Band 

TIMMASPE 04 Sep 1994 Transfer SH0010821 

8911 F 1992 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 1992 Hatch Tag/Band 

TIMMASPE 04 Apr 1994 Transfer SH0010820 


8006 F 31 Dec 1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WALSRODE 31 Dec 1980 Hatch Tag/Band 

8159/GREEN 

8711 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band B8678 

WALSRODE 07 Jun 1989 Transfer 


29 Mar 1996 Transfer 

DUBLIN, IRELAND (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9010 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Identification 

HANNOVER 25 Oct 1990 Transfer REV 12 

DUBLIN 21 Apr 1993 Loan to 

9305 M 18 Jun 1993 7101 7609 AMSTERDAM 18 Jun 1993 Hatch Tag/Band 

DUBLIN 17 Jan 1995 Loan to (R)K 515 

BELFAST, NO. IRELAND (U.K.) (Subtotal: 2.0.0) 

9326 M 01 Jan 1993 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1993 Hatch Tag/Band Red65 

BRISTOL 01 Jun 1996 Loan to 

BELFAST 11 Jul 1996 Loan to 

9520 M 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band Red68 



RECANATI - MACERATA, ITALY (Subtotal: 1.1.3) 

8721 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN PISA 01 Jan 1987 Hatch 

RECANATI 01 Feb 1988 Loan to 

8804 M 01 Jan 1988 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN PISA 01 Jan 1988 Hatch 

RECANATI 01 Aug 1988 Loan to 

9321 U 01 Jan 1993 UNKNOWN 8721 RECANATI 01 Jan 1993 Hatch 

9322 U 01 Jan 1993 UNKNOWN 8721 RECANATI 01 Jan 1993 Hatch 

9323 U UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 8721 RECANATI 01 Jan 1993 Transfer 

61



ALPHEN A/D RIJN, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 0.1.0) 

8705 F 03 Oct 1987 8303 8107 AMSTERDAM 03 Oct 1987 Hatch 37 Identification 

ALPHEN 13 Apr 1988 Transfer 24.D.7 

AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 1.3.0) 

7609 F 08 Aug 1976 7101 6902 AMSTERDAM 08 Aug 1976 Hatch 25 Tag/Band 

ARTIS K 80 

8103 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Capture L050 L Tag/Band L050L 

ROTTERDAM 23 Apr 1981 Transfer 

AMSTERDAM 08 Nov 1993 Loan to 

9909 F 26 May 1999 9118 9002 ARNHEM 26 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

AMSTERDAM 30 Nov 1999 Transfer L 03657, R - 

ARCEN, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 2.2.0) 

9025 M 07 Jun 1990 8604 8728 ARCEN 07 Jun 1990 Hatch 173 

9113 M 09 Apr 1991 7701 7407 ARNHEM 09 Apr 1991 Hatch 200 Tag/Band 

ARCEN 12 Jun 1992 Loan to BLUEL/YELLOW/R 

9705 F 01 Jun 1997 9025 9215 ARCEN 01 Jun 1997 Hatch Tag/Band 

VA 9771 

9806 F 03 Dec 1998 9118 9002 ARNHEM 03 Dec 1998 Hatch Tag/Band 

ARCEN 10 Aug 1999 Transfer L 03671, R - 

ARNHEM, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 5.2.0) 

7708 M 21 Dec 1977 7003 7002 ROTTERDAM 21 Dec 1977 Hatch L 087 R Tag/Band 

HANNOVER 12 Jan 1993 Loan to L 087R 

AMSTERDAM UNKNOWN Loan to 

ARNHEM 30 Nov 1999 Transfer 

8601 F 05 Apr 1986 7101 7609 AMSTERDAM 05 Apr 1986 Hatch 35 Transponder ID 

ARNHEM 23 Sep 1986 Transfer 1387 3899L/0122F9E3 

9002 F 14 Apr 1990 7101 7609 AMSTERDAM 14 Apr 1990 Hatch Transponder ID 

ARCEN 01 Mar 1992 Transfer K502L/0124DED9 

ARNHEM 11 Mar 1993 Transfer 

9022 M 1990 WILD WILD NEW GUINE 1990 Capture Tag/Band 

GETTORF 01 Jul 1990 Transfer LWHITE, R03554 

ARNHEM 10 Jul 1998 Transfer Transponder ID 

00-012F-3AE0 

9118 M 18 May 1991 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ARCEN 18 May 1991 Hatch Transponder ID 

ARNHEM 29 Jun 1992 Loan to 2191L/0123A0F1 

9804 M 27 Apr 1998 9118 9002 ARNHEM 27 Apr 1998 Hatch 00-120-FE4A Tag/Band 

tra. R 3555 

9911 M 06 Oct 1999 9022 7407 ARNHEM 06 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

L-,R 03674 

62



EIJSDEN, THE NETHERLANDS (1) (Subtotal: 5.7.6) 

7705 F 19 Mar 1977 7003 7002 ROTTERDAM 19 Mar 1977 Hatch L090 L/RED R Tag/Band 

COPENHAGN 29 Jul 1982 Loan to L090 L/RED R 

EIJSDEN 09 Jan 1992 Loan to 

7903 M 28 Mar 1979 7610 UNKNOWN ROTTERDAM 28 Mar 1979 Hatch L050L/YELL0WR Tag/Band 

WEERT 23 Apr 1981 Transfer L050 L/YELL0WR 

EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1996 Transfer 

8108 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 

WEERT 31 Dec 1981 Transfer 49021/1982 


8502 M UNKNOWN 7903 8108 WEERT 31 Dec 1985 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 15 Jul 1996 Transfer 0963/0962 

8605 F 31 Dec 1986 6901 8402 WEERT 31 Dec 1986 Hatch Tag/Band 0322 

EIJSDEN 15 Jul 1996 Transfer 

8724 M 15 Jul 1989 7903 8605 WEERT 15 Jul 1989 Hatch Tag/Band 780RE 


8725 F 07 Aug 1989 8109 8108 WEERT 07 Aug 1989 Hatch Tag/Band 4430 

EIJSDEN 07 Jun 1990 Transfer 

9013 F 12 Aug 1990 8502 8402 WEERT 12 Aug 1990 Hatch Tag/Band 042 


9018 M 11 Jun 1990 6901 8110 WEERT 11 Jun 1990 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 01 Jul 1991 Transfer 0102-780 

9020 F 11 Jun 1990 7903 8605 WEERT 11 Jun 1990 Hatch 


9106 M 17 Jul 1991 7903 8605 WEERT 17 Jul 1991 Hatch 042-780 Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 15 Jul 1996 Transfer 042-780 

9207 F 01 Jun 1992 6901 8110 WEERT 01 Jun 1992 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 02 Jan 1993 Transfer 92-780-45 

9817 U 01 Jan 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1998 Hatch 

9819 U 1998 6901 8108 EIJSDEN 1998 Hatch Tag/Band 

98/0056 

9820 U 01 Jan 1998 6901 8108 EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1998 Hatch Tag/Band 

98/0058 

9919 U 01 May 1999 8502 8402 EIJSDEN 01 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

99/399 

9920 U 03 Sep 1999 8724 8725 EIJSDEN 03 Sep 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

99/400 

KLAZIENAVEEN, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 0.2.0) 

9513 F 27 Jul 1995 8106 8006 WALSRODE 27 Jul 1995 Hatch Tag/Band B8872 

KLAZIENAV 26 Mar 1996 Transfer 

9701 F 16 Oct 1997 8708 8705 ALPHEN 16 Oct 1997 Hatch Tag/Band 

KLAZIENAV 06 Jun 1998 Transfer AVI.97.310 

MADE, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 1.1.1) 

9604 F 06 Jun 1996 9113 9403 ARCEN 06 Jun 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 

MADE 16 Mar 1997 Transfer va 95(6)043(r) 

9605 M 30 Jun 1996 9025 9215 ARCEN 30 Jun 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 

MADE 16 Mar 1997 Transfer VA95(6) 044(L) 

9818 U 01 Jan 1998 9605 9604 MADE 01 Jan 1998 Hatch 

63



PRINSENBEEK, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9519 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch 

PRINSENBE 01 Jan 1996 Transfer 

9607 F 02 Dec 1996 8708 8705 ALPHEN 02 Dec 1996 Hatch 

PRINSENBE 22 Jul 1997 Transfer 

ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 3.1.0) 

7805 M 31 Dec 1978 UNKN0WN UNKNOWN WASSENAAR 31 Dec 1978 Hatch 13064 L Tag/Band 

ROTTERDAM 10 Feb 1986 Transfer 13064 L 

ALPHEN 03 Mar 2000 Transfer 

9209 M 21 May 1992 8726 9004 ST. OEDEN 21 May 1992 Hatch Tag/Band 

OVERPELT 22 Jun 1992 Loan to DA 006-92-001 

ST. OEDEN 01 Dec 1993 Transfer 

ROTTERDAM 22 Dec 1993 Loan to 

ST. OEDEN 01 Mar 2000 Transfer 

9501 M 17 Jul 1995 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 17 Jul 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 

DB 95-267 (R) 

9901 F 22 Oct 1999 9501 9412 ROTTERDAM 22 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

DB99-358(LEFT) 

SOMEREN-END, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 1.0.0) 

9807 M 02 Jun 1998 8708 8705 ALPHEN 02 Jun 1998 Hatch Tag/Band 

SOMEREN-E 24 Oct 1998 Transfer AVI.98.211 

9521 F 01 Jan 1995 8109 8110 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 

SOMEREN-E 01 Jan 1996 Transfer 780-63 

ST. OEDENRODE, THE NETHERLANDS (Subtotal: 3.2.4) 

8726 M 19 Jul 1989 8502 8402 WEERT 19 Jul 1989 Hatch Tag/Band M 734 


9003 F 1989 WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture 


9004 F 1989 WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture 


9316 M 01 Jan 1993 8726 9004 ST. OEDEN 01 Jan 1993 Hatch Tag/Band 

da 06-93-561 

9401 U 01 May 1994 8726 9004 ST. OEDEN 01 May 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

DA 06-94-782 

9504 U 09 Apr 1995 8708 8705 ALPHEN 09 Apr 1995 Hatch 

ST. OEDEN 29 Nov 1995 Transfer 

9512 U 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ST. OEDEN 01 Jan 1995 Hatch 

9606 M 08 May 1996 8708 8705 ALPHEN 08 May 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 

ST. OEDEN 06 Oct 1996 Transfer AVI 96.302 

9617 U 01 Apr 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ST. OEDEN 01 Apr 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 

DA 06 383-96 

64



LISBOA, PORTUGAL (Subtotal: 4.3.1) 

8806 F 1987 WILD WILD INDONESIA 1987 Capture Tag/Band B 303 

LISBOA 04 Dec 1988 Transfer Transponder ID 

00-0015-F60B 

8807 M 1987 WILD WILD INDONESIA 1987 Capture Tag/Band B 305 

LISBOA 04 Dec 1988 Transfer Transponder ID 

00-0010-ACB0 

9411 M 20 Jun 1994 8711 8501 WALSRODE 20 Jun 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

LISBOA 21 Feb 1995 Transfer ORN 15 029 

9603 F 28 May 1996 9118 9002 ARNHEM 28 May 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 3573 

LISBOA 20 Nov 1996 Transfer 

9808 M 10 Jun 1998 8807 9603 LISBOA 10 Jun 1998 Hatch Tag/Band B-349 

9809 U 17 Nov 1998 8807 9603 LISBOA 17 Nov 1998 Hatch 

9902 M 15 May 1999 8807 9603 LISBOA 15 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band B-352 

9903 F 29 Oct 1999 8807 9603 LISBOA 29 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band H-003 

MOSCOW, RUSSIA (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

8203 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band C7143 

WALSRODE 01 Jan 1985 Transfer 


MOSCOW 30 Aug 1996 Transfer 

9522 M 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ANNA P. 01 Jan 1995 Hatch 

MOSCOW 05 Jul 1999 Transfer 


9117 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Transponder ID 

BOJNICE 08 Apr 1991 Transfer C-OO 124 11 CF 

9813 F 18 Nov 1998 9119 9117 BOJNICE 18 Nov 1998 Hatch 

BARCELONA, SPAIN (Subtotal: 1.1.5) 

8810 M UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 00-0025-4B04 Tag/Band 

BARCELONA 10 Mar 1988 Loan to TO160-NEGROO 

8811 F UNKNOWN WILD WILD WILD UNKNOWN Capture 00-0024-421A Transponder ID 

BARCELONA 28 Feb 1988 Loan to 00-0024-421A 

9414 U 05 Sep 1994 8810 8809 BARCELONA 05 Sep 1994 Hatch Transponder ID 

00-0122-FC-60 

9505 U 15 Apr 1995 8810 UNKNOWN BARCELONA 15 Apr 1995 Hatch Transponder ID 

00-0124-D18E 

9516 U 12 Jun 1995 8810 UNKNOWN BARCELONA 12 Jun 1995 Hatch Transponder ID 

00-0124-0110 

9612 U 13 Jul 1996 8810 8811 BARCELONA 13 Jul 1996 Hatch 

9709 U 26 Feb 1997 8810 8811 BARCELONA 26 Feb 1997 Hatch 

ADLISWIL, SWITZERLAND (Subtotal: 1.1.0) 

9707 M 07 Aug 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 07 Aug 1997 Hatch Tag/Band 

ADLISWIL 19 Nov 1998 Transfer 1963/01C6-2 

9821 F 01 Mar 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 01 Mar 1998 Hatch Tag/Band 

ADLISWIL 19 Nov 1998 Transfer 2006/01C5-0D5C 

TOTALS: 49.57.21 (127) 


65


5.3 Births of Goura Victoria 1995 - 1999 



9521 F 01 Jan 1995 8109 8110 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 780-63 Parent 

SOMEREN-E 01 Jan 1996 Transfer 

9512 U 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ST. OEDEN 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Parent 

9518 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 64 Parent 



9519 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Parent 


9520 M 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band Red 68 Parent 



9522 M 01 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ANNA P. 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Unknown 

MOSCOW 05 Jul 1999 Transfer 

9504 U 09 Apr 1995 8708 8705 ALPHEN 09 Apr 1995 Hatch Parent 

ST. OEDEN 29 Nov 1995 Transfer 

9505 U 15 Apr 1995 8810 UNK BARCELONA 15 Apr 1995 Hatch Transponder I.D Parent 

00-0124-D18E 

9506 M 18 Apr 1995 9118 9002 ARNHEM 18 Apr 1995 Hatch Tag/Band R 3560 Parent 

HAYLE 19 Jul 1996 Loan to 

9508 M 03 Jun 1995 9113 UNK ARCEN 03 Jun 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 1352 Unknown 

BRISTOL 12 Jan 1996 Loan to 

9516 U 12 Jun 1995 8810 UNK BARCELONA 12 Jun 1995 Hatch Transponder I.D Parent 

00-0124-0110 

9509 F 03 Jul 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ARCEN 03 Jul 1995 Hatch Unknown 

BRISTOL 12 Jan 1996 Transfer 

9501 M 17 Jul 1995 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 17 Jul 1995 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DB 95-267 (R) 

9513 F 27 Jul 1995 8106 8006 WALSRODE 27 Jul 1995 Hatch Tag/Band B 8872 Parent 

KLAZIENAV 26 Mar 1996 Transfer 

9510 U 09 Aug 1995 9029 8204 HAYLE 09 Aug 1995 Hatch Parent 


9502 U 26 Aug 1995 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 26 Aug 1995 Hatch Parent 


9503 M 28 Aug 1995 7805 7709 ROTTERDAM 28 Aug 1995 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

01 Apr 1998 Death DB95-263 (R) 

9514 U 13 Sep 1995 9118 9002 ARNHEM 13 Sep 1995 Hatch Parent 


9507 F 05 Oct 1995 7805 7709 ROTTERDAM 05 Oct 1995 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

BELFAST 27 Sep 1996 Loan to DB 95-261 (L) 


9515 F 28 Oct 1995 9118 9002 ARNHEM 28 Oct 1995 Hatch Tag/Band L03551 Parent 



66











9601 U 14 Feb 1996 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 14 Feb 1996 Hatch Parent 


9617 U 01 Apr 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN ST. OEDEN 01 Apr 1996 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DA 06 383-96 

9602 U 06 Apr 1996 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 06 Apr 1996 Hatch Parent 


9606 M 08 May 1996 8708 8705 ALPHEN 08 May 1996 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

ST. OEDEN 06 Oct 1996 Transfer AVI 96.302 

9603 F 28 May 1996 9118 9002 ARNHEM 28 May 1996 Hatch Tag/Band 3573 Parent 

LISBON 20 Nov 1996 Transfer 

9604 F 06 Jun 1996 9113 9403 ARCEN 06 Jun 1996 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

MADE 16 Mar 1997 Transfer va 95(6)043 (R) 

9605 M 30 Jun 1996 9025 9215 ARCEN 30 Jun 1996 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

MADE 16 Mar 1997 Transfer VA95(6) 043 (L) 

9612 U 13 Jul 1996 8810 8811 BARCELONA 13 Jul 1996 Hatch Parent 

9611 U 16 Nov 1996 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 16 Nov 1996 Hatch Parent 


9607 F 02 Dec 1996 8708 8705 ALPHEN 02 Dec 1996 Hatch Parent 

PRINSENBE 22 Jul 1997 Transfer 


9709 U 26 Feb 1997 8810 8811 BARCELONA 26 Feb 1997 Hatch Parent 

9702 U 28 May 1997 8103 7609 AMSTERDAM 28 May 1997 Hatch Tag/Band J 055 Parent 



9705 F 01 Jun 1997 9025 9215 ARCEN 01 Jun 1997 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

VA 9771 

9706 F 24 Jun 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN BOJNICE 24 Jun 1997 Hatch Transponder I.D Parent 

DVURKRALV 20 Jun 1998 Transfer 00-01C5-8090 

9703 F 20 Jul 1997 9118 9002 ARNHEM 20 Jul 1997 Hatch Tag/Band l 3575 Parent 


9707 M 07 Aug 1997 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 07 Aug 1997 Hatch Tag/Band Unknown 

ADLISWIL 19 Nov 1998 Transfer 1963/01C6-2 

9704 F 06 Sep 1997 9405 9406 ST AIGNAN 06 Sep 1997 Hatch Tattoo Parent 

01BE8A29 

9701 F 16 Oct 1997 8708 8705 ALPHEN 16 Oct 1997 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

KLAZIENAV 06 Jun 1998 Transfer AVI.97.310 

67




9814 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKN UNKNOWN Hatch Parent 


9815 F UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKN UNKNOWN Hatch Parent 


9817 U 01 Jan 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1998 Hatch Parent 

9818 U 01 Jan 1998 9605 9604 MADE 01 Jan 1998 Hatch Parent 

9819 U 1998 6901 8108 EIJSDEN 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

98/0056 

9820 U 01 Jan 1998 6901 8108 EIJSDEN 01 Jan 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

98/0058 

9821 F 01 Mar 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 01 Mar 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Unknown 

ADLISWIL 19 Nov 1998 Transfer 2006/01C5-0D5C 

9811 U 26 Mar 1998 9119 9117 BOJNICE 26 Mar 1998 Hatch Parent 


9802 U 29 Mar 1998 8103 7609 AMSTERDAM 29 Mar 1998 Hatch Parent 


9801 M 27 Apr 1998 9118 9002 ARNHEM 27 Apr 1998 Hatch Parent 

GETTORF 10 Jul 1998 Loan to 


9804 M 27 Apr 1998 9118 9002 ARNHEM 27 Apr 1998 Hatch Tag/Band R 3555 Parent 

9803 U 10 May 1998 8103 7609 AMSTERDAM 10 May 1998 Hatch Parent 


9812 F 21 May 1998 9119 9117 BOJNICE 21 May 1998 Hatch Parent 


9807 M 02 Jun 1998 8708 8705 ALPHEN 02 Jun 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

SOMEREN-E 24 Oct 1998 Transfer AVI.98.211 

9808 M 10 Jun 1998 8807 9603 LISBON 10 Jun 1998 Hatch Tag/Band B-349 Parent 

9809 U 17 Nov 1998 8807 9603 LISBON 17 Nov 1998 Hatch Parent 

9813 F 18 Nov 1998 9119 9117 BOJNICE 18 Nov 1998 Hatch Parent 

9806 F 03 Dec 1998 9118 9002 ARNHEM 03 Dec 1998 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

ARCEN 10 Aug 1999 Transfer L 03671, R 

9805 U 04 Dec 1998 9022 7407 ARNHEM 04 Dec 1998 Hatch Parent 


9810 U 28 Dec 1998 9314 9204 SCHMIDING 28 Dec 1998 Hatch Parent 

Births during: 1999 (1) (Subtotal 1/2: 2.4.11) 

9908 U 04 Mar 1999 9022 7407 ARNHEM 04 Mar 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

05 Aug 1999 Death L 03658, R - 

Transponder I.D 

00-0137-89C2 

9907 U 21 Apr 1999 8708 8705 ALPHEN 21 Apr 1999 Hatch Parent 

OLDENBURG 12 Dec 1999 Transfer 

9916 U 25 Apr 1999 9508 9509 BRISTOL 25 Apr 1999 Hatch Hand 


9919 U 01 May 1999 8502 8402 EIJSDEN 01 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/399 Unknown 

68




9902 M 15 May 1999 8807 9603 LISBON 15 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band B-352 Parent 

9909 F 26 May 1999 9118 9002 ARNHEM 26 May 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

AMSTERDAM 30 Nov 1999 Transfer L 03657, R - 

9913 U 01 Jun 1999 9519 9607 PRINSENBE 01 Jun 1999 Hatch Unknown 


9915 U 02 Jun 1999 9119 9117 BOJNICE 02 Jun 1999 Hatch Foster 


9917 U 06 Jun 1999 9508 9509 BRISTOL 06 Jun 1999 Hatch Foster 


9914 U 20 Jun 1999 9119 9117 BOJNICE 20 Jun 1999 Hatch Foster 


9918 U 27 Jul 1999 9508 9509 BRISTOL 27 Jul 1999 Hatch Parent 

9910 U 20 Aug 1999 9022 7407 ARNHEM 20 Aug 1999 Hatch Parent 


9920 U 03 Sep 1999 8724 8725 EIJSDEN 03 Sep 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 99/400 Unknown 

9911 M 06 Oct 1999 9022 7407 ARNHEM 06 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

L-,R 03674 

9901 F 22 Oct 1999 9501 9412 ROTTERDAM 22 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band Parent 

DB99-358 (L) 

9903 F 29 Oct 1999 8807 9603 LISBON 29 Oct 1999 Hatch Tag/Band H-003 Parent 

TOTALS: 18.23.35 (76) 

69


5.4 Deaths of Goura Victoria 1995 - 1999 

Stud #|Sex | Death-Date | Hatch Date |Sire | Dam | Location | Date | Event | Identification| 


8702 U 12 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 

PALMYRE R 24 Jul 1984 Transfer BALE 65700 


8809 F 17 Jan 1995 UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 

BARCELONA 28 Feb 1988 Loan to T0171-VERDE 


8606 M 26 Feb 1995 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN PORAT 01 Jan 1986 Hatch 

TEL AVIV 26 Dec 1991 Transfer 


8813 M 13 Apr 1995 09 Dec 1989 8805 8812 BARCELONA 09 Dec 1989 Hatch Tag/Band 

13 Apr 1995 Death 00-0025-5818 

9421 F 08 Aug 1995 08 Sep 1994 8502 8402 WEERT 08 Sep 1994 Hatch 

BURGH HAA 02 Feb 1995 Transfer 

LISBON 21 Feb 1995 Transfer 


9510 U 15 Aug 1995 09 Aug 1995 9029 8204 HAYLE 09 Aug 1995 Hatch 


9502 U 27 Aug 1995 26 Aug 1995 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 26 Aug 1995 Hatch 


9514 U 14 Sep 1995 13 Sep 1995 9118 9002 ARNHEM 13 Sep 1995 Hatch 


9029 M 29 Nov 1995 21 Mar 1990 7805 7709 ROTTERDAM 21 Mar 1990 Hatch Tag/Band 94S 

CHESTER 26 Mar 1991 Loan to 

HAYLE 17 May 1991 Transfer 



9518 F 02 Jan 1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 64 



8901 M 04 Feb 1996 25 Jul 1989 UNKNOWN 8204 HAYLE 25 Jul 1989 Hatch Identification 

04 Feb 1996 Death S360 

9601 U 21 Feb 1996 14 Feb 1996 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 14 Feb 1996 Hatch 


9413 M 12 May 1996 10 Apr 1994 8106 8006 WALSRODE 10 Apr 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

KLAZIENAV 26 Mar 1996 Transfer B B8855 


9602 U 15 May 1996 06 Apr 1996 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 06 Apr 1996 Hatch 


8802 M 21 Oct 1996 UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 

PARIS JP 06 Oct 1988 Transfer ROUGE G 

CLERES 09 May 1989 Transfer 


9611 U 22 Nov 1996 16 Nov 1996 9209 7202 ROTTERDAM 16 Nov 1996 Hatch 


9116 F 01 Dec 1996 27 Oct 1983 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN PARIS JP 27 Oct 1983 Hatch 

CHABEUIL 23 Oct 1991 Transfer 

DOMBES 28 Oct 1992 Transfer 


70




8303 M 17 Aug 1997 01 Apr 1983 7101 7609 AMSTERDAM 01 Apr 1983 Hatch Tag/Band K 78 

TEL AVIV 16 Apr 1996 Transfer 


8501 F 29 Nov 1997 25 May 1985 7101 7609 AMSTERDAM 25 May 1985 Hatch 

WALSRODE 29 Apr 1986 Transfer 


29 Mar 1996 Transfer 


8204 F 31 Dec 1997 1983 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 1983 Hatch Tag/Band 

HAYLE 26 Jan 1984 Transfer ORANGE LEFT 



9206 M 02 Mar 1998 01 Jun 1992 8502 8402 WEERT 01 Jun 1992 Hatch Tag/Band 

EIJSDEN 02 Jan 1993 Transfer 92-780-41 


7202 F 01 Apr 1998 UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band L220 L 

ROTTERDAM 17 Feb 1972 Transfer 


9503 M 01 Apr 1998 28 Aug 1995 7805 7709 ROTTERDAM 28 Aug 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 

01 Apr 1998 Death DB95-263 (R) 

9811 U 09 Apr 1998 26 Mar 1998 9119 9117 BOJNICE 26 Mar 1998 Hatch 


9802 U 21 Apr 1998 29 Mar 1998 8103 7609 AMSTERDAM 29 Mar 1998 Hatch 


9215 F 14 May 1998 14 Nov 1992 7701 7407 ARNHEM 14 Nov 1992 Hatch Tag/Band L 3616 

ARCEN 02 Apr 1993 Loan to 


9515 F 22 May 1998 28 Oct 1995 9118 9002 ARNHEM 28 Oct 1995 Hatch Tag/Band L03551 



9803 U 13 Jun 1998 10 May 1998 8103 7609 AMSTERDAM 10 May 1998 Hatch 


8703 U 10 Jul 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch 

PALMYRE R 12 Jun 1986 Transfer 

DVURKRALV 04 Feb 1998 Loan to 


9702 U 11 Jul 1998 28 May 1997 8103 7609 AMSTERDAM 28 May 1997 Hatch Tag/Band J 055 



9103 F 07 Aug 1998 01 Mar 1991 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WEERT 01 Mar 1991 Hatch 



9306 M 05 Sep 1998 26 Apr 1993 8106 8006 WALSRODE 26 Apr 1993 Hatch Tag/Band B 8326 

13 Oct 1993 Transfer 

MOSCOW 30 Aug 1996 Transfer 


9507 F 02 Oct 1998 05 Oct 1995 7805 7709 ROTTERDAM 05 Oct 1995 Hatch Tag/Band 

BELFAST 27 Sep 1996 Loan to DB 95-261 (L) 


9805 U 07 Dec 1998 04 Dec 1998 9022 7407 ARNHEM 04 Dec 1998 Hatch 


71




8106 M 10 Dec 1998 UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 

WALSRODE 31 Dec 1983 Transfer 7505/ORANGE 


7709 F 20 Dec 1998 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN WASSENAAR UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 12084 

ROTTERDAM 10 Feb 1986 Transfer 



8302 F 22 Feb 1999 UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture 

ARNHEM 07 Jul 1983 Transfer 

MIERLO 27 Jul 1983 Loan to 

ARNHEM 03 Sep 1985 Loan to 

TEL AVIV 16 Feb 1993 Transfer 


6901 M 02 Mar 1999 UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture 

AMSTERDAM 10 Apr 1969 Transfer 

EINDHOVEN 25 Mar 1977 Transfer 

WEERT 31 Dec 1985 Transfer 



7701 M 14 Apr 1999 UNKNOWN WILD WILD NEW GUINE UNKNOWN Capture Transponder I.D 

EMMEN 02 May 1977 Transfer YEL.L/01223B8D 

ARNHEM 04 Jun 1984 Transfer 


9622 M 24 Apr 1999 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch 




9406 F 27 Apr 1999 01 Jan 1992 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN SERVION 01 Jan 1992 Hatch 

LOUROSA 01 Jan 1994 Transfer 



9916 U 02 May 1999 25 Apr 1999 9508 9509 BRISTOL 25 Apr 1999 Hatch 


9119 M 28 May 1999 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Hatch Tag/Band 

BOJNICE 08 Apr 1991 Transfer C-00 0124 BB5E 

08 Apr 1991 Transfer 


9913 U 06 Jun 1999 01 Jun 1999 9519 9607 PRINSENBE 01 Jun 1999 Hatch 


9915 U 11 Jun 1999 02 Jun 1999 9119 9117 BOJNICE 02 Jun 1999 Hatch 


9917 U 11 Jun 1999 06 Jun 1999 9508 9509 BRISTOL 06 Jun 1999 Hatch 


9914 U 25 Jun 1999 20 Jun 1999 9119 9117 BOJNICE 20 Jun 1999 Hatch 


8708 M 18 Jul 1999 30 Sep 1989 7101 7609 AMSTERDAM 30 Sep 1989 Hatch 



9908 U 05 Aug 1999 04 Mar 1999 9022 7407 ARNHEM 04 Mar 1999 Hatch Tag/Band 

05 Aug 1999 Death L 03658, R- 

Transponder I.D 

00-0137-89C2 

9910 U 24 Aug 1999 20 Aug 1999 9022 7407 ARNHEM 20 Aug 1999 Hatch 


72


Stud #|Sex| Death-Date | Hatch Date |Sire | Dam | Location | Date | Event | Identification| 


8213 F 25 Aug 1999 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKN UNKNOWN Hatch 



8402 F 03 Sep 1999 UNKNOWN WILD WILD HAMILTON UNKNOWN Capture Tag/Band 0964 

WEERT 31 Dec 1984 Transfer 



8107 F 07 Oct 1999 14 Apr 1981 7101 UNKNOWN AMSTERDAM 14 Apr 1981 Hatch Tag/Band 19-012 


9403 F 11 Dec 1999 23 Jun 1994 9113 UNKNOWN ARCEN 23 Jun 1994 Hatch Tag/Band 

11 Dec 1999 Death VA94S32R 

TOTALS: 16.18.20 (54) 

73


5.5 Transfers of Goura Victoria 1995 - 1999 



6901 M UNKNOWN WEERT 31 Dec 1985 Transfer UNKNOWN 



9305 M 18 Jun 1993 AMSTERDAM 18 Jun 1993 Hatch B93115 

DUBLIN 17 Jan 1995 Loan to 95B005 

9421 F 08 Sep 1994 WEERT 08 Sep 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

BURGH HAA 02 Feb 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

LISBON 21 Feb 1995 Transfer 404594 


9325 F 01 Jan 1992 MANILA 01 Jan 1992 Hatch UNKNOWN 

CAMBRON 04 Feb 1995 Transfer 655 

9411 M 20 Jun 1994 WALSRODE 20 Jun 1994 Hatch VENOZA 

LISBON 21 Feb 1995 Transfer 4058 

9211 M UNKNOWN UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Capture UNKNOWN 

CAMBRON 04 Mar 1995 Transfer 1023 

9412 F 11 Aug 1994 WALSRODE 11 Aug 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

ROTTERDAM 21 Mar 1995 Transfer 404101 


9311 M 26 Dec 1993 ARNHEM 26 Dec 1993 Hatch 56423 

FRANKFURT 15 May 1995 Transfer 37085 

9410 F 24 Oct 1994 ARNHEM 24 Oct 1994 Hatch 56843 

FRANKFURT 15 May 1995 Transfer 37086 

9504 U 09 Apr 1995 ALPHEN 09 Apr 1995 Hatch 1898 

ST. OEDEN 29 Nov 1995 Transfer UNKNOWN 

Transfers in 1996 (1) 

9521 F 01 Jan 1995 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch 

SOMEREN-E 01 Jan 1996 Transfer 

9519 M 01 Jan 1995 WEERT 01 Jan 1995 Hatch UNKNOWN 

PRINSENBE 01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 


PRINSENBE 01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 



VAN KLOST 01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 


VAN KLOST 01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

8402 F UNKNOWN WEERT 31 Dec 1984 Transfer UNKNOWN 



7903 M 28 Mar 1979 WEERT 23 Apr 1981 Transfer UNKNOWN 


8108 F UNKNOWN WEERT 31 Dec 1981 Transfer UNKNOWN 


74




9508 M 03 Jun 1995 ARCEN 03 Jun 1995 Hatch 1352 

BRISTOL 12 Jan 1996 Loan to 6010 

9509 F 03 Jul 1995 ARCEN 03 Jul 1995 Hatch UNKNOWN 

BRISTOL 12 Jan 1996 Transfer 6011 

9413 M 10 Apr 1994 WALSRODE 10 Apr 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

KLAZIENAV 26 Mar 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9513 F 27 Jul 1995 WALSRODE 27 Jul 1995 Hatch UNKNOWN 

KLAZIENAV 26 Mar 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

8501 F 25 May 1985 WALSRODE 29 Apr 1986 Transfer UNKNOWN 

13 Nov 1986 Transfer UNKNOWN 

29 Mar 1996 Transfer CJJ008 


8711 F UNKNOWN WALSRODE 03 Aug 1990 Transfer UNKNOWN 

29 Mar 1996 Transfer CJJ014 

8303 M 01 Apr 1983 AMSTERDAM 01 Apr 1983 Hatch B83012 

TEL AVIV 16 Apr 1996 Transfer 96011U 


9423 M 01 Jun 1994 ARCEN 01 Jun 1994 Hatch UNKNOWN 

BRISTOL 30 May 1996 Transfer 6041 

HAYLE 18 Jun 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

BRISTOL 20 Nov 1996 Transfer 6041 


BRISTOL 01 Jun 1996 Loan to 6051 

BELFAST 11 Jul 1996 Loan to 2331 


BRISTOL 01 Jun 1996 Loan to 6052 

BELFAST 11 Jul 1996 Loan to 2331 

8502 M UNKNOWN WEERT 31 Dec 1985 Hatch UNKNOWN 

EIJSDEN 15 Jul 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

8605 F 31 Dec 1986 WEERT 31 Dec 1986 Hatch UNKNOWN 


9013 F 12 Aug 1990 WEERT 12 Aug 1990 Hatch UNKNOWN 


9106 M 17 Jul 1991 WEERT 17 Jul 1991 Hatch UNKNOWN 


9114 M 28 Nov 1991 ARNHEM 28 Nov 1991 Hatch 55675 

HAYLE 19 Jul 1996 Loan to UNKNOWN 

9506 M 18 Apr 1995 ARNHEM 18 Apr 1995 Hatch 57013 

HAYLE 19 Jul 1996 Loan to UNKNOWN 

9306 M 26 Apr 1993 WALSRODE 13 Oct 1993 Transfer UNKNOWN 

MOSCOW 30 Aug 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 


8203 F UNKNOWN WALSRODE 01 Jan 1985 Transfer UNKNOWN 

13 Nov 1986 Transfer UNKNOWN 

MOSCOW 30 Aug 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

75




9507 F 05 Oct 1995 ROTTERDAM 05 Oct 1995 Hatch 404455 

BELFAST 27 Sep 1996 Loan to 2392 


9606 M 08 May 1996 ALPHEN 08 May 1996 Hatch 5294 

ST. OEDEN 06 Oct 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9603 F 28 May 1996 ARNHEM 28 May 1996 Hatch 57610 

LISBON 20 Nov 1996 Transfer 5528 


9604 F 06 Jun 1996 ARCEN 06 Jun 1996 Hatch 493 

MADE 16 Mar 1997 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9605 M 30 Jun 1996 ARCEN 30 Jun 1996 Hatch 494 

MADE 16 Mar 1997 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9607 F 02 Dec 1996 ALPHEN 02 Dec 1996 Hatch 5500 

PRINSENBE 22 Jul 1997 Transfer UNKNOWN 






8703 U UNKNOWN PALMYRE R 12 Jun 1986 Transfer 371 

DVURKRALV 04 Feb 1998 Loan to 513001 


9702 U 28 May 1997 AMSTERDAM 28 May 1997 Hatch B97107 

DVURKRALV 10 Feb 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9701 F 16 Oct 1997 ALPHEN 16 Oct 1997 Hatch 5883 

KLAZIENAV 06 Jun 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9706 F 24 Jun 1997 BOJNICE 24 Jun 1997 Hatch UNKNOWN 

DVURKRALV 20 Jun 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9622 M UNKNOWN VAN KLOST 01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

GETTORF 27 Jun 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9623 M UNKNOWN VAN KLOST 01 Jan 1996 Transfer UNKNOWN 

GETTORF 27 Jun 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9801 M 27 Apr 1998 ARNHEM 27 Apr 1998 Hatch 58490 

GETTORF 10 Jul 1998 Loan to UNKNOWN 


9022 M 1990 GETTORF 01 Jul 1990 Transfer UNKNOWN 

ARNHEM 10 Jul 1998 Transfer 58633 

9703 F 20 Jul 1997 ARNHEM 20 Jul 1997 Hatch UNKNOWN 


9807 M 02 Jun 1998 ALPHEN 02 Jun 1998 Hatch 6109 

SOMEREN-E 24 Oct 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

76




9707 M 07 Aug 1997 UNKNOWN 07 Aug 1997 Hatch UNKNOWN 

ADLISWIL 19 Nov 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9821 F 01 Mar 1998 UNKN 01 Mar 1998 Hatch UNKNOWN 

ADLISWIL 19 Nov 1998 Transfer UNKNOWN 


9211 M UNKNOWN CAMBRON 04 Mar 1995 Transfer 1023 

CLERES 05 Mar 1999 Loan to UNKNOWN 

9812 F 21 May 1998 BOJNICE 21 May 1998 Hatch UNKNOWN 

DVURKRALV 10 May 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

9522 M 01 Jan 1995 ANNA P. 01 Jan 1995 Hatch UNKNOWN 

MOSCOW 05 Jul 1999 Transfer 990452 

9806 F 03 Dec 1998 ARNHEM 03 Dec 1998 Hatch 58832 

ARCEN 10 Aug 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

7708 M 21 Dec 1977 AMSTERDAM 28 Mar 1996 Purchase 

ARNHEM 30 Nov 1999 Transfer 

9909 F 26 May 1999 ARNHEM 26 May 1999 Hatch 58995 

AMSTERDAM 30 Nov 1999 Transfer B99107 

9907 U 21 Apr 1999 ALPHEN 21 Apr 1999 Hatch 6840 

OLDENBURG 12 Dec 1999 Transfer UNKNOWN 

Transfers to UNKNOWN institutes 


UNKNOWN UNKNOWN Transfer UNKNOWN 



9302 U UNKNOWN GRUPO ASP 01 Jan 1993 Transfer UNKNOWN 


77


78

Research 


79

EEP STUDBOOK CROWNED PIGEONS 

6.1 Crowned Pigeons: Species or sub-species? 

Scientists are not sure whether the three species are real species or sub-species to one species. 

According to Goodwin (1983) a species can be defined as a number of individuals all of 

which show more resemblance to each other than to other species, interbreed freely with each 

other, and do not normally breed with members of another species’. Both in the wild and in 

captivity, hybrids can be found. In the Siriwo River region of north-western New Guinea 

Goura Victoria and Goura Cristata meet and hybridise (Goodwin, 1983). This paper 

describes in short the position of crowned pigeons within the taxonomic system and the 

history of the island of New Guinea to support the discussion whether there are three species 

or three subspecies of crowned pigeons. 

Taxonomic position of crowned pigeons 

The class of birds (aves), within the vertebrates (vertebrata), consists of 34 orders, and 

crowned pigeons belong to the order of pigeons and doves (Columbiformes). This order, on its 

turn, originally comprised three families: the sandgrouse (Pteroclidadae), the dodos 

(Raphinae), which became extinct during the 17th and 18th centuries (Harrison (ed.), 1978) 

and the pigeons (Columbidae). The Columbidae comprises 4 subfamilies with a total of 43 

genera and some 255 species of pigeons. They are found in most parts of the world except for 

polar and subpolar regions and some oceanic islands. The term ‘pigeon’ is sometimes used to 

denote the larger species, in contrast to the smaller species which are known as ‘doves’, but 

the terms are not consistently used and are not based on any real biological distinction 

(Goodwin, 1983). Pigeons are unique among birds in that their young are fed on a nutritious 

substance known as‘crop-milk’ (Baptista, et al., 1997). 

Group Vertebrata Vertebrates 

Class Aves Birds 

Sub-class Neornithes True birds 

Superorder Neognathae Typical Birds 

Order Columbiformes Sandgrouse and Pigeons 

Sub-Order Columbae Pigeons, Dodos and Solitaires 

Family Columbidae Pigeons, Doves 

Sub-family Gourinae Crowned pigeons 

Genus Goura Crowned pigeons 

Species (e.g.) cristata Common crowned pigeon 

Sub-species (e.g.) Minor Lesser common crowned pigeon 

The four subfamilies are the Columbinae (including typical pigeons and doves), Treroninae 

(containing fruit pigeons and fruit doves), the Gourinae (containing only crowned pigeons) 

and the Didunculinae (contains but the one species of tooth-billed pigeon - Didunculus 

strigirostris) (Goodwin, 1983). 

The subfamily of Gourinae consists of only one genus: the Goura, firstly described by 

Stephens, 1819 (Baptista, et al., 1997). A genus is a group of species that are closely related 

to each other and all of whose members appear to be more closely akin to other species within 

the same genus than they are to any other species of other genera (Goodwin, 1983). 

80


The birds of this genus are the largest amongst the order of Columbiformes. Years ago eight 

species were admitted to the studbook, and still in the latest revision six or seven (EEP Pigeon 

& Dove TAG, 1997) forms appear, but the species have been reduced to three (Iredale, 1956). 

The 3 species of Goura each comprise 2 subspecies. The form of the species which was first 

described and named in a publication is usually called the nominate form. 

Genus Species sub-species Described by 

Goura cristata cristata Pallas, 1764 

Goura cristata minor Schlegel, 1864 

Goura victoria victoria Fräser, 1844 

Goura victoria beccarii Salvadori,1876 

Goura scheepmakeri scheepmakeri Finsch, 1876 

Goura scheepmakeri Sclaterii Salvadori, 1876 

Different names for the Goura cristata (Pallas, 1764) 

Language Name 

Scientific Columba cristata, Pallas 1764 

Goura cinerea, Hartert 

Goura coronata 

Pidgin Guria 

Balus guria 

English Blue crowned pigeon 

Common crowned pigeon 

Grey crowned pigeon 

Blue goura 

Grey goura 

Spanish Paloma crestada azul 

French Goura couronne 

German Blauschopfkrontaube 

Krontaube 

Italian Gura coronata 

Dutch Kroonduif 

Waaierduif 

Gewone kroonduif 

81


Different names for the Goura victoria (Fraser 1844) 

Language Name 

Scientific Lophyrus victoria, Fraser 1844 

Goura beccarii, Salvadori 1876 

Pidgin Guria 

Balus guria 

English Victoria crowned pigeon 

White-tipped crowned pigeon 

Victoria goura 

White-tipped goura 

Spanish Paloma crestada Victoria 

French Goura de Victoria 

German Victoria-Krontaube 

Fachertaube 

Italian Gura Victoria 

Colomba coronata di Victoria 

Dutch Victoria kroonduif 

Different names for the Goura scheepmakeri (Finsch 1876) 

Language Name 

Scientific Goura albertisii, Salvadori 

Goura sclaterii, Salvadori 1876 

Pidgin Guria 

Balus guria 

English Maroon-breasted crowned pigeon 

Scheepmaker’s crowned pigeon 

Sclater’s crowned pigeon 

Spanish Paloma crestada de Scheepmaker 

French Goura de Scheepmaker 

Goura de Sclater 

German Rotbrustkrontaube 

Scheepmaker’s Krontaube 

Maronenbrustkrontaube 

Italian Gura di Scheepmaker 

Dutch Scheepmaker’s kroonduif 

Nomenclature of crowned pigeons taken from Goodwin (1983), Mihalic (1971) and Assink 

(1988), who modified data collected by Dollinger (1985). 

82


Subspecies Distribution External features 

G. cristata 

Cristata 

NW New Guinea from 

Vogelkop eastward to the 

head of Geelvink Bay on 

the north and to Etna Bay 

in the south. 

G. cristata minor Islands Batanta, Misool, 

Salawati and Waigeu 

G. scheepmakeri 

scheepmakeri 

G. scheepmakeri 

sclaterii 

G. victoria 

victoria 

G. victoria 

beccarii 

Southern coast of 

southeastern New Guinea 

from Hall Sound and 

Mount Epa eastward to 

Orangerie Bay. 

Southern New Guinea 

from the Mimika River to 

the Fly River. 

Islands of Yobi and Yapen 

in Geelvink Bay. 

Northern New Guinea 

from the head of Geel-vink 

Bay to Astrolabe Bay; 

Collingwood Bay 

83 

General colour: medium to dark greyish blue. 

Mantle and most wing coverts dark purplish 

red. Wing patch white, edged purplish red. 

Crest covered with lacy feathers, blue-grey with 

a silvery tinge, laterally-compressed. Size: 350- 

384 mm. 

This subspecies only differs in size from the 

nominate form: Salawati: 352-366 mm., 

Mysool: 312-325 mm., Waigeu: 336-350 mm. 

General colour: dark greyish blue, mantle and 

lesser wing coverts dark greyish blue. Wing 

patch pale whitish grey, edged purplish red. 

Breast dark purplish red. Crest covered with 

lacy feather, blue-grey with a silvery tinge, 

laterally compressed. 

Main differerences with nominate form: 

Wing patch white, edged purplish red 

Median wing coverts purplish red 

Lower breast and belly grey blue. 

General colour dark greyish blue. Wing patch 

pale greyish blue, edged purplish red. Breast 

dark purplish red. Crest contains barbs at the 

end of the feathers which are only slightly 

separated. These areas are dark blue, tipped 

broadly with white. 

Slightly larger than nominate form and less 

dark in colour. These features might not be 

noticeable without comparison of specimens 

from both subspecies. 

Distribution (Peters, 1973) and main external features (Mees, 1965; Goodwin, 1980) of 

subspecies of the genus Goura in New Guinea. Only those features which are apparent 

without comparison with other (sub-)species are included in this table. Table drawn from 

Assink, 1988.


Crowned pigeon hybrids 

The three species of crowned pigeons are, in contradiction to the definition of a species, 

hybridizing. In Busch Bird Park in Houston (United States of America) 3 hybrids (victoria x 

cristata) were born. Also in Busch Gardens, Tampa (Cristata x scheepmakeri) and San 

Fransisco Zoo (cristata x victoria) hybrids were born (McMorris, 1976). In Europe hybrids 

are born in Gettorf and Hayle. The offspring seems to be fertile as well (Wetzel, 1992a). On 

the ground of these observations McMorris (1976) expects that the Goura scheepmakeri is a 

result of hybridization between Goura victoria and Goura cristata. These species both occur 

at the Siriwo River in the northeast of New Guinea and they are hybridizing there too. The 

northern border of the range of Goura scheepmakeri is not far from this point, so it might be 

possible that the hybrids have moved and settled themselves in the southern part of New 

Guinea. This seems very plausible, also because of the colours of the different species. In 

addition, recent comparing studies of the behaviour of the three species did not show any 

differences in the behaviour of the species (Lommers, 1982; Van Rijn 1995). For this reason, 

it is probably better to call the three species geographical races. But, geographical races may 

in time come to differ so much from their parent stock that they evolve into new species 

(Goodwin, 1983). 

Probably in the past the three species of crowned pigeons were geographical races, derived 

from one species. They could have disappeared from large areas of its range through 

alteration of the habitat, leaving isolated populations separated by areas of country no longer 

suitable for it. When they came together again they have differed so much from their parent 

own stock, that they have been evolved into a new species (Beehler, 1981). In many cases, 

regional populations of lowland birds have been differentiated, the local isolates achieving 

species status. 

This might be the case for the shrub-turkeys, the crowned pigeons, the streaked lories, the 

large fig-parrots, the pygmy parrots and the Paradiseae birds-of-paradise (Beehler, et al., 

1986). For this reason it might be useful to study briefly the history of the island of New 

Guinea. 

84


History of the island of New Guinea 

Approximately 150 million years ago a southern landmass known as Gondwanaland started to 

break up and its pieces drifted apart. Although this landmass included Antarctica, the climate 

was far from polar and in fact this supercontinent had a well-developed fauna and flora under 

at least temperate conditions. After the split, the components parts of Gondwanaland became 

what are now known as South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Australia, Southeast Asia, 

New Zealand and Antarctica. Fifty-five million years ago Australia detached itself from 

Antarctica and floated northwards and, as it approached the Asian continental land mass, it 

caused a series of mountainous islands to be pushed up out of the sea. After a long, 

complicated and still only partly understood geological history, these island chains joined 

together to form New Guinea and other islands in the region (Menzies, 1991). 

In the middle Tertiary (Miocene), the first vestige of the landmass was lifted above sea level, 

but it was not until the great mountain-building phase of the Pliocene (5-6 million years ago) 

that major portions of the island as we now know them, became established. New Guinea is 

the product of an interaction between the northward moving Australian tectonic plate and the 

Pacific plate, a movement that began in the middle Mesozoic. Forceful collision between the 

two plates in the Tertiary is the probable cause for the mountain-building phase that produced 

the complex of Central Ranges (Beehler, et al., 1986). For one or more periods during the ice 

ages when sea levels were much lower than they are now, Australia was actually joined to 

New Guinea and final separation only came less than one million years ago, with the 

formation of the Torres Strait (Menzies, 1991). 

Marsupials and monotremes and many other elements of the New Guinea fauna probably had 

their origin in this ancestral southern land mass and were able to spread from Australia into 

the newly emerging New Guinea and other islands, which were connected to Australia by 

means of a land-bridge (Pratt, 1981), which is submerged now. On the other hand, other kinds 

of mammals may have had their origin in a northern land mass and were cut off from the 

southern continents until these land masses floated sufficiently close (about 15 million years 

ago) for opportunistic invasions to take place. For this reason the islands, which formed 

the‘collision zone’ between Australia and south-east Asia, including New Guinea, have been 

a mixing place for marsupials and other kinds of mammals. 

However, the New Guinean avifauna is predominantly Australian, since the island was 

actually part of the continent for the most of its history (Pratt, 1981). The native mammal 

fauna of the island of New Guinea is depauperate, meaning that many kinds of mammals 

found in adjacent regions of the world are lacking here. New Guinea’s mammal fauna is made 

up, apart from flying foxes and other kinds of bats, of two kinds of monotremes, and 

approximately equal numbers (around 60) of species of marsupials (pouched mammals) and 

rodents but this conceals the fact that the marsupials are far more diverse. The rodents are 

represented by just one family: rats and mice (Muridae). 

On the other hand there are seven families of marsupials ranging from tiny mouse-sized 

carnivores to large, herbivorous kangaroos. In Australia the composition of the endemic 

terrestrial mammalian fauna is just the same: monotremes, marsupials and rodents, but the 

rats and mice are now quite outnumbered by more than 120 species of marsupials in 13 

separate families. There are 6 different families of bats in New Guinea as well but bats have 

fewer restrictions on their movements and many kinds are very widely distributed outside the 

region (Menzies, 1991). 

85


But for example all passerine and the remaining non-passerine taxa are almost certainly 

derived from Asian colonists to New Guinea and Australia. A conclusion based on the 

relatively more modern fossil history of these groups or their close phylogenetic ties with taxa 

in Australia, or both (Pratt, 1981). A number of boundaries have been placed on 

biogeographic maps of the region to try and indicate, for instance, the most western boundary 

of the truly Australasian fauna and flora (Wallace’s Line) or the border of shallow sea to the 

west of New Guinea (Lydekker’s Line). The first scientist to have studied the phenomenon 

was Alfred Russell Wallace in the late 19 th century and, in his honour, the region of faunal 

mixing between Wallace’s Line and Lydekker’s Line is sometimes called ‘Wallacea’ 

(Menzies, 1991). 

At the edge of the two plates, New Guinea is tectonically active, with a considerable history 

of mountain-uplift, volcanic activity, and earthquakes. Today this is a still continuing proces 

(Beehler, et al., 1986) and in 1995, Madang, a city on the northcoast of Papua New Guinea, 

was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake. 

Many aspects of New Guinea’s topography indicate geological youth: ungraded rivers, Vshaped 

valleys, waterfalls, cliffs, and frequent land slippage. This unstable topography makes 

road building difficult and frustrates regional development. The island is highly mountainous, 

with 66 percent of the land more than 300m above sea level, and 14 percent higher than 1,500 

m (Beehler, et al., 1986). 

In New Guinea several different geographical subregions can be distinguished, each with 

some characteristic flora and fauna. The region which is most obviously different from the 

rest of New Guinea is the southern woodland or savanna country, which includes many 

elements of the Australian fauna. This region includes the plains of the southern Fly and 

Digul Rivers, a narrow coastal strip east and west of Port Moresby and some scattered patches 

on the southeast coasts. The animals found here are all common in North Queensland 

(Australia) and their presence in New Guinea is a relic of the time when Australia and New 

Guinea were one land mass, before the Torres Strait was formed. Relatively a few species are 

found in both savanna and forest. 

Most of the rest of New Guinea is covered by a tropical rain forest of various species and can 

be divided into different zones, the exact boundaries of which vary from place to place 

according to local climate and topography. Lowland forest from sea level to about 600m is 

often struck by inundation. Hill forests on slopes up to 1000 or 1200 m have a similar 

composition but are not struck by inundation in wet weather. Lower montane forest (1200 to 

2000m), mid-montane forest (2000-3000m) and upper montane forest above 3000m follows, 

but upper montane forests tend to occur in patches interspersed with open vegetation of grass, 

sedges and shrubs. With increasing altitude the forest patches and the trees themselves 

become smaller and smaller and finally peter out about 3900m. 

Lowland and hill forests are further subdivided into northern and southern regions because the 

central mountain chain which runs from one end of the island to the other forms a barrier as 

there are no low altitude passes from north to south (Beehler, et al., 1986). These zones each 

have some characteristic animals, while other animals are widespread through several zones 

(Menzies, 1991). 

86


Lowland rainforest occurs along the entire coast of New Guinea, being broken in a few places 

by anthropogenic grassland or eucalypti savanna. However, at the moment large areas of 

tropical rainforest occur only in three regions: 

(1) The vast Fly Platform south of the Central Ranges, extending from about Etna Bay at the 

neck of the Vogelkop to Hall Sound on the SE peninsula, home of the Scheepmakers 

crowned pigeons 

(2) In the west, the Vogelkop peninsula, where the common crowned pigeons occurs, and 

(3) In the north, the watershed of the Mamberambo River and its tributaries and adjacent 

coastal plains, and the Sepik and Ramu basins. In this area the vicoria’s crowned pigeons 

occur. 

These three lowland areas are isolated from eachother by two geographical barriers: (1) the 

Central Ranges, which separates the northern from the southern lowlands, consists of high 

mountains (3000-5000m) and are crossed by only a few passes at about 1200-2000m; thus the 

important zones of contact between northern and southern faunas are at the far eastern and 

western ends of the range, (2) the mountainous isthmus between the Vogelkop and the main 

body of the island. In the Pleistocene, there was also a major change in rainfall pattern due to 

reduced precipitation. Much of the tropical rainforest along the coast is replaced by savanna 

and sclerophyl vegetation. This left remnant pockets of rainforest only where the precipitation 

remained high (Pratt, 1981). Thus by the mountains and the reduced precipitation, three 

geographical regions into which many lowland birds segregate were separated by barriers 

defined by low rainfall and/or mountains. The populations were confined to regional refuges 

of humid forest, segregated from other areas by broad belts of inhospitable habitat during 

periods when rainfall was reduced (Beehler, et al., 1986). If the drier zones were in fact gaps, 

then the Fly, Vogelkop, Geelvink, and Sepik and Ramu rainforests would have become 

isolated tracts (Pratt, 1981). Thus speciation may have occurred in a typical geographic 

fashion, during dry and cool Pleistocene conditions, when ranges were more fragmented than 

they are today (Beehler, et al., 1986). When the climate changed again and the rainforests 

expanded in response to higher precipitation, many birds followed the forest out of the 

refuges. This range expansion continued until allopatric populations came into contact once 

again. This is said to be the case for crowned pigeons: each species of crowned pigeons 

occupies one of the main distributional centers for lowland birds. In the Fly Platform the 

scheepmakers crowned pigeon occurs the common crowned pigeon at the Vogelkop and the 

victoria’s crowned pigeon at Geelvink Bay. In the Siriwo River region of northwestern New 

Guinea Goura victoria and Goura cristata meet and hybridize (Goodwin, 1983). In the Sepik- 

Ramu area crowned pigeons do not occur. (Pratt, 1981). There, they probably became extinct 

because of few numbers or other ecological reasons, like food abundance or climate. 

Most of the islands, where crowned pigeons occur, are co-called ‘land-bridge islands’: 

Waigeo (or Waigeu), Yapen, Salawati, Misool and Batanta. Land-bridge islands were in the 

past connected to the mainland (New Guinea), but since the sealevel has risen, they became 

isolated (Diamond, 1973). This development has taken place only recently. 

87


Conclusions and discussion 

Sometimes it is easy to determine species and subspecies, but because of the continuous 

evolution of the earth, there are always mixed forms. Like the definition of mammals and 

birds, there still are mammals that produce eggs, it is comparable for species and sub-species. 

Without doubt, all forms of crowned pigeons derive from one species and they might have 

become separated by environmental and climatic changes. They differ already a lot in 

phenotype, and DNA-research proved that their genotype is also quite different. Until now 

there is no reference that a hybrid is able to produce (fertile) offspring. In this respect crowned 

pigeons match the definition of a species. At the land-bridges, for example, there are lot of 

forms which resemble the nominate form very much. 

This development did take place not that long ago; therefore it might be possible for some 

forms to produce fertile offspring with forms on nearby islands. At this moment it is 

preferable to call these forms “sub-species”, and the three forms with large differences 

“species”. But like nature itself also these classifications should not be fixed, but always be 

susceptible to changes. 

88


6.2 Nutrition of crowned pigeons in captivity and in the wild 

Introduction 

One of the explanations for the negative natural growth of the population of crowned pigeons 

in captivity might be a difference between nutrition of crowned pigeons in captivity and in the 

wild. Therefore, in 1995, Anneke Hallebeek, who is now working at the University of 

Utrecht, compared the nutrition of a lot of European zoos (Hallebeek, 1995). In 1997, a 

research project was carried out in Papua New Guinea by Marc Damen to study the ecology 

of crowned pigeons in the wild. He also sampled some crop and stomach contents from 

crowned pigeons for analysing. This article summarises and compares the results of both 

investigations. 

Literature 

Because of their size and ecology and because there are only a few notes about feeding in the 

wild, the diet of turkeys is used as a guideline to determine the need of crowned pigeons. 

According to Robbins from the University of San Diego, the daily need for energy for nonmigratory 

non-productive birds in general, kept under a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius is 

330.1xG 0.75 (Klasing, 1998), which should mean for a mature crowned pigeon of 2.5 kg a total 

of 2,7 MJ metabolizable energy per day (Griminger, 1983). The need for protein based on 

data for non-productive laying hens and turkeys should be approximately 25 grams per day 

and of course higher in the reproductive season, when they have to produce one or more eggs 

(National Research Institute, 1984). Because of the short caeca of crowned pigeons, the 

vitamin B synthesis might be insufficient and therefore in comparison with poultry the food 

has to be supplemented with at least vitamin B6 and B12 (Hallebeek, 1995). Some institutions 

also add vitamin C, because it became evident that birds, when stressed, are unable to produce 

enough vitamin C (Van Gennip, 1988). Research showed that birds, which are being kept 

indoors, have a higher demand for vitamins (National Research Institute, 1984). 

Practice in zoos and birdparks 

In 1995 a questionnaire was sent out to all participants in the crowned pigeon EEP. Apart 

from questions about nutrition, a lot of other factors were studied, like the size of the 

enclosure, other species kept in the same enclosure, number and sex ratio of the crowned 

pigeons in the enclosure and of course breeding results, because the aim of the questionnaire 

was to determine an optimal diet for crowned pigeons. The following data have been derived 

from the results from the questionnaires. 

The daily need for energy seems to be 1.5 MJ metabolizable energy per day. Because 55-60% 

of the gross energy should be metabolizable, the gross energy intake should be 2.5 MJ per 

day, which is only 10% lower than Robbins advised for a turkey of the same weight. The 

average food intake of adult crowned pigeons is about 250 grams with 40% dry matter. The 

best results were achieved in institutions that supply the crowned pigeons with a diet 

consisting of 9-11 g crude protein per MJ metabolizable energy for maintenance (approx. 15 

grams per day) and 11-14 grams for production (20 grams per day) (Hallebeek, 1995). 

89


The ratios of vitamins and minerals are in most institutions are lower than the values used in 

the poultry industry (Centraal Veevoederbureau, 1993). 

Especially the ratio of calcium was low: the German researcher Meyer advised a need for 

calcium for maintenance (not for production!) for pigeons of 0.8 grams per MJ metabolizable 

energy, which means about 1.2 grams calcium per day for a bird of 2.5 kg. Most diets for 

crowned pigeons only contain less than 0.5 gram of calcium per day, but it might be possible 

that some zoos feed their pigeons additional mineral stones or lime stones or oyster shells and 

did not list this on the questionnaire. A deficiency of calcium causes a decalcification of the 

skeleton. Of course it is simple to add some mineral stones to the food. Calcium can only be 

converted if a sufficient amount of vitamin D is supplied. In most cases less than 74 

International Units vitamin D per MJ metabolizable energy is supplied As a result of this the 

Ca : P ratio in most diets is not that good (Hallebeek, 1995). 

Comparing diets of the five institutions with the best reproductive results shows: 

Intake: 250 grammes a day, containing a total of 100 grammes dry matter (40%) 

Energy: 1.5 MJ Metabolizable Energy (ME) per day. 

Crude protein: 10 grams per MJ = 15 grams per day (15% in dry matter) 

Crude fat: 7 grams per MJ = 11 grams per day (11% in dry matter) 

Crude fibre: 7 grams per MJ = 11 grams per day (11% in dry matter) 

Crude ash: 8 grams per MJ = 12 grams per day (12% in dry matter) (Hallebeek, 1995) 

Results from crop and stomach analysis in the wild 

Crowned 

pigeons 

Cp 1 crop 

Cp 1 stomach 

Cp 2 crop 

Cp 2 stomach 

Cp 3 crop 

Cp 3 stomach 

Cp 4 crop 

Cp 4 stomach 

Crude 

protein* 

63 

53 

137 

47 

89 

67 

95 

48 

Crude fat* 

57 

-- 

-- 

107 

106 

91 

142 

82 

90 

Crude fibre* 

379 

512 

-- 

524@ 

493 

553 

Phosphorus* 

0.8 

0.5 

-- 

1.0 

1.2 

0.8 

Calcium* 

The samples are analysed by the Research Institute “De Schothorst” at Lelystad, the Netherlands, using the 

Berntrop method. 

* Values are given in grams per kilogram dry matter. It was not possible to determine the dry matter ratio, 

because when the ethanol was removed, also some water disappeared from the samples. 

@ Not possible to carry out the determination twice, because there was not enough material available. In 

the samples where the experiments were carried out twice, no significant differences were found. 

475 

577 

1.4 

0.7 

2.0 

2.2 

-- 

1.2 

3.5 

2.8 

3.3 

1.8


Comparison between crowned pigeon food in the wild and in captivity 

Crude protein 

Crude fat 

Crude fibre 

Crude ash 

Phosphorus 

Calcium 

Zoo-diet 

(g/kg DM) 

n = 5 institutions 

150 ± 38 

110 ± 16 

110 ± 21 

120 ± 30 

20 ± 8 

40 ± 17 

Wild-diet *1 

(g/kg DM) 

n = 4 pigeons 

96 ± 12 

102 ± 24 

449 ± 73 

No data 

11 ± 2 

29 ± 7 

91 

Turkey-diet 

(g/kg DM) 

*1 Values from samples taken from the crop (not in the stomach), because the contents of the stomach are 

already more digested than the food parts in the crop. 

*2 (National Research Institute, 1984; The National Research Council, 1984) 

NRC advices 13.5 MJ OE/kg DM for turkeys. Because of their size and ecology, the data for turkeys are often 

used as a guideline for crowned pigeons (National Research Institute, 1984). 

Results 

There are some remarkable differences between the nutrition of crowned pigeons in the wild 

and in the five zoos with good reproductive results. The percentage of crude protein is much 

lower in the wild, which might be explained by the fact that these samples were collected 

shortly after the reproductive season. The same explanation might be applicable to the lower 

ratios of calcium and phosphorus in the wild. The ratio Ca/P is higher in the wild than in 

captivity. In zoos and bird parks, most crowned pigeons are able to produce eggs throughout 

the year (Hallebeek, 1995), while the samples in the wild were collected about three or four 

months after egg production. The most remarkable difference is the ratio of crude fibre, which 

is four times as high in the wild as in captivity. The food, collected from the crop and stomach 

of crowned pigeons in the wild, contains a lot of large seeds, while the food of crowned 

pigeons in captivity usually comprises of smaller food parts. The largest pieces they get in 

captivity are pies and parts of fruits, while in the wild they are swallowing whole beans 

(which are rich in fibre) up to 6 cm long. The large stones they swallow in the wild might 

assist to digest the large food parts faster (Vogel, 1984). 

(*2) 

134 

32 

47 

95 

2.7 

5.4


Discussion about the results 

This comparison gives only a rough indication about the differences about nutrition in the 

wild and in captivity. First of all a lot of data submitted by the European institutions, were 

incomplete, and some data could not be used. The data of the five institutions used, have not 

been proved with those institutions and it might be possible that there is some bias. For 

example, some institutions listed mineral stones and limestones on their list, while others did 

not. In some institutions mineral stones are ad libitum available and they could have been 

comitted or it might be difficult to calculate the eaten amount of mineral stones. A lot of diets 

are not very accurate, because sometimes the amount fed instead of the intake was listed and 

in most aviaries there are other birds (and unwanted animals like mice!) as well. Finally, no 

questions were asked about seasonal influences in the diet of crowned pigeons. Of course also 

in captivity there is variation in diet, caused by prices and availability of products like greens 

and fruits. 

The data from the crowned pigeons collected in the wild were collected shortly after the 

reproductive season. It might be possible that during this period the intake of protein and 

calcium is lower, to compensate the higher intake during the reproductive season. 

Furthermore, only the crop and stomach contents of four crowned pigeons at only two days 

and at two locations could be collected, so it is hardly possible to draw any scientific 

conclusion from these data. The samples were collected in the summer of 1997, when it had 

not rained for weeks, because of El Niño. Therefore the samples collected in Papua New 

Guinea might not represent their “normal” diet. Furthermore the samples were put into 

ethanol, immediately after taking them out of the bird (within an hour of being shot), and kept 

under these circumstances for about two months before analysing them. It was not possible to 

estimate the amount of dry matter within the food, because when removing the ethanol, also 

some water, enclosed in the food, was removed. 

Conclusion 

According to observations from the field researcher of Rotterdam Zoo, and other sources as 

well, it is known that they are feeding on seeds as well as on fruits. Most diets in captivity 

contain a wide range of fruits, seeds, cereals, vegetables and so on. A bird in its productive 

stage has other requirements than a bird, which only needs food for maintenance. A 

productive bird has a much higher demand for calcium and magnesium. Although there is 

much variation between diets in captivity and all institutions say that their birds are in good 

condition, in most cases the breeding results are poor. Deficiencies in the diet of the birds 

does not seem to have any visible effect on the birds. From this research project it turned out 

that differences in nutrient availability might be a cause for the poor breeding results and 

therefore more research into this topic is needed. The most striking difference between the 

diet for crowned pigeons in captivity and the wild is the ratio of crude fibre. It should be 

considered to supply the crowned pigeons with larger food parts, to stimulate the activities of 

their gastro-intestinal tract. If more crude fibre and large mineral stones should be fed to the 

birds, their gastro-intestinal tract would be more active, which will reduce stress and will lead 

to more natural behaviour. Furthermore the amount of protein, calcium and phosphorus is 

higher in captivity than in the wild and this can be a reason for the relatively high egg 

production in captivity. Of course there are more factors which can have an influence on the 

breeding results like zootechnic factors and stress. 

92


The EEP-coordinator for crowned pigeons, who is also nutritionist at Rotterdam Zoo, 

composed the following tentative directives for nutrition of crowned pigeons in captivity: 12- 

15% of the dry matter should be protein, 7-10% fat, 10-30% fibre, 7-10% ash, 1-1.5% 

phosphorus and 2-3% calcium. 

Still very little is known about nutrition preferences and requirements of crowned pigeons and 

there are large differences in the results found by different researchers. The diet can be one of 

the factors responsible for the poor breeding results and therefore it should be advised to pay 

more attention to a better balanced diet. Also research into seasonal influences, both in the 

wild and in captivity should be carried out for optimal results into this topic to benefit the 

crowned pigeons welfare. Hopefully someone will have the opportunity to collect more data 

from the wild, because that still is considered to be the most natural situation, so we better 

take that as a guideline. 

References 

(1) Centraal Veevoederbureau. 1993. Voedernormen landbouwhuisdieren en voederwaarde 

veevoeders. Published by the Centraal Veevoederbureau, Lelystad. (in Dutch. English: 

Nutrient requirements of agricultural animals and nutritional value of forage). 

(2) Gennip, E.M.S.J. van. 1988. A functional morphological study of the feeding system in 

Pigeons (Columbia livia L.); behavioural flexibility and morphological plasticity. Thesis 

at the University of Leiden, The Netherlands. Krips Repro Meppel. 

(3) Griminger, P. 1983. Digestive system and nutrition. In: Abs, M (ed.) Psysiology and 

behaviour of the pigeon. Academic Press, London, England, pp. 19-39. 

(4) Hallebeek, A. 1995. Voeding kroonduiven. Thesis supervised by the Faculty of Animal 

Health, University of Utrecht. (in Dutch, English translation of this title: Nutrition of 

crowned pigeons) 

(5) Klasing, K.C. 1998. Comparative avian nutrition. CAB International, New York, USA. 

(6) National Research Institute. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Research 

Institute (NRC), Washington. 

(7) Robbins, Ch. T. 1993. Wildlife feeding and nutrition Edited by T.J. Cunha. Academic 

Press Inc. San Diego California, 2nd edition 

(8) The National Research Council 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National 

Academy of Sciences, Washington. 

(9) Vogel, Dr. K. 1984. Die Taube: Biologie, Haltung, Fütterung. VEB Deutscher 

Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin (in German: English translation of this title: The pigeon: 

biology, husbandry and nutrition). 

93


6.3 Reproductive life-span, generation time 

and longevity in crowned pigeons 

According to the crowned pigeon studbook the first crowned pigeon kept in a western 

collection arrived in London Zoo 5 May 1896. It was a common crowned pigeon of an 

unknown sex and it died 5 April 1904. This crowned pigeon must have reached an age of over 

8 years, which is considerable in comparison to crowned pigeons in London Zoo in the 

beginning of this century. This first victoria’s crowned pigeon arrived 15 December 1904 and 

died 19 December 1906. The first scheepmaker’s crowned pigeon arrived 1 July 1925 in 

London Zoo and died 24 February 1928. Before the beginning of World War II no less than 

41 victoria’s crowned pigeons, 7 scheepmaker’s crowned pigeons and 57 common crowned 

pigeons arrived at London Zoo, but only 3 victorias and 1 scheepmaker’s crowned pigeons 

survived over more than 10 years of captivity in London Zoo. 

Crowned pigeons appear to reach sexual maturity at 18 to 24 months of age (AZA, 1996). A 

common crowned pigeon, born in Berlin Zoo in 1959, should have laid her first egg already in 

1960. Since 1964 she produced, together with a cock-pigeon born in 1961 or 1962, a lot of 

offspring (Klös, 1966). Fleay (1963) observed that a male crowned pigeon at an age of 17 

months already produced the perch-coo. A pair of common crowned pigeons started 

reproducing at an age of 16 months (Nijboer and King, 1996). 

They are reproductive even well into their twenties (AZA, 1996). A female scheepmakers 

crowned pigeon still produced offspring when she was at least 21 years old. A male victoria’s 

crowned pigeon, which came to Amsterdam Zoo (from the wild) in 1969, produced offspring 

in Weert (private keeper; The Netherlands) in 1994, at the age of at least 25 (Nijboer and 

King, 1996). 

Generation time, i.e. the average time between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring 

is also about three years. According to the questionnaire from Assink (1988), it varies 

between 2 and 8 years in captivity (Goura cristata and Goura victoria respectively), but he 

has only very little data, so this can not be considered to be very reliable. Given the long 

reproductive life span, a generation time of 8 years is more likely than of 2 years (Assink, 

1988). Out in practice it seems to be somewhere in between; like about four years. 

Little is known of the total life span of crowned pigeons, but from observations in captivity it 

becomes clear that they can reach a reasonable age. Unfortunately due to a lack of 

cooperation of some institutions, data published in the International Studbooks and in the EEP 

Studbooks are incomplete. A lot of crowned pigeons still seem to be alive, but these 

institutions did not reply to questionnaires for a number of years, so these crowned pigeons 

might be dead for a long time. Only recorded death data and data of institutions that closely 

cooperate within an EEP or SSP are reliable. 

94


The oldest common crowned pigeon died in 1982 in Cleveland at the age of 31: a crowned 

pigeon which was wild-caught in 1965, was still alive Washington by the end of 1995 and at 

that time it was 30 years old. In 1966 a common crowned pigeon was born in Berlin Zoo and 

this bird also seems to be still alive, but this institution is not responding to communications 

of the EEP-coordinator. In Philadelphia there is an at least 32 year old victoria crowned 

pigeon (wild-caught in 1963) and in Berlin Zoo also a scheepmaker’s crowned pigeon which 

is wild-caught in 1968 and (if still alive) at least 27 years old (Wetzel, 1992; Wetzel, 1996; 

Wetzel, 1998). There is no doubt that they can reach a maximum age of over 30 years, in 

captivity mabye even 35. In the wild there are no natural predators, and because they are 

frugivorous (and do not need speed to hunt for food), this maximum age might be reached in 

the wild too. 

The long reproductive life span (over 20 years) is advantageous to increase the number of 

crowned pigeons in captivity, because every crowned pigeon can theoretically produce and 

raise a maximum of at least 40 chicks. 

References 

(1) Assink, H. 1988. The crowned pigeon Studbook, Number 1. Royal Rotterdam Zoological 

and Botanical Gardens, Rotterdam. 137 p. 

(2) AZA. 1996. AZA Annual Report on Conservation and Science. American Zoo and 

Aquarium Association, Bethesda, MD. 

(3) Fleay, D. 1963. A family event with New Guinea crowned pigeons. In: The Victorian 

Naturalist 79 (9), January 1963; 256 - 263. 

(4) Klös, H.G. 1966. A note on breeding second generation crowned pigeons (Goura cristata) 

at West Berlin Zoo. In: Olney, P. and S. Ellis. International Zoo Yearbook (6), 215. 

(5) Nijboer, J. and C.E. King. 1996. EEP Studbook of crowned pigeons Volume 3. Rotterdam 

Zoo, The Netherlands. 

(6) Wetzel, D. 1992. Crowned pigeon Studbook 1990 - 1991. Roger Williams Park Zoo, 

Rhode Island, USA. 78 p. 

(7) Wetzel, D. 1996. International crowned pigeon Studbook. Roger Williams Park Zoo, 


(8) Wetzel, D. 1998. International crowned pigeon Studbook. Roger Williams Park Zoo, 

Rhode Island, USA. 

95


Longevity records in crowned pigeons (Goura sp.) 

Longevity records in common crowned pigeons (Goura cristata ) 

Ranking Studbooknr. Studbooknr. (Sex) Origin Date Event Age end 

New Old 

of 1996 

1 1013 3 (M) Wild-caught 1951 Died 26-1-82 

Cleveland 

31 

2 1050 23 (M) Wild-caught 1965 Still alive 

Washington 

31 

3 1057 (F) Captive-born 28-2-66 Still alive Berlin 30 

Berlin Zoo Zoo 

1054*1053 (EEP Nr 6601) 

4 1060 30 (F) Wild-caught 1968 Still alive 

Litchfield 

28 

5 1065 31 (F) Wild-caught 1968 Still alive S Diego 

WAP 

28 

(Wetzel, 1992; Wetzel, 1996; Wetzel, 1998) 

Longevity records in victoria crowned pigeons (Goura victoria ) 

Ranking Studbookknr. Studbooknr. (Sex) Origin Date Event Age end 

New Old 

of 1996 

1 1052 21 (M) Wild-caught 1963 Still alive 

Philadelphia 

32 

2 1071 (M) Wild-caught 1969 Still alive 

Columbia 

26 

3 1074 35 (M) Wild-caught 1969 Still alive Miami 

PJ 

26 

4 1076 (M) Wild-caught 1969 Still alive Weert 26 


Rotterdam 

23 


Longevity records in scheepmakers crowned pigeons (Goura scheepmakeri ) 

Ranking Studbooknr. Studbooknr. (Sex) Origin Date Event Age end 

New Old 

of 1996 

1 1023 (F) Wild-caught 1965 Still alive Noland 31 

2 1030 (?) Captive born 10-7-67 Still alive Tp 29 

SDZoo Berlin 

3 1033 (F) Wild-caught 1968 Still alive Berlin 

Zoo 

28 

4 1016 11 (M) Wild-caught 1961 Died 4-1-85, 

Memphis 

24 

5 1017 12 (F) Wild-caught 1961 Died 26-2-84, 

Memphis 

23 

6 1052 28 (F) Wild-caught 1974 Still alive Little 

Rock 

22 


Qualicum 

21 


96


6.4 Comparison in time-budgets between crowned pigeons 

kept under different housing conditions 

Introduction 

Because of the fast growth of the human population, the increase of tourism and the rapid 

growth of the number of industries, the undisturbed part of the island of New Guinea is 

declining quickly. Because crowned pigeons are an easy prey to hunters, they disappear 

everywhere where humans occur. Because remote areas are disappearing very rapidly the 

number of crowned pigeons in the wild is declining just as fast. Now the numbers are 

declining very quickly, conservation institutions feel the urge to establish a sustainable 

population in captivity. Because of the negative natural growth of the population, research is 

continuously carried out into different aspects of the ex situ husbandry. 

The most important problem is the low birth rate in captivity. Data from zoological 

collections show that crowned pigeons must be able to produce and raise three clutches a year 

in captivity and that they are able to produce fertile eggs for over twenty years. At first sight it 

should be easy to maintain a stable population in captivity (Nijboer and King, 1996). 

Unfortunately, the current situation is not prosperous and for that reason the EEP Speciescommittee 

proposed an ex situ research project into the wellbeing and reproduction of 

crowned pigeons in captivity. 

The main problem is the big loss of eggs and squabs, as a result of a lot of infertilized eggs. 

Furthermore a lot of embryos are dying during incubation. Also a lot of eggs are demolished 

or thrown out of the nest. Only one out of six eggs will finally deliver a new mature crowned 

pigeon (Nijboer and King, 1996). Many scientists advice to conduct research into the 

accessibility of the nest and the care of the parents for the squab (King, Nijboer and Wiersma, 

1996; King and Nijboer, 1996). Some of them also state it is important to conduct research 

into the fact that only a low number of crowned pigeons are producing eggs (King and 

Nijboer, 1996). Apart from this the condition of the toes of most crowned pigeons seems not 

to be very well. In most cases the nails are too long or the birds are not able to bow their toes 

(King, pers. comm.). As a consequence, it is likely that the males have problems to copulate, 

because they are not able to hold the hen. This should reduce the chance of a successful 

mating. It might be possible to improve the condition of the feet by changing the thickness of 

the perches and by using a different kind of substrate. 

The target of the research project in zoos was to improve the wellbeing of crowned pigeons in 

captivity by improving the reproduction of crowned pigeons ex situ. To reach that goal the 

following research questions were formulated: 

� What is the time budget of crowned pigeons under different circumstances/housing 

Guinea conditions? 

� Do the perches influence the well being of them and, as a consequence of that, the 

reproduction of crowned pigeons? 

� Does the substrate have any influence on the time budget of crowned pigeons? 

97


Several years ago the department of Animal Behavior of the Wageningen Agricultural 

University initiated several years ago a research project into comparisons of animals housed 

under different circumstances. Until now this project is only focused on mammals, like brown 

bears and zebras. This is the first study within the framework of this comparative behavior 

project that focuses on birds. 

Materials 

Within the EEP over 100 crowned pigeons are registered, but most of them are being kept by 

private persons. The Dutch Federation of Zoos has twelve members, of which four are 

currently keeping crowned pigeons: Amsterdam Zoo (Artis), Rotterdam Zoo (Blijdorp), 

Arnhem Zoo (Burgers’) and Alphen a/d Rijn Birdpark (Avifauna). This research project was 

carried out in these public institutions, because of their scientific attitude and their 

cooperation. 

In Amsterdam Zoo two pairs of Goura victoria are housed in the tropical birdhouse. Each pair 

has an own indoor-aviary of 3 x 5 x 4 (width, depth, height) meters. The roof consists of 

frosted glass, which provides at least a lot of light. There are also outdoor-aviaries, directly 

connected to the house, but these are only used during the summer. This research project was 

carried out from November 1996 until April 1997 and the birds were not enabled to use the 

outdoor aviaries. Each pair of crowned pigeon's shared the aviary with some other species of 

birds, like Tauraco persa livingstonii, Dacelo gigas, Dacelo leachi, Coracias benghalensis, 

Gracula religiose and Lamprotornis purpereus. Although the aviaries are not very large in 

size, they are quite well furnished with a lot of Ficus benjaminii, but also sand, mould, a small 

pond and a lot of branches. 

Rotterdam Zoo, as EEP-coordinator for crowned pigeons, has both Goura victoria and Goura 

scheepmakeri. During this study only one pair of Goura victoria kept in a small cage of 3 x 2 

x 2,5 meter was studied. These birds were kept behind the scenes and were able to use a large 

aviary in summer, but in winter they only had the cage as described above. Last spring, this 

whole building was pulled down and in a green house, new (larger) cages were constructed. 

There was no heating in the building and during the night the temperature was only about 5 

degrees (Celcius). There were no other animals in this cage. The substrate consisted of sand 

only (no pond, only a drinking trough) and there were two branches and a nest to sit on. 

Alphen a/d Rijn birdpark has two pairs of Goura victoria and one pair of Goura cristata. One 

pair of Goura victoria and the pair of Goura cristata were studied. The pair of Goura victoria 

was incubating an egg and rearing the squab during the time of the study. Both aviaries (they 

have summer and winter only indoor facilities) are about 20 m² and 3,5 meter high. Just as in 

Amsterdam Zoo, there is sand as well as mould, and a small pond. There are small trees and 

shrubs available (mostly Ficus benjaminii) and branches to sit on. The pair of Goura victoria 

was housed solitary, because they were very aggressive towards other birds. The pair of 

Goura cristata shared their aviary with four Lamprospreo superbus. In both aviaries a nest is 

available, which was actively used by the Goura victoria. 

98


Arnhem Zoo is famous about its huge greenhouse (135,000 m²) which also houses two pairs 

of Goura victoria. In this enormous enclosure, opened in 1988 and called Burgers’ Bush, the 

crowned pigeons have possibilities to conduct every kind of behaviour they want: there are all 

kinds of substrate available, all kinds of branches, all kinds of vegetation, some parts are 

accessible to visitors while others are not. There are hundreds of other animals: mammals, 

birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates. There are no prefab nests available, but as 

soon as the bird keepers notice that a pair of crowned pigeons has found a suitable place, they 

assist in placing a solid basis for the nest. 

In the breeding area of the zoo another pair of Goura victoria is housed. This pair used to live 

in Burgers’ Bush, but they were too aggressive, especially towards children. Now they are 

housed behind the scenes in a former walk-through enclosure. This indoor aviary measures 

about 15 x 5 meter and is about 3.5 meter high. The roof consists of frosted glass, which 

provides at least a lot of light. There is no artificial light. There is sand as well as mould, a 

rather large but deep pond, a lot of plants with branches to sit on, some additional perches, a 

nest and also breeding pairs of other birds: Aratinga aurea, Burhinus magnirostris, Tauraco 

leucolophus and Amaurornis phoenicurus. 

In total eight pairs of crowned pigeons in seven enclosures were studied. These enclosures 

can be divided (looking at size and furnishing) into three categories: 

(1) The very small enclosure with very little possibilities behind the scenes in Rotterdam Zoo 

(this cage does not exist any more) 

(2) The restricted environments of Amsterdam Zoo (two aviaries), Alphen a/d Rijn Birdpark 

(two cages), and the breeding center of Arnhem Zoo. 

(3) The very large and very rich environment of Burgers’ Bush. 

Methods 

The study comprised two parts. In the observational part the time budgets of the eight pairs of 

crowned pigeons in the seven enclosures are studied and compared. In the experimental part 

in some enclosures the perches (three enclosures) or the substrate (one enclosure) were 

changed irregularly to determine the preferences of the birds. 

In the observational part the time budget of eight pairs of crowned pigeons is registered 

during four days (about 24 hours). The behaviour was registered every minute using scan 

sampling; instantaneous sampling. In this way per bird 24 * 60 = 1440 registrations were 

made. Only in Burgers’ Bush observations were carried out during 5 days (40 hours) in order 

to get enough data. Because of the size of the enclosure it was not possible to register the 

behavior of every bird every minute; therefore in Burgers’ Bush the behavior is recorded only 

every 15 minutes. So from these four crowned pigeons only 40 *4 = 160 registrations were 

made. 

The observations were recorded by using a Psion Organiser II, type LZ 64. With the use of 

the computerprogramme “The Observer” (Noldus Information Technology, 1995) a 

configurationfile was written. For this use an ethogram was set up. 

99


In the experimental part in three enclosures (Amsterdam Zoo in two aviaries, and in Alphen 

a/d Rijn birdpark) the perches were changed at random. Sometimes the birds could use only 

thick perches, sometimes only thin perches. After changing the perches, the birds were not 

observed for four days to get them used to the new elements in their enclosure. Three times 

thick perches were placed and three times thin perches. Each time observations were carried 

out during two days. 

In Rotterdam Zoo a complete different experiment was carried out. The birds in this small 

(and in the meantime pulled down) enclosure could only use sand and they were not very 

active. By some small trunks the surface was separated into four parts which were covered at 

random with sand or mould. Every time observations were carried out during two days and 

after this the substrate in some parts was changed again. Also in this experiment the birds was 

given a relaxation time of at least four days. 

During the experimental part of the research project the data were also registered using 

instantaneous scan sampling. Because of the different circumstances in the four enclosures it 

became necessary to develop four different configuration-files. As in the observational part, 

data were registered using “The Observer”. 

Data processing 

The data, acquired with the organiser and worked up with “The Observer” are converted to 

SAS edition 6.10. 

To make it easier to calculate these data, a lot of scientists have made a classification into 

different types of behaviour. The first person to do this was “Von Üxküll” in 1926 who 

introduced the term “Funktionskreis”. He meant the interaction between the animal and its 

environment. The animal react, depending on its character, on different stimuli from the 

environment and this behaviour influences the environment on its turn (Von Üxküll in Koene, 

1995). Others used this theory and for example Tembrock made a classification into eight 

different types of behaviour: adaptation in time (to stand, to sleep), in space (locomotion), 

metabolic behaviour (to eat), to search for protection (against climate, enemies), sexual 

behaviour, care-behaviour, social behaviour and explanation behaviour (Tembrock, 1980). 

Koene found that the different types of behaviour, determined by Tembrock, overlap in 

environments made by men. For that reason Koene composed a classification into twelve 

categories, based on Tembrock (Koene, 1995). This classification includes the following 

types of behaviouir: 

1. Behaviour in space (space) e.g. to walk, to fly 

2. Behaviour in time (time) e.g. to stand, to sit 

3. Sexual behaviour (hide) e.g. to mate, to incubate 

4. Positive social behaviour (socpos) e.g. to preen another animal 

5. Negative social behaviour (socneg) e.g. to fight 

6. Hiding behaviour (hide) e.g. to hide 

7. Exploration- and playing behaviour (info) e.g. to play 

8. Care-behaviour (care) e.g. to preen 

9. Metabolic behaviour (meta) e.g. to eat, to defecate 

10. Stereotypic behaviour (stereo) e.g. “to wave” 

11. Deviant behaviour (deviant) e.g. to kick at a door 

12. Other behaviour (other) e.g. “not visible” 

100


This classification is used by comparing the behaviour in the seven enclosures and every 

registration is placed in one of the twelve categories of Koene. After this, the percentage timebudget 

of every category is calculated, to enable a comparison between animals, between 

enclosures and between the three different types of enclosures. The means are calculated 

using PROC MEANS within SAS en the significant differences were calculated using PROC 

GLM. This latter method analysed data, which have a normal division, and GLM is able to 

work with a few numbers of data (SAS Institute Inc., 1990). If significant differences were 

found, Duncan’s multiple Range test (α = 0,05) is used to find out which birds or enclosures 

were significant different. 

Observational data 

Using the methods described as above it is calculated, if there occurred any significant 

differences in time-budgets between individuals, between sexes, between enclosures, between 

types of enclosures. The SAS-file is available upon request from the author. Furthermore it is 

studied whether the behavior of the cock-pigeon and the female should correlate or not. This 

has been carried out using a PROC CORR according to the Spearman method. 

Experimental data 

To determine the preferences of crowned pigeons on different types of substrate (sand and 

mould) the behaviour on the substrate is registered. They mainly showed four different types 

of behaviour on the substrate: behaviour in time, in space, metabolic behaviour and carebehaviour. 

With use of a Single Case Randomized Test (SCRT) it is calculated whether the 

birds had a preference to conduct a special type of behaviour on a special type of substrate. 

By conducting a Fisher’s exact test it was possible to draw more general conclusions. 

SCRT carries out randomizations with experiments if the sample size is one. With the use of 

this test the individual effect of an experiment is calculated, without doing any assumptions 

about other variables (Van Damme, 1995). Another advantage is, that data from different 

animals can be combined for analysing. Because the birds always had the choice between two 

kinds of substrate (sand and mould) and two types of behaviour (behaviour in time and space 

versus care and metabolic behaviour), an Alternating Treatments Design (ATD) has been 

used. 

The other experiment comprised changing the perches. Because the animals could only 

choose between a thick and a thin perch, there were more observations of just one factor on 

one animal. For that reason here the Restricted alternating Treatment Design (RATD) was 

chosen, to find out whether there were significant differences in the two situations. 

101


An example of an SCRT-program file is published below. 

Example of an ATD-file of an SCRT, in this case metabolic behaviour versus care-behaviour 

of a female Goura cristata in Alphen a/d Rijn birdpark. 

A = Preening on the mould 

B = Preening on the sand 

C = Metabolic behaviour on the mould 

D = Metabolic behaviour on the sand 

Results 

Results of the observational research project 

Comparison between sexes 

Both the male and the female showed during the day (9 am until 5 p.m.) mostly behaviour in 

time, in space, sexual behaviour, care behaviour and metabolic behaviour. The other types of 

behaviour from Koenes classification, like social behaviour, did hardly occur. 

No significant differences in time budgets between males and females were found. Only the 

care behaviour of the males was significantly higher (F (1.14) = 3.73, P = 0.0740) than of the 

females. Furthermore female pigeons spent more behaviour in time, while males conduct 

more behaviour in space and metabolic behaviour. But these differences are not significant. 

102


Results of the observational research project 

Comparison between enclosures 

As described before, there are large differences in size and furnishing of the enclosures for 

crowned pigeons in the Dutch zoos. This may influence the time budgets of the crowned 

pigeons. 

Significant differences between the enclosures within the category “space” were found (F(6,9) 

= 5.45, P = 0.0122). Especially in one of the cages in Amsterdam Zoo, the enclosure with 

Goura cristata in Alphen a/d Rijn birdpark and the birds in Burgers’ Breeding Area spent, 

according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, more time conducting behaviour in space, than 

the birds in the other enclosures. 

No significant differences between the enclosures for behaviour in time and sexual, care and 

metabolic behaviour could be found The birds in Burgers’ Breeding Area spent, according to 

Duncan, significantly (F(6,9) = 6.14; P = 0.0083) more time showing positive social 

behaviour. On the contrary, the crowned pigeons in Burgers’ Bush showed significantly 

(F(6,9) = 4.01; P = 0.0311) more social negative behaviour in comparison with the other 

birds. 

100% 

90% 

80% 

70% 

60% 

50% 

40% 

30% 

20% 

10% 

0% 

Amsterdam 1 

Amsterdam 2 

Alphen G.v. 

Alphen G.c. 

103 

Rotterdam 

Burgers' Bush 

Burgers' Breeding 

Area 

space time sex social pos. social neg. care metabolic other


Comparison between different types of enclosures 

It is possible to divide the seven enclosures into three categories: the very rich environment of 

Burgers’ Bush, the very small cage without any enrichment in Rotterdam Zoo, and, finally, 

the other five enclosures of medium size and furnishing (the two enclosures at Amsterdam 

Zoo, the two at Alphen a/d Rijn birdpark and the enclosure in Burgers’ Breeding Center). The 

figure below shows the average time budgets of the three types of enclosures. 

The crowned pigeons in the large 

(rich) environment showed 

significantly (F(2,13)= 3,91 P = 

0.0469) less care behaviour than the 

birds in the small and medium 

environment. The birds in the small 

cage showed marginal significant 

(F(2,13)=3.38; P=0,0656) more 

metabolic behaviour than in the other 

types husbandry. In the spacious 

environment of Burger’s Bush the 

birds showed significantly 

(F(2.13)=5,63; p=0.0174) more “other 

Percentage of time spent 

8 0 

7 0 

6 0 

5 0 

4 0 

3 0 

2 0 

1 0 

0 

104 

Space 

Time 

Sex 

Socpos 

S m all M edium Large 

behaviour” than in the other systems, but also more negative social behaviour than their 

congeners in the more restricted environments. Finally it was found that crowned pigeons in 

the restricted environments spent significantly less time conducting behaviour in space 

(F(2.13)=3,16; p=0,0762). 

Correlation between behaviour of male and female crowned pigeons 

Below is described if, and how, the behaviour of the male and female from a pair of crowned 

pigeons are correlated to each other. The types of behaviour are listed in the table below, and 

the correlation coefficients are filled in, if they are significantly (n=38-48; p


The behaviour of the young pair of Goura victoria in Burgers’ Bush and the behaviour of the 

pair of Goura cristata in Alphen a/d Rijn are the least correlated, while the behaviour of the 

crowned pigeons in Burgers’ Breeding Centre and in the left enclosure in Amsterdam Zoo are 

correlated in many types of behaviour. 

Preference for types of substrate 

There were four types of behaviour recognized: “to forage on the sand”, “to forage on the 

mould”, “to preen on the sand” and “to preen on the mould”. 

Table 2: Preference for a special type of behaviour at a special type of substrate. 

In column: F = to forage, P = to preen, S = sand, M = mould. 

Only percentages of significant importance are listed. 

(+) = p < 0.05, (*) = p < 0.01, (#) = p < 0.001. 

PM > 

PS 

PS > 

PM 

PM > 

FM 

FM > 

PM 

FS > 

FM 

FM > 

FS 

FS > 

PS 

PS > 

FS 

PM > 

FS 

FZ > 

PM 

FM > 

PS 

PS > 

FM 

Amsterdam 

left cage 

M (n=12) 

3.22 – 0 

(*) 

3.14 – 0 

(*) 

3.14 – 0.13 

(*) 

3.22 – 0.13 

(*) 

Amsterdam 

left cage 

F (n=12) 

3.67 – 0.06 

(#) 

3.67 – 0.13 

(#) 

Amsterdam 

right cage 

M (n=12) 

12.97 – 0 

(#) 

6.03 – 0 

(+) 

6.03 – 0.12 

(+) 

12.97 – 0.12 

(#) 

105 

Amsterdam 

right cage 

F (n=12) 

5.94 – 0 

(*) 

6.66 – 0 

(#) 

6.66 – 0.16 

(#) 

5.94 – 0.16 

(#) 

The table above can be read horizontally and vertically. 

Alphen 

a/d Rijn 

M (n=10) 

7.35 – 0.03 

(#) 

7.35 – 0.59 

(#) 

Alphen 

a/d Rijn 

F (n=10) 

24.36 – 0.46 

(#) 

24.36 – 1.19 

(#) 

24.36 – 6.20 

(#)


Horizontally the preferences of an individual bird can be found. PS>PM means, for example, 

that the bird is significantly more preening on the sand than on the mould, if the cellar is filled 

in. This is the case with five or six crowned pigeons. It also can be found that three birds 

significantly do more forage than preen on the mould, three animals significantly do more 

forage on the mould than on the sand and five animals significantly do more preen than forage 

on the sand. 

Vertically the preferences per crowned pigeon can be found. Three out of six animals 

significantly are preening more on the sand than on the mould, significantly more are foraging 

on the mould than on the sand, on the sand significantly more are preening than foraging and 

on the mould more are foraging than preening. Two out of six birds do preen significantly 

more on the sand than on the mould and they significantly are preening more on the sand than 

they are foraging on the sand. 

Fisher 

From this it might be concluded that crowned pigeons have a preference to forage on the 

mould and to preen on the sand. To test this hypothesis a Fisher’s exact test has been carried 

out. 

Sand Mould 

Table 3: Table of a Fishers Exact Test. 

To forage 3 6 

Example: to forage on the sand = 3; 

This means: to forage on the sand is three 

To preen 10 0 

times significantly higher than another category of behaviour. 

From this can be calculated (n = 19, α = 0.05) p = 0.0031, and this proves that that crowned 

pigeons have a preference for preening on the sand and foraging on the mould. 

Results of the experimental research project 

The experiment with the perches 

This experiment has been carried out in Alphen a/d Rijn birdpark and Amsterdam Zoo. In 

Alphen the female had no preference for a special type of perch, but the male had a significant 

preference (8.33% versus 0.24%; n =10, p = 0.001) for the thick perch. In the left enclosure in 

Amsterdam Zoo the male showed no significant preference for one of the perches, but the 

female spent significantly more time at the thick perch than on the thin perch (32.26% versus 

22.11%; n =12, p = 0.022). The pair of crowned pigeons in the right enclosure in Amsterdam 

Zoo showed during the 12 days of observations no significant preference for one of the 

perches. It can also be concluded that two out of six birds have a preference for the thick 

perch, while the other four birds do not have any preference at all. 

106


The experiment with the substrate 

In Rotterdam Zoo it first had been studied, with use of a Restricted Alternating Treatment 

within a SCRT, if the type of substrate did influence the time spent on the perches. From this 

it became clear that the male, with two parts of the surface covered with mould and one with 

sand, significantly spent more time on the perches than if one part was covered with mould 

and two with sand (59.26% versus 31.05%; n = 12, p = 0.001). No significant differences in 

the time budget of the female could be observed. 

The male spent more time standing on the trunks on the ground if more parts of the enclosure 

are covered with mould. This is both significant in comparison between 1 and 2 parts covered 

with mould (29.29% versus 7.99%; n = 12, p = 0.001) and with 1 and 3 parts covered with 

mould (29.29% versus 6.03%; n = 12, p = 0.045). For the female no significant differences 

were found. 

When changing the type of substrate, no significant differences could be found in time spent 

on the substrate, neither for the male nor for the female. 

Table 4: Time budgets (in %) of the male with different types of substrate 

(+*# = significant differences) 

Male 3 parts mould 2 mould, 1 sand 1 mould, 2 sand 

Perch 57.77 59.26* 31.05* 

Trunk 6.03+ 7.99# 29.29+# 

Ground/substrate 36.21 32.74 39.66 

As can be seen in Table 4, for the male the time spent on the perches decreases significantly, 

if there is less mould on the ground. If more parts are covered with mould, the male spent 

significantly more time on the trunks, but the time spent on the substrate did not change 

significantly. 

Table 5: Time budgets (in %) of the female with different types of substrate 

(+*# = Significant differences) 

Female 3 parts mould 2 mould, 1 sand 1 mould, 2 sand 

Perch 34.08 42.94 32.55 

Trunk 19.83 19.87 30.15 

Ground/substrate 31.48 25.90 37.18 

As can be seen in Table 5, the type of substrate did not significantly influence the time spent 

on the perches, trunks or the ground. If there is less mould, the time spent on the trunks and 

on the ground increases slightly but not significantly. 

107


Foraging and preening 

In the tables 6 and 7 it can be seen whether the substrate influences the time spent on preening 

and foraging of the male and the female. 

Table 6: Time spent foraging and preening (in %) of the male 

with different types of substrate 

Male 3 parts mould 2 mould, 1 sand 1 mould, 2 sand 

To forage 3.89 3.46 1.38 

To preen 0.39 0.54 0.67 

For the male, there are no significant differences in time budget on the ground with different 

types of substrate, as can be seen in table 6. 

Table 7: Time spent foraging and preening (in %) of the female 

with different types of substrate 

(+*# = Significant differences) 

Female 3 parts mould 2 mould, 1 sand 1 mould, 2 sand 

To forage 1.57 2.96* 7.03* 

To preen 0.52 0.62# 2.45# 

The female pigeon spent significantly more time preening if there is more sand on the ground 

(2.45% versus 0.62%; n = 12, p =0.017). But also the time the female is foraging increases 

significantly if more parts are covered with sand (7.03% versus 2.96%; n = 12, p = 0.036). 

Discussion 

Discussion about the used materials and methods 

Conducting research in a zoo always implicates doing concessions. Apart from the interest of 

the researcher, there is also interest from the zoo, from the keepers and last but not least from 

the visitors. For the interest of the other parties, in most cases it is not possible to keep the 

birds under the most ideal circumstances. There are, for example, almost always too many 

birds in an aviary. Of course this influences the results of the research project. Furthermore 

not all experiments can be carried out in the way the researcher wants, because the enclosure 

has always to look clean. 

Another problem conducting research on zoo-animals is the low sample-size. In most cases 

the husbandry of the animals is not or hardly comparable. It is a goal of most zoos to 

distinguish from other zoos. An example of the different circumstances is the temperature: the 

crowned pigeons in Burgers’ Bush are kept under a temperature of about 25 degrees 

(Celcius), while the birds behind the scenes were kept without heating and the temperature 

decreased until 4 degrees! This makes it quite difficult to compare these enclosures. 

108


In some cases the keepers were too cooperative. If a researcher is studying one species for 

over six months, the keepers get eager and start looking more intensive to this enclosure. 

From one day to the other, they notice things and suddenly they start changing things. 

Furthermore Duncan’s Multiple Range Test sometimes showed more significant differences 

than the PROC GLM. This can be explained by the fact that PROC GLM is less precise than 

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. This can be seen clearly at the behavioural categories positive 

and negative social behaviour. PROC GLM regularly states that the differences are 

significant, but the numbers are very low and not comparable with the number in the other 

categories. 

Although this research project lasted six months, it is difficult to draw general conclusions. 

One of the major insights is that crowned pigeons are very susceptible to changes in their 

environment. In one case it lasted for over six weeks before the birds dared to use a new 

perch. Before the project started this was not taken into account. Because of the short time of 

the research project, the birds not always got enough time to get used to the changes in their 

environment. 


Observational research project 

Males versus females 

No significant differences could be found in time budgets between males and females. This is 

not very strange because it turned out that the differences between the enclosures are very 

large. The males seem to be slightly more active than the females, because they show less 

behaviour in time and more behaviour in space. 

Differences between enclosures 

Large differences between the enclosures were found, and a lot, but not all of these 

differences can be explained by differences in husbandry. For example the crowned pigeons 

in Rotterdam Zoo showed significantly more behaviour in time than the other pairs. This 

might be explainable by the low temperature of this enclosure. Two pairs significantly 

showed more positive social behaviour and more reproductive behaviour but these birds were 

respectively starting to build a nest and hatching an egg. 

The crowned pigeons in Burgers’ Bush showed significantly more negative social behaviour, 

which can be explained by the fact that in this enclosure there were two pairs of crowned 

pigeons. The birds in the Bush showed less “care”-behaviour than the other pairs. This might 

mean that preening is an expressing of being bored. Burgers’ Bush is more spacious and 

offers the birds much more possibilities to conduct natural behaviour than the other 

enclosures. 

The birds in Rotterdam Zoo showed more metabolic behaviour, which might be explained by 

the size and furnishing of this enclosure, which offers the crowned pigeons almost no 

possibilities to conduct natural behaviour. 

109


Comparison with “natural” situation 

Burgers’ Bush gives the crowned pigeons the most possibilities to conduct the behaviour they 

want. This enclosure has all elements of the other enclosures, and more. The time spent on 

conducting behaviour in time, “care”-behaviour and metabolic behaviour decreases if the 

enclosure is larger and more varied. In the more natural environment of Burgers’ Bush, the 

crowned pigeons spent more time conducting social behaviour. But this also can be explained 

by the fact that these birds were incubating an egg. 

Correlation between male and female 

The behaviour of the male and the female are correlated in many types of behaviour. Only if 

the birds were incubating an egg, there was no correlation, which can be explained by the fact 

that incubating is a solitary activity. 

The metabolic behaviour was highly correlated; after feeding time, both birds started to eat. In 

Burgers’ Bush this correlation was less, because food was available all day. 

In some enclosures the behaviour was also correlated, probably because the birds would like 

to build a nest and they were looking together for nesting material. 

In Rotterdam Zoo the behaviour of the male and the female were also highly correlated, but 

this can be explained by the small enclosure-size. 

Use of the substrate 

With use of a Fishers Exact Test it became clear that crowned pigeons have a preference for 

foraging on the mould and preening on the sand. In most enclosures the mould was planted 

and regularly leaves felled down, which were studied well by the birds. Furthermore the 

texture of the mould is different and the birds had to go with their bill into the mould to find 

out if there was something to eat. In sand this is not necessary. Also the mould can be 

considered as a place where food can be found, while the sand might be an open spot in the 

forest, where the crowned pigeon has a lot of space to preen. Both foraging and preening are 

important to the birds. If foraging is replaced by preening, they are preening too much which 

causes damages onto their feathers. The birds in Rotterdam Zoo looked worse than their 

congeners who had also mould available. 


Experimental research project 

In the experiment with perches, where at random a thick and a thin perch was placed, four out 

of six crowned pigeon showed no preference for one of the types of perches, while the other 

two crowned pigeons preferred the thick one. The hypothesis, formulated after research 

carried out in Burgers’ Bush (where the birds can choose between thousands of perches), was 

that crowned pigeons should prefer thin branches, where they are better capable to bow their 

toes for a better grip. The strange results (in comparison with the hypothesis) can be explained 

by the fact that crowned pigeons are very susceptible to changes in their environment. It 

always lasted several days for them to get used to something new, and in Birdpark Avifauna it 

even lasted seven weeks! 

110


The three investigated pairs have thick perches available for years and probably their toes are 

not very well able anymore to bow and to get grip on the thin perches. To determine the real 

preferences perch, a much longer period of investigation is necessary. 

In the experiment with substrate in Rotterdam Zoo, the results from the other three pairs could 

not be proved. If more parts were covered with sand, the birds spent less time on the perches 

and more time on the trunks on the ground. The time spent on the ground did not change 

significantly. The hypothesis was that the birds should spend more time on the ground if more 

parts were covered with mould. This might also be explained by the long relaxation time to 

get used to something new. 

It also turned out that if more parts were covered with sand, the crowned pigeons showed 

more preening, but also more foraging, which means that they were more active. This might 

also prove that the birds have a very long relaxation time. 

Conclusions and recommendations 

Crowned pigeons are not reproducing very well in captivity. Due to a lack of knowledge of 

the ecology of crowned pigeons in the wild there is a lot of variation in husbandry in the 

different institutions. For that reason it is investigated under which circumstances crowned 

pigeons are kept in captivity and if they are reproducing or not. 

If Burgers’ Bush is considered to be the most natural situation in captivity, it can be 

concluded that a restriction in the variation in the enclosure (and in the freedom to choose for 

the animals), leads to an increase in “care”-behaviour: the crowned pigeons spend more time 

preening their feathers and so on. If the environment of the birds is even more restricted, the 

birds also spend more time conducting metabolic behaviour. Time budget in this case is a 

measure for wellbeing. 

The enclosure also needs to have as many different elements as possible to enable the birds to 

conduct the behaviour they want. From the project into preferences for a type of substrate it 

turned out that crowned pigeons needed both sand as well as mould. They use the sand to 

conduct “care”-behaviour (preening) and the mould to conduct foraging. If there is no mould 

and only sand, they start preening that much, that the plumage gets damaged. By supplying 

the birds with some parts of mould (preferably planted), the foraging behaviour increases, the 

behaviour in time decreases and the birds are more active and also more attractive to the 

visitors, and the enclosure looks more ‘natural’ to the visitors. The mould can be separated 

from the sand with use of trunks. If watered regularly the maintenance of the mould does not 

cost more time than the sand. 

This research project mainly focused on the use of substrate and the preference for a type of 

perch. Two out of six pigeons preferred a thick perch. Also changes in substrate did not result 

in the expected change in behaviour. One of the major conclusions, which can be drawn from 

this experiment, is that crowned pigeons are very susceptible for changes in their 

environment. They are used to the daily routine of the keepers, but as soon as something 

unexpected happens, like catching other birds or replacing some shrubs, they need several 

days or more to behave like they did before. Also the replacement of perches or substrate 

caused a lot of stress and it became necessary to wait for days before observing the birds, to 

get comparable results. But this still influences the reliability of the results. 

111


Crowned pigeons are typical ground dwellers and the best is to keep them solitary, eventually 

with some other small species, which lives in the trees, because they can be very aggressive. 

To get them incubating an egg, there should not be any other large birds in the aviary. For 

example turacos and kookaburras are that curious and cheeky that they start emptying the nest 

if they have the possibility. 

Although crowned pigeons kept under the most natural circumstances in the Netherlands 

(Burgers’ Bush) have a preference for thin perches (diameter maximum 3 centimetres) to rest 

and sleep on, in this research project it could not be proved that also other crowned pigeons 

have a preference for thin perches. A long-term research projected should be initiated in an 

enclosure where the perches can be changed easily, without causing much stress. Finally in 

situ research is necessary to adapt the husbandry in situ if necessary and possible. 

112


6.5 Information on crowned pigeons in Papua New Guinea 

6.5.1 Ecology of crowned pigeons 

Crowned pigeons occur in the swampy lowland forests of New Guinea until a height of 

maximal 500 meters above sea level (Wetzel, 1992a). Because New Guinea is very 

mountainous, with mountains up to 4,500 meters in the heart of the island, crowned pigeons 

can only be found along the coasts of New Guinea. They are real ground-dwellers, because it 

is very energy consuming to fly for a bird of this size. They are turkey-sized and in good 

condition crowned pigeons weigh about 2 - 2.5 kilograms (Weekers, 1991), although Grzimek 

(1974) states that their weight is about 1.3 kilograms, which is definitely false for a mature 

crowned pigeon. They only fly if necessary: to sleep, to fly and to produce offspring. When 

they fly they make a very clumsy impression and they have to take great pains to land safely 

and not to drop off the branch (Rand and Gilliard, 1967). Although no research has been done 

to the use of space in the wild, they do not seem to be territorial. They are said to live in 

groups during the year, and in the breeding season they look for a suitable place to brood, not 

in the neighbourhood of another nest. It is not likely that they will allow any other crowned 

pigeon in the neighbourhood of the nest, but no research has been done into this subject. 

Social behaviour 

Although most zoos keep their crowned pigeons in pairs, in the wild they are often found in 

groups up to about ten individuals (Rand and Gilliard, 1967; Goodwin, 1983; Coates, 1985), 

but also groups of ten up to thirty individuals have been found (Coates, 1985). Probably in 

this way young crowned pigeons can choose their own partner (Nijboer, pers. comm.). 

Research has been done on the time-budgets of crowned pigeons in captivity and it became 

clear that crowned pigeons, as well in a small as in a big enclosure, have an almost mixed 

daily rhythm, which is displayed every day (Stockwell, 1996). 

In aggressive as well as defensive threat display, one or both wings are raised and the tail is 

jerked up and down. This movements appear to be the equivalent of the similar and probably 

homologous tail movements of the green pigeons Treron and the wing twitching in agnostic 

and sexual situations of other pigeons (Goodwin, 1983). 

Feeding 

In their feeding behaviour they do not differ significantly from other forest dwelling and 

largely ground living pigeons (Goodwin, 1983). Crowned pigeons feed on fruits (mainly figs) 

and seeds of the ground, by foraging. Also in zoos it could be observed that crowned pigeons 

spend a lot of time foraging. Their relatively long bill is very useful for this purpose. They do 

not scratch for feed with their feet but only shift the substrate, if it is loose and friable, with a 

sideways flicking movement of the bill (Goodwin, 1983). Furthermore they are said to feed 

on small insects, and one reference even reports that scheepmaker's crowned pigeons should 

eat small crabs (Grant in Coates, 1985), but this has never been confirmed. 

Almost nothing is known about the composition of the diet of crowned pigeons, neither in the 

wild nor in captivity (Hallebeek and Nijboer, 1996). 

113


Vocalisations 

Crowned pigeons produce a range of vocalisations, which are widely described by different 

authors. Goodwin (1983) described the sound of a common crowned pigeon as a ship's 

foghorn, or the "drumming" of an Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), while Fleay (1961) 

interprets it as "the complaining of an old man" or "prolonged, lugubrious "moose" like 

someone blowing strongly over the top of an empty milk bottle". Johnst (1961; in Goodwin, 

1983) describes the display coo of a captive male as "a long drawn buuuuuuh, which was also 

used in aggressive contests and as the advertising coo"/ Heinroth (1903; in Goodwin, 1983) 

describes a deep grumbling conversational note and "a very loud call like that made by the 

Papuans". 

Crowned pigeons produce different sounds on different occasions and Van Rijn (1995) has 

extensively studied this. After comparing the vocalizations of the different species, no 

significant differences in the sounds or the frequency of the sounds could be found (Van Rijn, 

1995). 

Sound Produced by Occasion 

Nestcoo Both sexes When the bird is standing on the nest. 

Perchcoo or Male Probably to attract the female to the nest, species 

display coo 

recognition. 

Bowcoo Male Shortly after mating, or to intimidate enemies. 

Contact call Both sexes A monotonous sound to keep in touch with each other; they 

or advertising 

coo 

also produces this sound standing next to each other. 

Excitement Both sexes Shortly after mating when the birds peck towards each 

cry 

other. 

Distress call Both sexes When a bird is excited or feels threatened, warning notes. 

(Van Rijn, 1995) 

Reproduction 

Almost all data of reproduction of crowned pigeons are obtained from crowned pigeons in 

captivity. 

Breeding season 

Crowned pigeons in captivity do not have a specific breeding season. Eggs are laid through 

the year, which is expected for inhabitants of tropical forests (Assink, 1988). 

Display and breeding behaviour 

The reproductive behaviour of crowned pigeons in captivity has been studied relatively well. 

For the nest-site they choose sites which offer some horizontal or nearly horizontal support, a 

fork near the periphery of some tree of shrub, well screened by vegetation about four meters 

above the ground (Goodwin, 1983; Wetzel, 1991). 

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As soon as the male has found a suitable place, he produces a call-note (the "booming call"), 

to attract his female to the place. The female squatting at the selected nest-site initiates serious 

nest building. The male reacts to this by seeking for suitable material (not too big branches) 

and carrying it back to her (Goodwin, 1983). After the first branches have been placed, both 

crowned pigeons start looking for more suitable branches. Sometimes they build a new nest in 

just a couple of days, but sometimes they need one or even two weeks to finish the nest 

(Wetzel, 1991). 

The mating behaviour is described well too (also from ex situ data). Both individuals are on 

the ground and the male starts walking around the female with upstreched wings. The female 

is responding by also lifting her spread wings and running around the male or running beside 

him with slightly bent legs, holding her bill close to his and uttering short, harsh, hissing calls. 

Once the female is "frozen", the cock-pigeon stands behind her and bows his head behind her. 

If the female allows him to do this and doesn't walk away, the male tries to impress her by 

making himself bigger by lowering his wings. After some tries he jumps on the female and 

then copulates with the female. Both birds bow their tail-feathers, which makes it possible to 

copulate. This will last for about five or ten seconds (Lommers, 1982) After this the cockpigeon 

jumps off the female and bows his head more times to ground, while producing a 

sound ("boom-pa….boom-pa….boom-pa….), which is called "the bow-coo" (Van Rijn, 

1995). Shortly afterwards male and female jump three till five times towards each other, 

touching each other with their breasts. Finally both birds start cleaning themselves (Fleay, 

1963). 

Incubation and fledging 

In the wild the birds build a nest approximately 3.5 till 15 meters above the ground (Coates, 

1985), probably in the axil of a tree, or at a division of two branches (Rand and Gilliard, 

1967). Usually the nest is very simple and consists of a lot of small branches. If the birds 

build the nest themselves, it has a size of 450 x 250 mm (Rand and Gilliard, 1967). They look 

for an open spot in the forest to build their nest, which enables them to take off from and land 

on the nest more easy. During the Archbold Expedition, No 42 (in the late 30s) five nests of 

scheepmakers crowned pigeons were found. They were found in typical situations, allowing 

for size of bird, in trees at heights varying from 12 to 50 feet (4 till 15 meters). The nests were 

(for pigeons) solid and compact but small, made of sticks, stems, palm leaves and tendrils 

(Rand, 1942, in Coates, 1983). 

Crowned pigeons usually only produce, just like other large ground-feeding pigeons 

(Goodwin, 1983), one egg per clutch. A function of one-egg clutches might be to enable the 

brooding parent to protect the squab better during tropical rainstorms. One egg clutches may 

also be an adaptation to a relatively un-nutritionous diet which affects the quantity or quality 

of parental crop milk or to intense selection pressure for quick growth and early fledging of 

the young (Snow, pers. comm. to Goodwin, 1983). McMorris (1976). On the contrary, reports 

that in San Francisco Zoo in 1974 a few times a clutch of two eggs was produced. But it can 

not be proved that one female laid these two eggs, because three male common crowned 

pigeons and two female victoria crowned pigeons inhabited this aviary. Outstanding enough, 

the first chick of both clutches died shortly after birth, while the second was raised by the 

"parents" (McMorris, 1976). The two females in the aviary could have laid these two eggs. 

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The egg produced by scheepmakers crowned pigeon is about 52.0 x 37.5 mm (Coates, 1985). 

Both birds incubate the egg and they relieve each other at about 24 hours. The male takes a 

full share of parental duties. Both sexes incubate and brood for about the same number of 

daylight hours, both produce crop milk and feed the young (Goodwin, 1983). Crop milk is a 

white, slimy caseous material formed by the desquamation of epithelian cells in the crop 

(Davis, 1939, in Clawitter, 1990). Incubation time in all three species is about 28 (Fleay, 

1961) till 30 days (Klös, 1966; Assink, 1988). Assink studied the incubation time in captivity 

by sending questionnaires to zoos. He found a range of 22 - 39 days in victoria crowned 

pigeons and 26 - 32 days in scheepmakers crowned pigeons. This can be explained by the fact 

that the bird keepers do not check the nests of eggs and hatchings every day, to not disturb the 

birds. 

Crowned pigeons are a very hygienic species. Just like other ground-pigeons, which do not 

nest on the ground, they always keep their nest clean. Their nest sanitation might serve to 

make the nest and young less conspicuous or odiferous to potential predators and / or to keep 

the nest in a condition where it will quickly dry out after rain. 

The parents seldom leave their eggs, chick alone unless the incubating parent is forced to flee 

from the nest (Goodwin, 1983). In Burgers' Zoo the crowned pigeons were housed with 

hundreds of other animals in a huge eco-display (90 x 130 m). A pair of blue-throated pipingguanas 

(Pipile cumanensis) lied in wait for the egg and because of this threat the crowned 

pigeons procrastinated the relief. They relieved each other very careful and sometimes the 

crowned pigeons were even sitting together on the nest to protect the egg against the guans. 

Thanks to the very careful and active parent, who will both feed the chick (the first days with 

their crop-milk, later with other food), the chick will gain weight very fast, although 

according to other sources the development of the chick is very slowly in comparison to other 

Columbiformes (King and Nijboer, 1994). Two weeks after birth, the chick is already 

completely feathered. It fledges after about 28 to 30 days (AZA, 1996). Assink found in the 

responses to his questionnaire also a lot of variation: common crowned pigeons 28 - 40 days, 

victoria crowned pigeons 20 - 31 days and scheepmakers crowned pigeons 27 - 30 days 

(Assink, 1988). Apart from false records because of not exact and very few data, it is expected 

that there is more variation in fledging time, because of more external influences, like food 

composition, temperature, threats and of course both parents. 

Pigeons learn to recognize their young as individuals about fledging time. Therefore, a young 

crowned pigeon taken from the nest by human beings, will preen on men in stead of on other 

crowned pigeons and it will never produce a chick of its own (Goodwin, 1983). 

In comparison to fruit pigeons (who fledge after 12 days), this is extremely late (Goodwin, 

1983) As the young crowned pigeon fledges, it is about one third of his parents size. Firstly it 

is completely fed by his parents, but after a few days on the ground, it starts looking for its 

own food little by little. Two or three months after fledging, depending on the behaviour and 

care for the young, the parents pay less attention towards the young bird (King and Nijboer, 

1994). Fleay reported that a victoria crowned pigeon fledged at four weeks old when it could 

fly very well although only about a quarter the bulk of the adult. It was fed by the parents 

until 13 weeks old. Sometimes the crowned pigeons start breeding again in captivity and in 

this way a pair of crowned pigeons can raise up to three chicks per annum. Adult birds are 

capable of recycling within 14 to 30 days after losing an egg (AZA, 1996), when the egg is 

infertile, the hatching dies of fledges (Assink, 1988). 

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The adult plumage is never replaced by a different type of plumage. Deformed, unpigmented 

or otherwise abnormal feathers may, however be produced at any moult as a result of 

defective metabolism due to sickness, injury of unsuitable diet. One of the most common 

manifestations of this is the induced melanism, which occurs quite regular in wild crowned 

pigeons, even although the birds seem to be in good condition. 

Status and threats in the wild 

Little is known about their status in the wild. Because of the impenetrable swampy rainforest, 

where the crowned pigeons occur and the low population density in those areas, it is expected 

that there are not very much direct threats to crowned pigeons and that they are reasonable 

safe. There are no estimates about the number of crowned pigeons in the wild. 

Because of their current status of protection in Europe, and because of their attractiveness by 

aviculturists (Van Rijn, 1996), crowned pigeons are offered on a regular base by brokers. The 

prices are not very low, but this won't be an insuperable problem for the majority of the 

people interested in acquiring these birds. At the moment (data March 1998) the price for a 

pair of Goura cristata is Hfl. 6.500 (US $ 3.250), Hfl. 7.700 (US $ 3.850) for a pair of Goura 

victoria and a pair of Goura scheepmakeri is Hfl. 8.000 (US $ 4.000) worth (Verhoeven, 

1998). In the early 90's hundreds of crowned pigeons were found at brokers in Singapore and 

Indonesia to be transported to Europe (King and Nijboer, 1994). 

Crowned pigeons already disappeared from areas with a higher population density, like the 

Southeast of New Guinea (King and Nijboer, 1996). Because of the economic developments 

and the high population growth, it is expected that the rainforest will disappear rapidly in the 

next decades, and in the near future the habitat for crowned pigeons will decline just as fast 

(Wetzel, 1992). 

Furthermore, the indegeous people hunt for crowned pigeons, because of the meat and the 

feathers, while young birds are being kept as pets (King and Nijboer, 1994). Unfortunately 

they are very good eating and the feathers including the crown are prized for ceremonial headdresses 

(Mackay, 1987). These activities take place for centuries and it is only for their own 

use. But the population is growing very rapidly and all these people need to be fed. 

Furthermore is the availability of guns a disaster for all faunas in NG. Since 1995 it is 

forbidden in Papua New Guinea to buy or sell weapons, because of the high crime rate. Only 

the people, who had already a gun, are able to buy bullets. The indegeous people are very 

angry about this decision, but for the wildlife this is very fortunate. 

Crowned pigeons can probably be seen as "the dodo of the 21st century", because the way 

crowned pigeons can be shot nowadays is comparable to the way in which dodos disappeared 

form Mauritius in the 18th century. For example, the cristata crowned pigeons in Irian Jaya 

have the habit to congregate at the water. They are very easy to catch with big nets. 

Furthermore they only fly into a tree when it is absolutely necessary and then they must take 

such great pains to balance on the branch that it is very easy to shoot them (Rand and Gilliard, 

1967). 

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Victoria crowned pigeons (Goura victoria) are still common in remote lowland forests, far 

away from human habitation. When flushed from the ground, they fly only a short distance to 

overhead tree perches where they fall easily a prey to the shotgun. In accessible areas 

crowned pigeons have been exterminated. There is no doubt, as the country is developed, that 

these unique birds will come under the shadow of extinction unless a serious determined 

effort is made to preserve them (Coates, 1977). 

At he moment crowned pigeons are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International 

Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES, 1993) and are considered 

"rare" by IUCN (1990). As a consequence the whole genus Goura is placed on Annex C1 of 

the CITES-list of the EEC (CITES, 1993), which gives crowned pigeons in Europe the same 

status as an Appendix I species (Nijboer and King, 1996). Trade in species listed on Appendix 

I is not allowed (although exceptions can be made), while trade in Appendix II species is 

allowed if someone has a permit (CITES, 1993). An attempt made by Joeke Nijboer, 

European Species Coordinator for crowned pigeons in Europe, to place crowned pigeons 

world-wide on Appendix I, to restrict the trade in crowned pigeons, failed, because too little is 

known about their status in the wild and because it is said there’s enough territory for these 

species (IUCN, 1993). 

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Geography 

6.5.2 General information on Papua New Guinea 

Papua New Guinea lies completely within the southern tropics and the north of Australia. It is 

the second largest island in the world (only Greenland is larger) and is about five times as big 

as France, but has only about four million inhabitants (Damen, 1997b). 

History 

Portuguese navigators in the 16th century recorded the earliest references to New Guinea. The 

Dutch, French and English made visits from this time up to the 19th century. However, 

European colonisation did not begin in earnest until 1884 when the two rival powers Germany 

and Britain formally raised their flags on the north and the south coasts, respectively. A 

formal division was made between German New Guinea and British New Guinea (later 

renamed Papua) in 1886. Later on, during World War I, Australia gained control. 

In 1949, the Territory of Papua New Guinea came into being under one administration, and 

Australia announced its intention to bring it forward to self-government and independence. 

The handover of most Australian-held powers took place at the start of the self-government 

on 1 December 1973. On 16 September 1975 Papua New Guinea became an independent 

state (UBD, 1997). 

Population 

The population of nearly four million has an average growth rate of 2.3% *(TCSP, 1996). 

Port Moresby, the national capital, is the major city (200.000 inhabitants) and the centre of 

government and commerce. The second city, Lea, is the main industrial centre (85.000 

inhabitants). Over 85% of Papua New Guineas live in rural areas in clan or village 

communities. Population densities vary considerably, from 0.6 people per km 2 (1,5 people per 

square mile) in Western District to more than 37 per km 2 (92 per square mile) in the highlands 

of the Gazelle Peninsula on the Island of New Britain. The highlands on the mainland are the 

most populous area, containing approximately 40% of the population. However, in recent 

years there has been a marked population drift to the urban areas (UBD, 1997). 

Political system 

With independence, Papua New Guinea adopted a constitution that established a 

parliamentary democracy based on the West-minster model, but excluding an upper chamber. 

The National Parliament comprises of 109 members. The other two tiers of government are 

local government councils and provincial governments. 

Local government councils have varying degrees of responsibility in the provision of certain 

welfare sources and recreation facilities. Revenue sources available to council are limited and 

consist mainly of head taxes, land tax, court fines, license fees, and government grants. 

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The provincial governments have responsibility for functions delegated by the national 

government, and include the development of natural resources, including agriculture, fishing 

and forestry, education and industry, in addition to the provision of health services, and 

education. 

There is considerable overlap of authority between the national and provincial governments in 

many areas. Provincial governments are funded primarily by grants from the national 

government, although the provinces have limited authority to impose certain taxes and fees, 

including sales tax on goods and services provided within the province. Most provincial 

governments operate as business ventures within the province (UBD, 1997). 

Legal system 

The legal system in Papua New Guinea is the common law system based on the English and 

Australian codes. Most civil matters can be dealt with through the district courts, or 

ultimately, the national court. The final appeal is to the Supreme Court of Appeal in Port 

Moresby for any civil or criminal matter. To supplement this, many local matters are settled 

by village courts and local village administrators (UBD, 1997). 

Language 

English is the official language of government and commerce, but the language understood by 

the majority of Papua New Guineas is Pidgin, or "tok pisin". In 1969 the orthography of 

Melanesian Pidgin English was standardised. 

The spelling used in the Nupela Testamen (the New Testament in Pidgin) was declared the 

norm to follow, because this 861-page book has become the best-seller of South Pacific 

(Mihalic, 1971). In 1971, the "Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin was 

published and until now this is considered to be the official book for the Pidgin language. 

There is a strong tendency towards the standard English, and at some primary and secondary 

schools Pidgin has already been banned. But in the remote areas of Papua New Guinea (the 

majority of the country!) Pidgin is the most common language. English is, however, having 

an influence on it. Having also been derived historically from English, it naturally already 

carries along much of the English influence in its grammatical framework. 

This language consists of only a few thousand words, and has, for example, no past and no 

plural. A lot of words are almost the same as in English, only they use the suffix "pela", for 

example strongpela and bigpela. This is also almost done by the numbers: wanpela, tupela, 

tripela and so on. The English "I go", is in Pidgin "mi go", but "I went" (the past time "I go"), 

one says in Pidgin "mi go pinis" ("I go and it is finished"). 

One child is "wanpela pikinini", two, three children are "tupela, tripela pikinini" and if 

somebody has more than three children (most Papua New Guineas do), one has "plenty 

pikinini" (Mihalic, 1971). In addition, over 700 different languages have been officially 

identified in Papua New Guinea. Most of them are only spoken by a few hundred people, who 

live very isolated and most languages do not even have a name, but are simply called "tok 

ples"; the "talk" of the "place". 

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Religion 

Christianity is the dominant religion, spread throughout the country by an influx of 

missionaries since the early days of exploration. There are many different denominations and 

missionaries still active (UBD, 1997). 

Education 

Education is not compulsory and enrolments in community schools for Papua New Guineas 

are poor. A large number of school-leavers do not complete their primary education. In the 

cities there are numerous international schools which cater to both expatriate and national 

children (UBD, 1997). 

Economy 

Subsistence agriculture remains the principal economic activity for about 80% of the Papua 

New Guineas, despite the increase in numbers entering the cash economy. Since the 1970s, 

there has been a steady growth in development of primary export industries (TCSP, 1996). 

Gold, copper and oil are the major contributors to the country's economy. There are also over 

600 plantations producing coffee, copro, rubber, tea, and palm oil, which together with copper 

concentrate and timber constitute the main exports. 

Manufacturing and construction industries continue to develop, but at a slow pace. They 

remain of secondary importance to mining and agriculture as sources of income generation. 

High technology industries do not form part of the economy. Service industries have 

developed in all the major centers. The main business services of computing, consulting and 

financial services are generally provided by subsidiary companies from branches or overseas 

organizations. Inflation is approximately 7.5% (UBD, 1997). 

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Tourism 

Tourism in Papua New Guinea is relatively underdeveloped. Each year 75.000 foreigners 

enter the country, but most of them come for business purposes. The number of tourist 

arrivals in Papua New Guinea has fluctuated during the past five years between 33.000 and 

43.000. The largest group (but a declining number) is the Australians (40%). 

Country Percentage of tourists 

of PNG (1995) 

Australia 40 % 

New Zealand 6 % 

Pacific Islands 4 % 

United States 11 % 

United Kingdom 6 % 

Germany 2 % 

Other Europe 6 % 

Japan 8 % 

Other Asia 15 % 

Other countries 2 % 

(n= 32,578; TCSP, 1996) 

Tourism is mainly based, on one hand, on the ethnic and cultural features and, on the other 

hand, on the attractive scenery and unspoiled environment. Overall average expenditure per 

tourist in Papua New Guinea was estimated at K 1,420 (US $ 1,022), the average daily 

expenditure per tourist was K 119. 

Total foreign earnings from tourism in 1995 to K 62.8 million (US $ 46.2 million); this 

accounted for approximately 1 percent of the GDP, so tourism is still a very small sector of 

the economy (TCSP, 1996). Although the scenery and nature of Papua New Guinea are 

admired world-wide the number of tourists is very low because of three reasons: 

1. It is very expensive to go to Papua New Guinea, because the flights from Cairn, 

Manila, Hong Kong and Singapore are extremely expensive. Furthermore hotel 

accommodation in Papua New Guinea is also very expensive (TCSP, 1996). 

2. Only a few complete holiday packages in Papua New Guinea are offered in western 

countries. Because Papua New Guinea does not have a network of accommodation 

throughout the country, it is difficult for travel agents to offer a complete journey; only 

a few, adventurous people are attracted by this prospect. 

3. Papua New Guinea is said to have a very high crime rate, and it is said not to be safe 

for tourists (TCSP, 1996). 

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Bio-geography 

The native mammal fauna of the island if New Guinea is depauperate, meaning that many 

kinds of mammals found in adjacent regions of the world are lacking here. New Guineas 

mammal fauna is made up, apart from flying foxes and other kinds of bats, of two kinds of 

monotremes, and approximately an equal number (around 60) of species of marsupials 

(pouched mammals) and rodents but this conceals the fact that the marsupials are far more 

diverse. Rodents are represented by just one family: rats and mice (Muridae). On the other 

hand there are seven families of marsupials ranging from tiny mouse-sized carnivores to 

large, herbivorous kangaroos. In Australia the composition of the endemic terrestrial 

mammalian fauna is just the same: monotremes, marsupials and rodents, but the rats and mice 

are now quite outnumbered by more than 120 species of marsupials in 13 separate families. 

There are six different families of bats in New Guinea as well but bats have fewer restrictions 

on their movements and many kinds are very widely distributed outside the region. Among 

the introduced mammals the most important is the pig which has been around for so long that 

it is often thought to be a native animal. It is almost certain that pigs were brought in to New 

Guinea by the earliest human arrivals, possibly over more than 15.000 years ago. In more 

recent times, the native fauna has been augmented by dogs, which exists as truly wild 

populations in some areas cats are a relatively recent introduction as well as various kinds of 

deer and, unwittingly, black and brown rats and house mice (Menzies, 1991). 

History 

The mainland of Papua New Guinea, where the bulk of all animal and plant life is found, has 

served as a distribution center for the islands: the Bismarck Archipelago is being colonised 

mainly by adventurous New Guinea birds which used the various islands as stepping stones. 

Due to isolation a number of these birds evolved into distinct species (Coates, 1977). 

For one or more periods during the ice ages when sea levels were much lower than they are 

now, Australia was actually joined to New Guinea and final separation only came less than 

one million years ago, with the formation of the Torres Strait (Menzies, 1991). 

In New Guinea several different geographical subregions can be distinguished, each with 

some characteristic flora and fauna. 

The region that is most obviously different from the rest of New Guinea is the southern 

woodland or savanna country, which includes many elements of the Australian fauna. This 

region includes the plains of the southern Fly and Digul Rivers, a narrow coastal strip east and 

west of Port Moresby and some scattered patches on the SouthEast coasts. The animals found 

here are all common in north Queensland (Australia) and their presence in New Guinea is a 

relic of the time when Australia and New Guinea were one land mass, before the Torres Strait 

was formed. Relatively few species are found in both savanna and forest. 

Most of the rest of New Guinea is covered by tropical rain forest of one sort or another and 

can be divided into different zones, the exact boundaries of which vary from place to place 

according to local climate and topography. Lowland forest from sealevel to about 600 m is 

often subject to inundation. Hill forest on slopes up to 1000 or 1200 m has a similar 

composition but is not subject to inundation in wet weather. Lower montane forest (1200 to 

2000 m), mid-montane forest (2000 to 3000 m) and upper montane forest above 3000 m 

follow but upper montane forests tend to occur in patches interspersed with open vegetation 

123


of grass, sedges and shrubs. With increasing altitude the forest patches and the trees 

themselves become smaller and smaller and finally peter out around 3900 m. 

Lowland and hill forests are further subdivided into northern and southern regions because the 

central mountain chain which runs from one end of the island to the other forms a barrier as 

there are no low altitude passes from north to south. These zones each have some 

characteristic animals while other animals are widespread through several zones (Menzies, 

1991). 

Climate 

The climate is tropical and monsoonal with only two seasons, the wet and the dry. 

Temperatures vary significantly between the coast (20-35 °C) and the highlands (10-30 °C). 

Rainfall varies from 40 inches (40 x 2.54 cm) per annum in port Moresby to over 200 inches 

(5 meters) per annum in some localities (UBD, 1997). 

Flora 

With the generally humid and benign climate, it is not surprising that the native vegetation in 

most of the region is rainforest. From extrapolation data available from eastern New Guinea, 

it has been calculated that undisturbed native forest cloacks nearly 70 percent of the available 

land area (Campbell-Jones, 1995), which is a humid forest, for 58 percent. Savanna makes up 

for only 7 percent of New Guinea’s vegetation (Beehler, et al., 1986). Botanists have termed 

the flora “Malesian”, because of its part Asian, part Melanesian, origin. 

The lowland rainforest is structurally and taxinomicaly complex, usually with a high richness 

of species. A typical hectare sample would show dozens of families of trees. Canopy height 

reaches 40 m or higher, and vertical structure is complex, with a subcanopy of saplings, 

pandanus, palms, lianas, creepers and so on. 

Of course, as one ascends to higher altitudes, one finds gradual changes in forest structure and 

species composition. In mountainous country, the variables of slope, drainage, and natural 

succession brought about by land-slips produce mosaics of vegetatin types. 

Apart from these humid forest vegation there are other specialized habitats of restricted 

distribution, like the mangrove forests along the coastal areas, seasonal monsoon forests, at 

the edges of drier zones, savanna and open woodland wherever there is a long and severe dry 

season (Beehler, et al., 1986). 

Man-related alteration of the environment, although relatively limited in New Guinea, has 

nevertheless produced significant changes. Most prominent are the grasslands, which have 

developed in long-settled areas of the highlands and, less frequently, in lowland areas. In 

many areas, with increasing development, the tracts of grassland surrounding settlements 

continue to expand, with the local forest retreating. Demands for housing material, 

commercial timber, and firewood all act to create large areas of open habitat near permanent 

settlements. In both the highlands and the lowland grasslands, the bird communities are 

impoverished (Beehler, et al., 1986). 

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Fauna 

As already mentioned, definitely the most remarkable species inhabiting New Guinea are the 

large number of monotremes and marsupials: four ordes, comprising 8 families with a total of 

67 species, most of them also divided into many subspecies (Menzies, 1997). 

New Guinea and islands near by have a lot of pigeons that are mainly terrestrial, like Goura, 

Trugon, Otidiphaps and Microgoura. It may be significant that these occur in an area where 

the only gamebirds of comparable size are the megapodes. 

The abundance of forest-dwelling arboreal pigeons in the Austro-Malayan sub-region is 

probably, as was long ago suggested by Wallace (1865, in Goodwin, 1983), correlated with 

the absence of monkeys from this area, for these mammals are being considered serious 

predators on the eggs and young of any birds that build relatively unconcealed open nests in 

the branches (Goodwin, 1983). 

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6.5.3 Threats for Papua New Guinea 

With more and more massive development planned in many of the islands wildest locations, 

what will the future for the wildlife, environment and people of New Guinea be? At the 

moment this is still one of the worlds last true wilderness areas. Estimates of the amount of 

land that remains forested vary, but somewhere between 70 and 80 per cent is a reasonable 

guess, a remarkably high proportion. In fact, this is the most extensive area of tropical 

rainforest still standing in South East Asia. Because of its large range of habitats the island is 

also one of the worlds abiodiversity hotspots. In other worlds it contains one of the most 

varied collections of animals and plants on earth. New species are being discovered every 

year. So far, most do not face imminent extinction, unlike the inhabitants of many tropical 

forests elsewhere (Nightingale, 1992). Logging is finally beginning to hit New Guinea in a 

big way. In 1989 there was hope when the government of Papua New Guinea declared a ban 

on new timber cutting as part of the worldwide Tropical Forests Action Plan. Then soon after 

that was announced several new timber licenses were issued (Nightingale, 1992). 

In Papua New Guinea over 95 per cent of the land is traditionally owned and, with of 80 per 

cent of the population still following an agricultural life, most people are strongly tied to the 

local ecology of their land. People now only own their homes and immediate gardens but also 

have complicated rights passed on through the generations to use wild forest for hunting and 

collecting. They may also regard remote mountainsides as sacred or special places. 

This does, however, cause one significant problem. The government finds it hard to create 

national parks because people will not sell their land and generally demand exorbitant rents 

for its use. Only 2 per cent of Papua New Guinea is protected in any sort of park. On the other 

hand, traditional ownership means the government cannot steamroller development through 

against local opposition. In some cases village land tenure can be turned to very positive 

advantage in the protection of wild places (Nightingale, 1992). 

The Papua New Guinea government was one of the firsts to recognize the potential value of 

local participation in wildlife conservation. It has put this into practice through a series of 

Wildlife Management Areas. The traditional landowners are allowed to use the areas as they 

have always done but are encouraged to create certain rules covering its use. These are aimed 

at keeping outsiders away and preventing the owners themselves from over-exploiting their 

natural resources. The idea is to encourage people to utilize wildlife in a sustainable way. 

One classic example is a megapode nesting ground on the island of New Britain. It's called 

Pokili. The eggs from the Pokili nesting ground have been harvested for as long as anyone 

can remember. People dig out the megapode tunnels and retrieve the eggs from the 

volcanically heated soil. Traditionally the collectors and their families ate the eggs. Now 

there's a cash economy on the island and so they are also sold at the market. This has led to 

over-harvesting. During the 1970s it was estimated that about six million eggs were being 

collected every year. Yields declined as fewer and fewer chicks managed to hatch and grow to 

adulthood. In the past there had been certain taboos restricting the type of person allowed to 

collect eggs, but these were not sufficiently strong to prevent the situation deteriorating. This 

was why the villagers were keen to introduce controls. 

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In 1975 the government and local people created the Pokili Wildlife Management Area. 

Hunting the birds themselves is now forbidden; only landowners can take eggs, and 

harvesting is prohibited in August to allow sufficient young birds to hatch and maintain the 

population. Since 1975 a further rule has been introduced, restricting egg collecting at just 

Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The rules are set and enforced by a committee of local 

elders (Nightingale, 1993) 

Another problem for Papua New Guinea is the attitudes of the people of Papua New Guinea. 

This point has also been seen by the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Sir Julius Chan: 

We tell ourselves we are a country rich in natural resources, but we fool each other, if we 

think that those resources represent tangible wealth when they stand still on the land or lie idle 

in the ground. 

Of course we are a potentially rich nation, but we will never realize that potential, unless we 

exploit what nature has given us and harvest it in a sustainable manner. (Campbell-Jones, 

1995). 

There are still a lot of problems with local tribes in Papua New Guinea, especially in 

Bougainville. On this island the gold mines are closed and there is a high rate of 

unemployment and consequently a high crime rate. The people there are very unsatisfied with 

their situation and sometimes they try to start a civil war in Papua New Guinea, but until now 

they never succeeded. 

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6.5.4 The Lakekamu Basin 

The Lakekamu Basin is located at the border of three provinces: The Gulf Province, Morobe 

Province and the Central Province. The Basin comprises scattered small community villages 

within a vast expanse of pristine rainforest, low hills and sharp-forested ridges rising up to the 

summit of Papua New Guineas central cordillera. The area is about 1.700 km 2 , which covers a 

large area of unbroken forest with a rich wildlife and provides an important habitat for large 

birds and mammals which are threatened elsewhere in the country. Due to its high 

biodiversity, the Lakekamu Basin was selected by Conservation Needs Assessment for 

conservation purposes in Papua New Guinea (Pupang, 1996). 

The Lakekamu Basin has some of those unique virgin forests and some of those rare 

unpolluted rivers in the country. It was noted that forests far from the villages were not very 

much disturbed by humans and this is mainly primary forest. Those, which are close, have 

been heavily disturbed by people mainly when making gardens. The development forests near 

the communities are of secondary forest resulted from abandoned gardens. There were more 

secondary forest developed as people move inner in to the virgin forest to make new gardens. 

And this is one of the factors, which shows a decrease in virgin forests and an increase in 

secondary forest near the village. 

Social history of the Lakekamu Basin 

Environmental conditions in the Lakekamu Basin have been affected by centuries of human 

occupation and use. Therefore, most of the rainforest is secondary rainforest. The social 

history of the Lakekamu Basin is thus a necessary complement to the analysis of local 

biological diversity. This information is also integral to proposed conservation initiatives in 

the region (Kirsch, 1997). 

There are four main villages in the Lakekamu Basin: Tekadu, Kakoro, Nukeva and Okovai, 

but all of them consists of more settlements. The number of people living in the Lakekamu 

Basin is estimated between 1158 (Pupang, 1996) and 2000 (Kirsch, 1997). There is little 

known about the fluctuations of the population, but studies done by McArthur in 1971 have 

shown that there should be no growth in the population at the Lakekamu Basin due to four 

factors. 

1. Abortion. 

2. Mothers obstain from sexual intercourse for longer period after birth for health reasons 

while breast-feeding. 

3. Breast feeding delaying conception. 

4. High infant rate is added to low birth rate. 

However, according to actual field observations and reports from the village recorders, it has 

shown that the population increased for the past years (Pupang, 1996). On the contrary, in 

times of drought, like 1997, the population is declining very fast, because there is not enough 

food to feed everybody and people are dying from sicknesses caused by a decreased 

resistance. 

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Residents of the Lakekamu Basin 

There are four groups of people living in the Lakekamu Basin: the Biaru, the Kurija, the 

Kamea and the Kovio. They will be described shortly. 

The Biaru live in several villages north of Kakoro, on the west side of the Biaru River. These 

settlements are Kakoro village, Amamas Camp, Poian Camp and Meri Camp. The Biaru own 

the land in the mountains Northeast of Kakoro. They also claim the land from the east side of 

the Biaru River to the Avi Avi River in the west, but the Kamea do not agree with that. 

Both groups probably made intermittent use of the resources of the area between the Biaru 

and Avi Avi Rivers, although neither group has settled here. The Biaru also claim that the 

land along the Sii and Nagore Rivers, south of Kakoro, belongs to them, although both the 

Kurija and the Kovio dispute the assertion. The Biaru argue that the Kurija have no land 

rights in the area, claiming that they only recently moved into the basin from the headwaters 

of the Kunimaipa River, a distance of several days walk. At issue is the timing of the Kurija 

migration into the lowlands. In contrast, the Biaru acknowledge the presence of the Kovio, 

with whom they had long-standing trade relations. 

The lowland-Biaru occupies an important position in the regional exchange system in the 

Lakekamu Basin. In the past, they had regular trade relations with the Kovio, who controlled 

the exchange between the coast and the highlands (Hau'ofa, 1981). This was an important 

route for shell valuables central to the exchange economies of the highlands. The shell were 

obtained form the coast and from lowland mangrove forests. They were traded from the south 

through the Lakekamu Basin, becoming increasingly valuable with their distance from their 

source. In return for the shell, the Biaru traded bird feathers, bark cloth and spears to the 

Kovio. From the mountain Biaru, they acquired pigs and quarried stone used for axe blades. 

Shells were central to Biaru exchange and for decades they used them like money, also for 

bridewealth payments. 

The Kurija are the most western group of the Kunimaipa, who live in the mountains of 

Goilala sub-district in Central province (Hallpike, 1977). They consists of nine lineages, who 

live separated but join each other when necessary (e.g. to fight). Kunimaipa lineages are 

exogameous and after marriage the couple resides patrilocally. Both sides of the family are 

expected to make small gifts of dog's teeth and bird of paradise feathers, but until recently, no 

large exchange of wealth was associated with marriage. Today bridewealth payments of K500 

to K 2000 are usually expected. 

The Kurija used to live in the lowlands between the Kunimaipa, Sii and Nagore rivers for 

over a hundred years (Kirsch, 1997). They claim the land between the Biaru and Kunimaipa 

Rivers, including the territory between the Sii and Nagore rivers. They confirm the Biaru 

assertion that the two groups did not have contact until recent years ago, although they claim 

that the Biaru River is the Border between the two groups. Like the Biaru, the Kurija deny 

having had any contact with the Kamea before the colonial period, or having ventured into 

their territory. They traded regularly with the Kovio, sometimes learning to speak their 

language, although the two groups did not intermarry. The Kurija did not understand the 

languages of either the Kamea of the Biaru. 

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The Kurija currently live in two villages, Totai and Mirimas, along Biaru River just south of 

Kakoro. They make their gardens in the floodplain of the river and along several of its smaller 

tributaries. The Kurija are concerned about large-scale development or resource extraction 

projects. They are opposed to large mining projects because of the chemicals ("marasin" in 

tok pisin) that are released into local waterways, which can poison the fish and other riverine 

life, which makes it also impossible to drink the water from the rivers. Furthermore they are 

concerned that the noise from generators and engines would scare off the wildlife and ruïn 

their hunting. They also fear that the people brought from the outside to work on these 

projects might cause trouble and disrupt their way of live ("bagarapim ples" in tok pisin). 

They opposed having large corporations operate in the basin, although they were supportive 

of smaller-scale development projects that would not harm the natural environment ("spilim 

ples" in tok pisin). 

The Kamea living on the edge of the Lakekamu River have close ties to the communities in 

the Kaintiba and Kamena regions of the Gulf Province. Tekadu and Nukeva are the Kamea 

villages located closest to the basin. Their exchange relations were oriented towards other 

Kamea communities living at higher altitudes, to which they traded lowland products. As a 

consequence, the Kamea had no pre-contact social relations with their neighbours in the 

Lakekamu Basin. 

The Kamea village of Iruki was established by the residents of Nukeva and Tekadu after 

Kakoro was founded in 1972. After primary schools were built in the mountain villages, most 

of the Kamea living at Iruki returned home. To maintain their settlement at Iruki, and to 

protect their rights to nearby land and resources, the Kamea invited people from outside of the 

basin to settle in Iruki in their place. Most of the inhabitants of Iruki came from Kamena and 

Kaintiba in the mountains. Few of the people living in the village have local land rights, 

because they are "place-holders" for the residents of Nukeva and Tekadu. Although they have 

permission to exploit the resources of the basin themselves, they do not have the right to 

decide its fate with respect to development or conservation projects. 

The Kovio live in three villages (most of them in Okovai) at the western edge of the 

Lakekamu Basin, and in urban areas of Gulf and Central Province, including Kereman and 

Port Moresby. The Kovio claim that they have strong cultural communities with the 

neighboring Mekeo, including the ritual body and face-painting style that has made the 

Mekeo famous throughout Papua New Guinea. They number less than 500. 

The Kovio live in the flat, swampy lowlands along the southern tributaries of the Kunimaipa 

River until they moved north to the junction of the Kunimaipa and Biaru Rivers, probably in 

the 1950s. When this settlement was flooded, the Biaru moved further west to the land 

adjoining the Kunimaipa and Tiveri Rivers, the current location of Okovai village. Urulau 

village is west of Okovai, near the border between Central and Gulf Provinces, and Ungima is 

a new settlement closer to the Mekeo. Unlike their neighbours, they have no village in the 

immediate vicinity of Kakoro, although several Kovio are civil servants employed at the 

government. 

The Kovio claim ownership of most of the land in the Lakekamu Basin. Given the friction 

between the Kovio and the Kamea in pre-colonial times, it is not surprising that the boundary 

between them remains in dispute. The Kovio were strategically located along a major 

waterway between the coast and the mountains and they acted as intermediaries through 

whom the products of the sea and the mountains passed both ways. 

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The Kovio used to trade shells along with bows and arrows to the Kurija in return for dog's 

teeth (a local valuable as well as a ceremonial display item) and pigs. They also had 

established trade relations with the Biaru, who had a similar appetite for the shells they 

controlled. The Kovio ability to control the shell trade in the Lakekamu Basin is reflected in 

their sweeping land claims. Their current position of political influence also seems to be a 

recapitulation of historical patterns in the basin (Kirsch, 1997). 

Their relation with the Mekeo and the location of their villages along the Lakekamu River 

have also given the Kovio greater access to urban resources. They are probably the best 

educated and dressed of the four groups in the basin. They are actively involved in local and 

regional politics and more "fully integrated into the cash economy" than their neighbours 

(Filer and Iamo, 1989). A lawyer from Okovai village who is working in Kerema has 

established a landowner association that claims to represent all of the Kovio, as well as 

members from other groups in the basin. Their interest in attracting large-scale resource 

development projects to the Lakekamu Basin may be the greatest obstacle to the successful 

implementation of the integrated conservation project planned by CI and the FSP-PNG 

(Kirsch, 1997). The urban orientation of the Kovio leadership may make them more willing to 

develop the natural resources of the Lakekamu Basin than the other residents of the basin, 

who depend upon the local environment for subsistence. 

Environmental history of the Lakekamu Basin 

The lowland resources of the Lakekamu Basin have been regularly exploited by the four 

cultural-linguistic groups who previously lived on its margins: the Biaru, the Kurija, the 

Kamea and the Kovio. The first three of these groups are segments of highland populations 

who moved into the basin to take advantage of lowland resources and exchange networks. 

The fourth group, the Kovio, are the only long-term residents of the lowlands. Due to their 

strategic position in the south of the basin and their close relations with the neighbouring 

Mekeo, the Kovio were able to dominate the shell trade from the coast into the mountains. 

They achieved this by forming exchange partnerships with the Biaru and Kurija, which were 

conduits for the shell trade to their mountain relatives. The Kamea remained resolutely 

outside of this regional exchange sphere, because they are widely feared by the other groups 

in the basin; against whom they sometimes staged raids and fought. 

Competing and overlapping claims complicates Land Rights in the Lakekamu Basin. Most of 

the northern half of the Basin was once an uninhabited buffer zone between the Kamea and 

the Biaru. Both groups exploited the resources of this area, but their hostile relations made 

settlement in lowlands too dangerous. The resulting protective zone for natural species has 

been eroded since 1972. However, when the government centre at Kakoro was established, 

the northern half of the basin subsequently became home to almost all of its inhabitants. The 

shifting horticulture of the basin dwellers has not affected as great an area as it might have, 

for their gardening is largely restricted to the fertile river floodplains, instead of spreading out 

through the adjacent forest land. 

The pattern of human occupation in the southern half of the basin is almost the reverse. It is 

not clear how long ago the Kurija migrated into the southeastern portion of the basin, 

although estimates ranges from several generations to several hundreds of years. The Kurija 

have asked archaeologists to survey the area in order to prove the antiquity of their claims. 

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The area between the most southern hills of the basin and the Kunimaipa River used to be 

occupied by the Kovio. Given their low population density and their emphasis on hunting, 

fishing and sago, they probably had very limited impact on the natural environment. Although 

they migrated from this area in the 1950s, they still return to hunt, often with shotguns, and 

usually for large game, including cassowaries, wild pigs and crocodiles. The southern half of 

the basin is still dominated by primary forests, although this report may have overlooked the 

occupation by groups no longer resident in the basin, such as the Moveave (Filer and Iamo, 

1989). The establishment of Kakoro in 1972 left the entire southern half of the basin 

completely uninhabited. 

Contemporary economic conditions 

Most of the residents of the Lakekamu Basin currently live in villages close to the 

government center at Kakoro, in the northern half of the basin. Several other villages are 

located along the major river courses and in the mountains of the northwest. The name 

Kakoro means "dried up" or "hungry" in Motu, the trade language used throughout Papua 

New Guinea. Founded not only as in 1972, Kakoro has a school, a health centre, and an office 

for a provincial, administrator, a guesthouse, a small market and a grass airstrip. The southern 

half of the Lakekamu Basin remains largely uninhabited, although it is regularly visited for 

hunting, fishing and for cutting timber and gathering other forest products. Furthermore is 

Tekadu where also is an airstrip, a community school, an (almost always-closed) aidshop and 

a shop. Of course the presence of a shop is closely related to the airstrip, because of the 

deliveries. The largest school can be found in Okovai, where there also is a well-equipped 

aidpost (because of the close distance to Port Moresby, the capital). 

Housing 

Most of the houses in the Lakekamu Basin are made of bush materials such as timber, sago 

and bamboo leaves, ropes, palms etc. Only a few people can afford to use modern 

materials to build their houses, such as iron roofing, nails and plywood etc. Because of the 

bushmaterials used, the houses are not very durable and every five or six years, there has to be 

build a new house. As soon as a boy is capable to build his own house, he will marry and 

build a house for himself and his wife. But sometimes, the married couple will reside in their 

parents's houses. A generation ago, a married couple used to sleep separated: the man in the 

"manhouse", and the woman in the women-house. The missionaries told the people that a 

husband and his wife should used to live in the same house. Many times a group of families 

build a house together to live there, or whole families, including blood relatives and other 

married relatives such as in-laws reside in the house. Sometimes a family has more houses, 

especially if the gardens or the gold-mining camp are far away. 

Food 

The Biaru, Kurija and the Kamea plant large, swidden gardens, usually along the river banks, 

in which they grow bananas (Pidgin: banana; scientific: Musa sp.), sweet potato (Pidgin: 

kaukau; scientific: Ipomea batatas), two species of taro (the first species: Pidgin: taro tru or 

tara kanaka; scientific: Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum. 

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The second species: Pidgin: taro kong kong; scienftific: Xanthosoma sagittifolium), greens 

like e.g. "Aipeka", "kumu", sugar cane (Pidgin: suga; scientific: Saccharum officinarum), 

wild sugar cane (Pidgin: pitpit, scientific: Saccharum robustum) and yams (Pidgin: mami, or 

yam; scientific: Dioscorea esculenta). June and July are the months of the harvest jam and the 

dry season runs from September to December, which are the best months for hunting. The 

three groups make limited use of sago (Pidgin: saksak; scientific: Metroxylon rumphii), which 

is a staple food throughout much of the interior lowlands of New Guinea (Ruddle, et al., 

1972). Their most important tree crops are betelnut (Pidgin: buai; scientific: Areca catechu), 

okari nuts, breadfruit (Pidgin: kapiak; scientific: Artocarpus altilis) and pandanus fruit 

(Pidgin: marita; scientific: Pandanus sp.). The Kamea trade lowland products for pandanus 

(Pidgin: karuka; scientific: Pandanus sp.), which is grown at higher altitudes. 

The Kovio have a more typical lowlands subsistence economy than their neighbours, which is 

based on hunting and fishing, harvesting sago and planting modest-sized gardens (some 

Pidgin and all scientific names: Mihalic, 1971). 

They make new gardens by cutting down primary forest. Firstly, they cut down the thick 

forest. Then they clear the soil by burning the cut trees and branches, and shortly afterwards 

they plant the food plants. In most villages women take care of the maintenance of the 

gardens and the harvesting. After the fertility of the old garden has run out, the men start 

cutting down new primary forest to make new gardens. The abandoned old gardens are left 

behind, which then developed into secondary forest. Sometimes, after 15 or 20 years, they reuse 

the same gardens. 

In addition, the men hunt wild animals to sustain their proteïn intake. They use traditional 

hunting methods like setting traps to catch wild animals and birds, using weapons like spears, 

bows and arrows. The people of Okovai have guns, which could be acquired by the contacts 

with the capital. Since 1996 it is not allowed to buy or sell weapons in Papua New Guinea, 

because of the high crime rate, but people who already own a gun (and have a license) still are 

able to buy bullets. Of course this decision makes the people without guns very angry, but for 

the wildlife of Papua New Guinea this situation is very fortunate. For example, the 

introduction of shotguns at Aibala (south of the Kunimaipa River in the Goilala sub-district, 

Central Province) has depleted animals and birds like the sulphur-crested cockatoo (Hallpike, 

1977). Local people borrow guns for a day for hunting and return them in the evening to the 

owner. People using bow and arrow are hunting wild pigs, cassowaries, wallabies, cuscus and 

fish. A few times they are also able to shoot a crowned pigeon, but the use of bows and 

arrows can not be a threat to the birds of Papua New Guinea. On the contrary, people using 

shotguns are able to shoot a wide variety of birds too, in addition to the already described 

mammals: like a lot of crowned pigeons, blyths hornbills, brush-turkeys and cormorants. In a 

wide range around a village where people are using shotguns, there is no big game anymore. 

The use of shotguns clearly has reduced wildlife around the villages, but in the undisturbed 

parts of the Lakekamu Basin, there are still a lot of larger animals. 

Children also collect food from the rivers, like fish, eels and prawns. Sometimes they are able 

to catch a tortoise. Sometimes the villagers shoot a cassowary with one or two chicks. After 

shooting the mother, they catch the chicks and raise them like chickens in the villages. Once 

they are grown-up and start acting aggressive, they are killed and eaten by the people. This 

also happens to piglets if the mother is killed. Strange enough they do not domesticate pigs. 

There are more animals being kept as pets, for a longer or shorter period, like cuscus and tree 

kangaroos. 

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Also young birds are taken out of the nest, shortly before fledging, and kept as pets. This is 

mostly done with Blyths hornbills, sulphur-crested cockatoos and eclectus parrots. 

Source of income 

Residents of the Lakekamu Basin sell garden and forest products to government personnel at 

the bi-weekly market held in Kakoro. Peanuts and betelnuts are also sold in urban markets in 

Kereman, Wau and Port Moresby, where a large bag of betelnut is worth up to K 200. The 

Lakekamu Basin is said to be one of the few areas in Papua New Guinea where a year-round 

harvesting of betelnut is possible. Harvests of coffee and cacoa, planted throughout much of 

the area, have been limited because of transportation problems (Filer and Iamo, 1989). 

While avocados and pineapple grow well in the basin, they have not been exploited 

commercially for the same reason. Okari nuts (in season), meat from wild pigs, crocodile 

skins and feathers (from birds of paradise, sulphur crested cockatoos, crowned pigeons and 

cassowaries) are also sold in the markets of Port Moresby. Much of the money earned on such 

trips to urban markets is spent on travel and other expenses, although people usually return 

home with some durable goods, such as kerosene laterns, cooking pots, transistor radios (with 

batteries) or clothing. A few residents of the basin earn small sums of money by farming and 

selling colourful beetles and butterfly larvae to the insect-marketing program sponsored by 

the Wan Ecology Institute (Orsak, 1991, Hudson, pers. comm.). The Wan Ecology Institute 

also trains farmers in growing plants for the insects and in managing their own farm. They 

start planting plant species, which are common, and are a habitat for those highly demanded 

butterfly species around their houses and at other appropriate sites. In this way, the plants 

attract the insects, and the villages do not have to catch the insects through the whole forest. 

Some of the residents of the Lakekamu Basin are involved in small-scale alluvial gold mining 

in the creeks that run through the hills north of Kakoro (Filer and Iamo, 1989). The Biaru 

have panned for gold in Nowi creek for more than a decade. The residents of a settlement 

known as Bundi Camp, located just north of Kakoro on the Biaru River, migrated into the 

basin from Goroka (Eastern Highlands Province) to work at local gold deposits. The Kurija 

residents of Mirimas village pan for gold in the eastern tributaries of the Oreba River (Filer 

and Iamo, 1989). Some of the residents of the Kamea village of Iruki migrated to the basin to 

work the gold at Omoi Creek (also known as Cassowary Creek). In the late 1980s, the Biaru 

invested in dredging equipment, but this angered the Kurija, who claim ownership of the land 

beside Nowi Creek. With support from the Kovio, the Kurija raided the Biaru mining camp, 

destroying their equipment and causing a number of injuries. More substantial gold reserves 

have been located near the Olipai River, a western tributary of the Lakekamu River. Several 

mining companies continue to prospect for additional deposits in the mountains north of the 

Lakekamu Basins (Makamet and Sengo in CIRAP), 1996). 

Timber is another potential resource. The government has not granted any logging 

concessions in the Lakekamu Basin, although a proposed timber project in Gulf Province 

would encompass the Southwest corner of the basin (Werner in CIRAP, 1995). Several 

Malaysian timber companies have expressed their interest in obtaining logging rights for the 

remainder of the basin (Beehler in CIRAP, 1995) but so far without any success. 

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Logging might also be introduced into the area indirectly, by establishing an oil palm 

plantation organisation into a series of small-holdings, although the residents of the basin 

have already rejected such a proposal (Makamet and Sengo in CIRAP, 1996). The residents 

still are divided about the prospect of logging projects on their land. 

Lately, with support from organisations like CI and the FSP-PNG, the landowners are 

developing three tightly integrated enterprises based on scientific, recreational a non-timber 

uses of forest resources. Major components of this integrated conservation development 

project include the establishment of a rainforest centre for research. A walking track between 

the Wan Ecology Institute and the basin (which includes the famous Bulldog-track, used in 

WW II by the Australians, where still a lot of remaining equipment can be found) and the 

construction of guest houses for tourists and research use (Miller and Sekhran, 1995). In this 

project, the inhabitants of the villages can serve as guides, translators, carriers, cooks and so 

on. Furthermore they can sell their forest product to the tourists. 

Traveling 

Transportation out of the basin is expensive and unreliable. The plane to Wau costed K 50 

each way in 1997. Although scheduled to arrive twice a week (Wednesday and Saturday), 

these flights are often postponed because of the fog that block the mountain gap to the 

northeast of Kakoro. Even in clear weather, charters to other airstrips may be given 

precedence over regularly scheduled flights to Kakoro and Tekadu. Less frequent, one may be 

able to fly in or out of the basin on the provincial charter for Kerema, which is supposed to 

deliver paycheques and transport government transport personnel every fortnight. It is also 

possible to reach POM by travelling south along the Lakekamu River by (motor-) canoe to its 

junction with the Tauri River, where a road links the settlement of Iokea to the city. In 1997, 

this canoe trip costed K 40, with a surcharge of K 5 per large bag of betelnut. Passage along 

the road costed an additional K 10. 

Health 

The major sicknesses which affects the people in the Lakekamu Basin are malaria, asthma, 

dysentery and other lung related diseases such as TB. Other minor diseases are also common 

in the area, such as cough, fever, headache, scabies and sores (Pupang, 1996). Furthermore, in 

extremely dry periods, typhus is also a major problem. There are two health-centers (or aidposts) 

in the Basin (in Kakoro and Tekadu), but they are not well equipped and not well 

manned; most of the time nobody is present or otherwise the only medicine they can give is 

"advice". 

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6.6 Results from the study in Papua New Guinea 

6.6.1 Observations and interviews 

It is known that crowned pigeons spend most of their time on the ground. Because of their size, 

they only fly when it is necessary; for instance in case of danger or to find a safe place to sleep. 

They rest upon branches about 15 meter high. At dawn (in the Lakekamu Basin at about 6 

o'clock) they come down and start looking for a suitable location to forage. They are foraging 

until shortly after noon. At two o'clock it's the hottest time of the day and the birds are going to 

small creeks to rest, bath and drink. Later in the afternoon they start looking for a place to sleep, 

because at 6 o'clock in the afternoon it's dark again. They do not have fixed trees to sleep, 

because they seem not to have a territory. 

Also a time budget analysis in captivity was carried out and for this reason the 8 enclosures were 

categorized into three different groups: small enclosures with little variation in substrate, plants, 

branches and so on, medium enclosures with more variation and large enclosures with a lot of 

variation. Now we have a fourth category: the wild. All kinds of behaviour were divided into 

seven categories: spatial behaviour (e.g. walking), behaviour in time (sitting, sleeping), sexual 

behaviour (incl. hatching the egg), positive social behaviour, negative social behaviour, care 

behaviour and metabolic behaviour (feeding). 

Behaviour Small Medium Large Wild 

Space 4 19 12 32 

Time 68 51 46 14 

Sex 0 11 25 0 

Socpos 0 0 0 0 

Socneg 0 0 2 4 

Care 8 9 3 14 

Meta 20 10 12 36 

Especially the metabolic behaviour, care behaviour and spatial behaviour are higher in the wild, 

while behaviour in time is much lower in the wild. As well as in the wild as in captivity the 

pigeons were observed during the whole active period, which means that during that time it 

wasn’t dark. Crowned pigeons in the wild need to look for their food and sometimes it is hard to 

distinguish between behaviour in space (“just walking around”) from metabolic behaviour 

(“foraging”). Furthermore the pigeons in captivity are many times “just standing” and this 

behaviour was observed less in the wild. Crowned pigeons in the wild really need to look for 

their food and also be aware of danger. In the afternoon they spend a lot of time on personal care: 

they are cleaning their feathers standing at the water-side. 

It became clear that birds in a more rich environment are much more active, which means also 

attractive to the public. Therefore it is advisable to give the birds different types of substrate, 

some shrubs and trees in their enclosure and perches on different heights and locations. 

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Nutrition 

In the area of this study the food of crowned pigeons consists of fruits, but mainly seeds, which 

are remarkably large. In the crop of one of the birds. Seeds were found over 5 cm long. The 

crowned pigeons are eating remarkably large stones from the riverbanks, probably to faster 

digest the large foodparts. These stones were also found in the stomachs of the birds. In the crop 

and stomach contents of the four crowned pigeons shot by the villagers they we were not able to 

detect any animal food, but these are just the results of four birds, all shot within three days. 

More about the nutrition of crowned pigeons in the wild can be found in “Nutrition of crowned 

pigeons” in this studbook. 

The pigeons are mostly foraging in groups, the animals keep in touch with each other by 

producing a sound, which is called "contact-call" by researchers in zoos. 

They are usually walking quite close (within a range of one meter) to each other and the sound 

means locating where the other individuals are. Only if they do not receive a response to their 

contact call, they stop foraging and start looking for their congeners. 

The rainy season in the Lakekamu Basin, which receives about 5 meters of rain annually, starts 

in December and lasts until March. For weather conditions duringthe research period, see 

Appendix 1. Throughout the country there's a lot of variation in the rainy season, because the 

high mountains are separating the country in many isolated parts. The breeding season of 

crowned pigeons in the Lakekamu Basin starts in April and ends in June. According to the 

villagers this is the only time of the year they lay eggs. 

Reproductive behaviour 

The crowned pigeons build a nest close to and sometimes even above the water. Because of the 

water the birds have more space to approach the nest. Although they are living in groups during a 

part of the year, they are hatching the egg separate from the other crowned pigeons. They are, 

also according to the villagers, using the same nest for several years, and of course they are 

renovating it each year. They build a nest upon a cross or division of two or three branches. They 

not only have a more solid surface to build the nest on, but also have better possibilities to 

approach the nest. 

137


Description of the nests found 

Nest Height 

in tree 

(m) 

Sizes 

(cm) 

Cup sizes 

(cm) 

Thickness 

of nest 

(cm) 

138 

Location in tree Location above 

ground 

1 (19-07) 9.00 48 X 44 22 X 16 20 On branch 70 cm Tree on a slope, 50 

(depth 5) 

from trunk m from stream 

2 (29-07) 5.20 40 X 30 Not a real 6 On a cross of two Above stream 

cup 

lianes 

(dry now) 

3 (21-08) 6.30 40 X 30 18 X 12 15 On division of 2 On bank, almost 

branches above stream 

4 (21-08) 7.60 No nest anymore On armpit of 3 On bank, almost 

branches above stream 

5 (22-08) 9.80 Not able to climb On armpit of 3 

branches 

High above stream 

6 (23-08) 2.90 40 X 38 Not a real 

cup 

12 In epifit Above stream 

7 (30-08) 12.90 38 X 35 16 X 14 7 On a thick brach, High in tree, no 

just after division water in 

surroundings 

8 (04-09) 11.40 50 X 50 30 X 30 20 On armpit of 3 High in tree, 4 

branches meters from stream 

9 (08-09) 11.40 50 X 38 25 X 18 10 On armpit of 3 

branches 

Above stream 

10 (09-09) 5.00 40 X 37 19 X 19 13 On top of dead 

branch, in epifit 

Above stream 

11 (09-09) 6.60 Ruinous Hanging on 2 On bank, almost 

lianes, in epifit above stream 

Conclusion 

Average height is 8.00 m (SE = 3 m), average sizes of the nest 43 X 38 cm (SE = 6 cm), average 

cup sizes 22 X 18 cm (SE = 5 cm), thickness of the nest 13 cm (SE = 5 cm). Most crowned 

pigeons build their nest on an armpit of three branches, or on a division of two branches. Some 

crowned pigeons use an epifit to support the nest. In such a case they do not need two or more 

branches. It is remarkable that nine of eleven nests were directly situated on a bank or even 

above a small (maximum 5 meters width) stream. Although there is a danger that the egg or 

chick may fall into the water (if it falls on the ground it is broken or dead as well), the nest is 

much easier to approach for crowned pigeons, because there are not so many trees and shrubs 

there, which makes the nest easier to approach. 

They mostly build the nest under the top of the tree, in such a way that from the sky the nest is 

camouflaged by the leaves.


This is important, not only to protect it from the rain, but also because the New Guinea Harpy 

Eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae) is a predator of eggs and young gurias, but also of grown up 

crowned pigeons. From observations in zoos we know that the incubation time of the egg is 

about four weeks and the single chick (they just produce a clutch of one egg) will remain in the 

nest for another four weeks. 

During these observations many groups consisting of three animals were found and sometimes it 

was possible to recognize that one bird was younger. If these small groups meet each other, they 

seem to join larger groups so the young bird will be able to find an own partner. They do not 

seem to have a home-range or territory, but it still is not possible to prove this. 

139


6.7 Status and threats of crowned pigeons in Papua New Guinea 

Crowned pigeons are very common in the suitable but remote areas. The number of crowned 

pigeons in the Lakekamu-Kunimaipa Basin (1,600 square kilometres), which isn’t very 

remote in comparison to areas close to the Fly River, is estimated at “several hundreds” by 

Conservation International. 

Although the population is declining slightly, there is no immediate danger for extinction. The 

major threat for crowned pigeons in Papua New Guinea is the rapid growth of the population. 

Furthermore, problems can occur in the future by logging and mining and the law which 

forbids the trade in weapons. There are very many politicians who want to abolish this law. 

Little is known about the exact distribution of crowned pigeons in New Guinea. To get a 

better view on distribution, status and threats of crowned pigeons. A questionnaire was send 

out to the 37 couples of Peace Corps volunteers in Papua New Guinea. Questions were asked 

about their exact location including height, the presence of crowned pigeons (and which 

species) and the role they play for the local people: do they hunt them down or not, how many 

do they shoot per month and do they have guns or just bows and arrows. The researcher also 

asked questions about the development of the number of crowned pigeons. Although it is very 

hard to get a letter within a years time on the right location, 18 couples of Peace Corps 

volunteers responded, which is 56 %. 

According to literature, crowned pigeons only occur in lowlands up to a height of maximal 400 

meters above sealevel. According to the returned questionnaires, there are at least two “new” 

locations, one even on a height of 2000 meters! It is not possible to confirm the reliability of the 

questionnaires, but both “strange results” were studied very well and they seem reliable, because 

they are very extensively completed with examples. 

6.7.1 Questions which have been asked to the Peace Corps People. 

• Can you estimate the altitude of your village? 

• Are there lots of forests, or is it mainly grassland? 

• Are there a lot of rivers, creeks and other waters in the surroundings of the village? 

• Can you find "Gurias" (crowned pigeons) in the surroundings of your village? 

• Do the people in your village have guns, or do they hunt with bow and arrow? (If guns, 

please say how many!) 

• Do they shoot "Gurias"? (If yes, please say (on average) how many a month!) 

• Do the people of your village know when the breeding season of the "Gurias" close to 

your village is? 

• Is the population of "Gurias" close to your village increasing, decreasing, or remains it the 

same? 

• Is there any special relationship of "Gurias" between your villagers (e.g. special beliefs, 

special use of "Guria" products etc.) 

• Do the villagers know something special about "Gurias" (e.g. special food or habits?) 

140


6.7.2 The results of the questionnaire 

Couple Village Province Height Number 

of 

people 

Main food CP's ? Victoria or 

Scheepm. 

141 

Guns? Number 

of shot 

CP's 

Breeding 

season 

Status 

development 

Group size Use of CP's Remarks 

1 Okovai Gulf < 100 1.000 Sago, banana and Yes Scheepm. Yes (10) 10 No Remains 5 - 10 Bilas, edible 

fish 

and Victoria. 

the same 

meat 

2 Kokoro Gulf 70 500 Kaukau, taro and Yes Scheepm. Yes (6) 1 - 2 May Declines Large groups Feathers for 

yams 

and Victoria 

celebrations 

3 Goroka East. 

Highlands 

1556 25.000 No No 

4 Malasiga Morobe 0 350 Fish, rice and 

coconut 

No Yes 

5 Lae Morobe 0 90.000 Rice and fish No 

6 George New 0 100 Taro, kaukau and No 

Brown Britain 

banana 

7 Papitalai Manus 0 300 Fish, sago and 

kaukau 

No 

8 Tari South. 

Highlands 

1.600 60.000 Kaukau No Yes 

9 Magong Morobe 1.500 150 Kaukau and taro No No 

10 Goroka East. 

Highlands 

"high" 40.000 Kaukau No 

11 Misapi East. 

Highlands 

1.480 200 Kaukau No Yes < 1 

12 Yatega East. 

Highlands 

1.800 100 Kaukau Not anymore Declined 

13 Yilu Madang 800 500 Kaukau and Yes Victoria No 1 a year Whole year Fluctuates 2 - 5, breeds Tail feathers as 

banana 

solitary hairdress 

14 Kantobo South. 

Highlands 

400 200 Sago No Five 

15 Kiaku Oro 0 500 Taro Yes Victoria Yes Large groups For singing, bilas 

16 Karimui Centr. 2.000 > 1.000 Taro and kaukau Yes Scheepm. One < 3 No Remains 10 - 15, Crown for 

Highlands 

And Victoria 

the same sometimes 1 

close to 

village 

ceremonies 

17 Kwaipo Central 400 400 Kaukau, tapioc and 

yams 

No Yes 

18 Masangko Morobe 0 150 Taro and kaukau No Yes 

Easy prey 

Where CP's 

are mating 

is fertile 

place.


142


7 Acknowledgements to the research project in PNG 

This research project from Marc Damen in Papua New Guinea has been made possible 

thanks to grants of the following institutions: 

• The Bernhardine Fund (Rotterdam Zoo; the Netherlands) 

• Dr. J.L. Dobberke Foundation (Amsterdam; the Netherlands) 

• Bristol Zoo Gardens (United Kingdom) 

• Stiftung Avifauna Protecta (Germany) 

• Voliere Gesellschaft Zuhrich (Switzerland) 

• Association of British Wild Animal Keepers (ABWAK; United Kingdom) 

• The Zoological Society of London (United Kingdom) 

• Wassenaar Wildlife Breeding Centre (the Netherlands) 

• North of England Zoological Gardens (Chester; United Kingdom) 

• Zoologicka Zahrada Bojnice (Slowakia) 

• A.I.F.A.O. (Pisa; Italy) 

And the bird keepers and curators of: 

• Birdpark Avifauna, Alphen a/d Rijn, the Netherlands 

• Amsterdam Zoo, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 

• Burgers' Zoo, Arnhem, the Netherlands 

• Rotterdam Zoo, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 

Furthermore: 

• Andy Mack, Conservation International 

• Joeke Nijboer, EEP Coordinator for crowned pigeons 

• Kurt Merg, Manager of the Ivimka Research Station 

• Thomas Paka, FSP-PNG 

• Family Abraham, teachers at Tekadu, for their hospitality 

• Cosmas Makamet, field-employee of the FSP-PNG, for his company and lesson of PNG 

• Conservation International for permission to use the Ivimka Research Station 

• Paul Koene and Egbert Urff from Wageningen Agricultural University, for scientifical 

support. 

• Koen Brouwer and Cathy King, for their useful advices and enthousiasm 

• Dutch Federation for Research in Zoological Gardens, for general support and use of 

facilities 

• Michael Hudson of Wau Ecology Institute, for his company and useful advices 

• Wau Ecology Institute, for covering telephone expenses 

• Everybody in Papua New Guinea who spend his time on helping a stupid white man. 

• Jim Blume, pilot at Wau, for getting me out of the jungle right in time. 

• Mark en Ricky for their company 

• Library of the University of PNG (UPNG) for some historical information of CPs and 

PNG 

• Wim Veen from “The Schothorst” at Lelystad for analysing the feed samples. 

143


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144 



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158


APPENDIX I 

Temperature and rainfall during Marc Damen’s stay in the Lakekamu Basin 

December and May = Rainy season 

Date Min. temp Max. temp. Rainfall 

(mm) 

159 

Date Min. temp Max. temp. Rainfall 

(mm) 

20/6 19,4 º C 30 º C 0.0 21/7 21,1 º C 26,7 º C 11.0 

21/6 20 º C 29,4 º C 0.0 22/7 18,9 º C 26,1 º C 26.5 

22/6 18,9 º C 30 º C 0.0 23/7 20 º C 26,7 º C 1.6 

23/6 21,1 º C 30 º C 12.0 24/7 21,1 º C 28,3 º C 1.2 

24/6 21,1 º C 30,6 º C 5.6 25/7 20,6 º C 28,9 º C 0.6 

25/6 22,1 º C 29,4 º C 36.0 26/7 20,6 º C 29,4 º C 0.0 

26/6 22,8 º C 28,9 º C 38.0 27/7 20,6 º C 28,9 º C 0.0 

27/6 21,1 º C 28,3 º C 89.0 28/7 20 º C 28,3 º C 0.0 

28/6 21,1 º C 28,3 º C 13.5 29/7 19,4 º C 29,4 º C 0.0 

29/6 22,8 º C 29,4 º C 0.3 30/7 19,4 º C 29,4 º C 0.5 

30/6 22,2 º C 30,6 º C 23.5 31/7 19,4 º C 27,8 º C 9.3 

1/7 22,8 º C 26,7 º C 4.4 1/8 17,8 º C 27,8 º C 0.7 

2/7 22,2 º C 31,7 º C 0.0 2/8 19,4 º C 28,9 º C 0.0 

3/7 22,2 º C 31,1 º C 2 3/8 19,4 º C 29,4 º C 0.0 

4/7 23,3 º C 31,1 º C 109.8 4/8 20 º C 26,7 º C 0.8 

5/7 22,2 º C 28,9 º C 52.0 5/8 18,9 º C 28,3 º C 22.0 

6/7 22,2 º C 31,1 º C 23.5 6/8 18,9 º C 28,9 º C 0.0 

7/7 22,2 º C 29,4 º C 1.8 7/8 18,9 º C 28,9 º C 0.0 

8/7 22,2 º C 30 º C 0.7 8/8 17,8 º C 30 º C 0.0 

9/7 22,2 º C 28,3 º C 11.0 9/8 17,2 º C 30,6 º C 0.0 

10/7 22,8 º C 28,3 º C 8.5 10/8 16,7 º C 30,6 º C 0.0 

11/7 22,8 º C 30 º C 1.4 11/8 17,8 º C 30,6 º C 0.0 

12/7 21,7 º C 29,4 º C 0.2 12/8 18,9 º C 28,3 º C 0.0 

13/7 22,2 º C 27,2 º C 14.5 13/8 18,3 º C 28,9 º C 0.4 

14/7 22,2 º C 26,7 º C 5.2 14/8 19,4 º C 26,1 º C 1.2 

15/7 22,2 º C 27,8 º C 20.0 15/8 19,4 º C 28,9 º C 0.0 

16/7 21,1 º C 28,9 º C 32.0 16/8 21,1 º C 29,4 º C 0.0 

17/7 22,2 º C 26,1 º C 0.5 17/8 20,6 º C 29,4 º C 1.0 

18/7 21,1 º C 25 º C 9.0 18/8 19,4 º C 30 º C 0.0 

19/7 21,1 º C 25,6 º C 6.0 19/8 21,1 º C 30 º C 0.6 

20/7 20,6 º C 27,2 º C 20.0 20/8 19,4 º C 30,6 º C 3.2


APPENDIX II 

Organisations in Papua New Guinea 

Federation of the South Pacific – Papua New Guinea (FSP-PNG) 

The FSP-PNG is a local NGO which is established in 1965. The mission of FSP-PNG in 

general is to facilitate community developmental projects that aim to improve people’s quality 

of life and sustainable resouce management through continued support in the areas of 

education, awareness and economic development. For this reason activities on four different 

subjects are carried out: 

Awareness Community Theater (ACT) 

ACT promotes awareness on health, environmental, social and development issues of concern 

in urban and rural areas through the use of theater. This has proven to be an effective way to 

convey messages. Issues as AIDS, domestic violence and protecting the environment are dealt 

with. 

Grassroots Opportunities for work (GROW) 

GROW aims to improve rural lifestyles and natural resource management through promoting 

sustainable agricultural practices, information about basic health care and nutrition and small 

business development, specially focused on women. 

Literacy Education and Awareness Development (LEAD) 

LEAD aims to increase the opportunities for literacy for adults (especially women) and 

children. The materials used are based on local issues and written in the local languages. 

Ecoforestry Program 

The Ecoforestry Program focuses on the development and promotion of Eco-enterpriseswhich 

are low-impact on the forest resources. This program includes support of village-based 

portable sawmills, non-timber forest resource products and ecotourism. Such enterprises are 

promoted through education, training, constant research and sharing of experience etc. 

Integrated Conservation and Development (ICAD) 

The ICAD program aims to promote development and conservation by establishing direct 

linkages between an increase in the socio-economic well being of landowners and 

conservation of natural resources. The program integrates conservation and development, 

focussing on eco-enterprise creation such as eco-tourism and the marketing of non-timber 

forest products. This is carried out in the Lakekamu Kunimaipa (FSP-PNG, 1997). 

The FSP-PNG is working in the Lakekamu Kunimaipa in partnership with Conservation 

International (CI) with additional support from Wan Ecology Institute (WEI). The area is not 

declared as a protected area yet, hence negotiation is still under way with the landowners for 

applying conservation methods. Environmental awareness has been carried out which 

includes talking to local people, and carrying out the Rapid. 

160


APPENDIX III 

Additive Information on Papua New Guinea 

Overview on collections held in Papua New Guinea: 

National Capital Botanical Gardens 

Species kept: 

Victoria crowned pigeons (21), scheepmakeri crowned pigeons (4), Vulturine parrot (1), 

Blyth's hornbill (1-1), Paradisaea minor (2-1), Paradisaea raggiana (5), Porphyrio porphyrio 

(1), Eclectus roratus (4/6), Sulphur-crested cockatoo (5) and Doria tree-kangaroo (1) 

National museum of Papua New Guinea 

Species kept: 

Victoria crowned pigeons (2), scheepmakeri crowned pigeons (2), mammalian and birds 

Interviews made by Marc Damen: 

Interview with Mack and Merg, June 1997 

In Lakekamu Basin a lot of crowned pigeons live in groups from 3 to 6 / 8 animals (Mack). 

Very often you see one when you are passing through. Crowned Pigeons will fly up and go 

into a tree (Mack). If one crowned pigeon has been seen most of the times more crowned 

pigeons are in the neighbourhood (just wait and see). The crowned pigeons stay in the tree for 

quite some time (Merg) or fly far away. Merg saw two crowned pigeons copulate in February 

(22 February). Crowned pigeons can be found in remote areas. Where the roads are crowned 

pigeons are driven away. Beehler once found a nest and took the measurements, but during 

his trip his luggage and all his notes were stolen. The villagers hunt crowned pigeons but also 

Tree-kangaroos. 

Remarks after conversation with Cosmas Makamet 

Inhabitants from Tekadu don't shoot a lot of animals, because they only possess bow and 

arrow (small range). The Kovio tribe has guns and permits. They can buy cartridges, which 

are cheap. They go down the river with boats and every time they shoot some crowned 

pigeons, pigs, cassowaries and forest wallabies. The Kovio tribe only eat the meat and do 

nothing with the intestines. Cosmas is helding household-surveys to see if the feeding pattern 

changes when they obtain money. 

Interview with Ridey from Tekadu (one of the working people) 

Groups of crowned pigeons consists of 2 animals, which walk 0 - 6 m apart from each other. 

They are having contact with a low, monotone sound (the "contact call"). Crowned pigeons 

161


live near by the water, where they eat little white rocks. Ridey knows this, because he 

sometimes finds them in the crop of the crowned pigeons. 

Furthermore, in the Bush crowned pigeons eat insects and no vegetable diet. The birds sleep 

in trees and they have no territory. 

The breeding season starts in June. Ridey can't tell anything about the nests and the breeding 

behaviour of the crowned pigeon, because he has never seen a nest. He doesn't know anything 

about potential enemies of crowned pigeons. 

In Ridey's tokples a crowned pigeon is called an "opur" and in Pidgin a "Guria". "Guria" also 

means, "shaking" in Pidgin. Probably the crowned pigeon got the name "Guria", because this 

bird is shaking its tail. 

Interview with Steven-John, a hunter from Okovai (Monday, 1st of September) 

Steven-John is a hunter. He hunts with a gun. 

Crowned pigeons live in groups up from 10 animals or even more. The animals forage 

through the woods and stay together. They eat for example seeds from the glue-tree and stay 

in contact with each other by the "contact-call". When they go to sleep (they sleep in the 

trees) or become active, the sound is different: "muhu, muhu, muhu". They don't have a 

territory and are just walking around. Sometimes they forage and when it is the hottest 

moment of the day, they are going to the water to cool down. At the water they even eat 

rocks. They do this, because this helps to digest the food in the stomach. There is no breedingseason, 

but Steven doesn't know if they brood once a year or more. The female pigeon builds 

the nest and broods on the egg. The male pigeon is keeping her company. When the chick has 

hatched, the male helps the female pigeon to feed the chick. Steven doesn't know how long 

the brooding time is, neither how long the chick stays in the nest. They only lay one egg. 

”Gurias" don't have natural enemies (except for the humans). The changes between male and 

female pigeons can be seen, when they sit on the nest. The female is sitting on the nest and the 

male pigeon is sitting beside her. The name "Guria" also means, "suspend", this is what they 

do with their head. 

Interview with Morris Opu (hunter) from Okovai, September 1997 

Morris is from Kokoro (originally), but since 3 years he lives in Okovai. Crowned pigeons 

normally live in groups from 5 - 6 animals, which are walking closely together and making 

sounds "mhm, mhm". Crowned pigeons brood once a year and lay only 1 egg, but Morris 

doesn't know anything about their further reproductive behaviour. 

He suspects the female pigeon builds the nest and takes care of raising the chick. According to 

Morris "Gurias" doesn't have any other enemies. 

Remark: 

The inhabitants of Okovai seem to know very little about the ecology of the animals: they just 

look for them and then shoot them (possibly when they are in a tree). 

The inhabitants of Nukeva (and maybe also Kakoro) don't have guns and they have to know a 

lot more about the animals (professional knowledge), before they can hunt them. 

162


Interview with Amini Mane (young hunter) from Okovai, September 1997 

Crowned pigeons live in groups from 4 - 5 animals, but also sometimes alone. They walk very 

closely to each other and are making sounds. Crowned pigeons sleep in trees and are mostly 

seen in the forests. They only lay 1 egg each time, but Amini doesn't know anything about the 

brooding behaviour. Amini thinks the female is taking care of the brooding and takes care of 

the chick. According to Amini "Gurias" don't have other enemies than humans. 

Conclusion from talks with Isaac and Kontias Kongo 

The breeding season of the crowned pigeon various from place to place in the country. In the 

Lakekamu Basin the breeding season is probably in May / June. The raining season is from 

December to March, so breeding season is after raining season. Seeing that every valley in 

Papua New Guinea has its own raining season, perhaps the plants and trees will also bloom at 

a different time of the year. 

I talked with a boy from the Western Province and he told me that the crowned pigeons in his 

province breed around Christmas (western province is in the SW of Papua New Guinea). 

Notes on discovering crowned pigeon nests made by Marc Damen: 

Crowned pigeon nest 2, July 1997 

Crowned pigeon nest 2 was shown by Kontias Kongo from Nukeva. He found the nest in 

May, with an egg in it, but now it is empty. At the time we came to see the nest, a crowned 

pigeon flew away, so maybe they will start over. Yesterday 2 crowned pigeons did display, so 

this is possible). 

The height of the nest is 5,20 m above the dry fallen bed and it's resting on a liana. The nest 

can be reached from 2 sides and is oblong of shape. The liana goes under the nest and makes a 

loop and is then coming back under the nest and goes up. Under the nest the branches are 

twisted. The nest dimensions are 30 cm x 40 cm. And is 6 cm high. It doesn't have a real cup, 

but is runs down very faint. In the middle the nest is 4 - 5 cm thick. The nest lies above a dry 

fallen bed and because of this there are very little bushes in the immediate surroundings. 

Going from the nest and to the nest is relatively easy. Crowned pigeons are using the nests 

more than once (according to the eldest villager). According to me this nest is not very old, 

because of the small size. In a meeting with the eldest villager it appears that the "Abuta" is 

the worst enemy for the crowned pigeon. The "Abuta" is a big eagle, who also eats flying 

foxes and young pigs. 

This has to be the New Guinea harpy eagle. This bird eats also eggs, young birds and catches 

birds which are breeding, from the nest. Finally Kondias Kongo tells us that here the crowned 

pigeons have red paws. In Volume 1 of the EEP studbook it is said that crowned pigeons have 

white paws. 

Crowned pigeon nest 4, August 1997 

Morgan Kore showed this nest. The nest was found near Nukeva, along the road from Nukeva 

to Okovai. However the nest is disappeared and now there are only a handful of branches. 

There also is a thick branch, which has probably crushed the nest. Morgan found the nest in 

June with an egg or a chick in it, but he couldn't see it, so he didn't took it with him. 

163


The data available, only are he place where the nest was found and the height of the nest. 

Dimensions of the nest were not available. 

The nest is situated in the armpit of three branches, about 7.60 m above the ground. In spite of 

the dry season, there still is a lot of water in the river (3 - 4 m wide). Because of the dense 

vegetation, the nest can hardly be reached. 


Wambex Bogi showed this nest. The nest was found near Nukeva, in the forest along a 

stream. The stream has almost fallen dry and is very muddy. The nest is situated very high in 

a tree. There is no possibility to climb the tree. The height from the nest to the ground is 

estimated on 9.80 m. To the water-level about 11.20 m. To approach and to leave the nest is 

only possible from a dead branch. Pictures have to make this more clearly. Wambex found the 

nest in July with an egg in it. 


Napharo showed us this nest. The nest was found near Nukeva, but on the other side of the 

Tiver. The nest is also situated above a stream at a height of 2.90 m (the lowest nest until 

now). The nest is build on an epiphyte. Napharo found the nest in June with an egg in it. The 

nest dimensions are 40 cm x 38 cm. It is almost round, because the nest is build on the 

epiphyte. The nest doesn't have a cup and is 12 cm thick. According to Napharo this is the 

first time the nest has been used, because they only use a nest once. The attainability of the 

nest is very good, because it isn't situated very high. 

Crowned pigeon nest 10 & 11, September 1997 

The nest is shown by Willy Itiopu from Kakoro. The nests (10 is new, 11 is old) are 5 m apart 

from each other. They are situated above a stream. There still is some water in the stream. 

Willy found the nest in July with a chick in it. According to Willy the crowned pigeons brood 

in May / June / July. 

Nest 10 is built on the edge of a dead tree, in an epiphyte. I climbed into the nest en took 

pictures and the nest’s measurements. It is easy to approach and to leave the nest, because of 

the openness of the water. To pass by is more difficult. The nest dimensions are 40 x 37 cm. 

The cup is 19 x 19 cm and the height is 13 cm. Besides vegetable material, “Gurias” eat 

earthworms and white rocks. 

Nest 11 is an old nest. It hasn't been used this year. In stead of that nest 10 has been used. 

Nest 11 is declining, but also not reachable. That's why there are no nest dimensions of nest 

11, only the height is known. Nest is resting on 1 liana in an epiphyte. Nest height is 6.56 m 

(to the ground, not to the water). 

Hunting report made by Marc Damen: 

Hunting report, with 6 hunters and 3 guns, September 1997 (Okovai) 

At 7.00 a.m. we left by motorboat and 20 liters of petrol (costs 40 K). After 70 minutes the 

first hunter goes ashore (alone). After 80 minutes the second hunter goes ashore and after 110 

minutes the third hunter goes ashore with an assistant. The hunters shoot everything that 

moves. They are also very interested in turtles. At 12.00 p.m. the hunters came back and we 

sailed a bit back. At 12.50 p.m. two hunters (with 2 guns) went back ashore for the second 

attempt. At 13.00 p.m. the third hunter went back ashore for the second attempt. 

164


The two hunters were back at 14.15 p.m. At 14.50 p.m. we were back ashore to wait for the 

third hunter. At that moment they saw "Guria" tracks. 

We heared three shots and at 15.10 p.m. the three hunters came out of the woods with two 

hornbills (1.1) and two crowned pigeons. 

Then we went back to Okovai. At 16.30 p.m. they also shot a cormorant. They missed a fruit 

pigeon. At 17.00 p.m. we came back in Okovai. The crowned pigeons were shot by Patrick 

Arabi. 

Shot animals by hunters in Okovai 

1 September: crowned pigeons (5) (food collected for research from their crop and 

intestines) (2). 

2 September: crowned pigeons (2) (food collected for research from their crop and 

intestines), hornbill (1.1), sheatfish (4), pigs (2) (1 was left behind; sick), 

cormorant (1), cassowaries (2). 

3 September: cassowary (1) 

165


APPENDIX IV/A 

Results management survey 1999 (Goura Cristata) 

Institution male female Courtship observed Copulations observed Total Number of eggs: Incubated by: Number of Number of 

studb. no. studb. no. Yes No Yes No of eggs broken abandoned Parents Incubator Other infertile eggs fertile eggs 

Walsrode vog. 7605 8207 2 2 ? 

Chester 8708 9014 X X 3 1 0 1 2 2 0 

Dieter Schmidt 0 

Avifauna 8307 9702 X X 11 6 2 3 

342 5717 

8306 8305 X X 0 

Zoo Praha 9202 9505 X X 0 

Jardin aux Ois. 8727 9102 X X 3 3 ? ? 

La Palmyre No cristata cp anymore. 

Henri de Lu. No crowned pigeons. 

Bojnice ? 9115 X 10 9 1 1 

Gettorf 8914 8915 X X 0 

Jesperhus bl. No cp anymore. 

Eysden 9313 9416 X 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 

167 

0 

9415 9411 X 2 0 0 1 1 

Parc des Ois. 8715 8716 X X 1 1 1 

8103 8509 X X 0 0


Institution eggs fertility Number of hatchings by: Number of chicks reared: 

unknown Parent incubation Incubator Other (Why?) By Parents Hand Foster parents 

Walsrode vog. 0 0 0 

Chester 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Dieter Schmidt 

Avifauna 11 

Zoo Praha 

Jardin aux Ois. 

La Palmyre 

Henri de Lu. 

Bojnice 

Gettorf 

Jesperhus bl. 

Eysden 0 2 2 

1 1 

Parc des Ois. 1 0 

168


APPENDIX IV/B 

Results management survey 1999 (Goura Scheepmakeri) 

Institution male female Courtship 

observed 

Copulations observed Total Number of eggs: Incubated by: Number of 

studb. no. studb. no. Yes No Yes No of eggs broken abandoned Parents Incubator Other infertile eggs 

Vogelpark 8408 8607 2 1 1 

Walsrode 9704 9212 1 1 

Dieter 0 

Schmidt 

Mulhouse 7802 9602 2 2 eggs have been incubated 

in incubator and placed under 

female the day of hatching. 

9806 has been handreared. 

La Palmyre No cristata's anymore. 

Henri de No crowned pigeons. 

Lunaret 

R'dam Zoo 8403 8202 X X 4 0 0 4 0 0 1 

9012 9304 X X 3 2 2 0 0 

Gettorf 9709 9203 X X 2 2 

Jesperhus No cp anymore. 

Blomsterpark 

169


Institution Number of eggs fertility Number of hatchings by: Number of chicks reared: 

fertile eggs unknown Parent incubation Incubator Other (Why?) By Parents Hand Foster parents 

Vogelpark 1 1 1 

Walsrode 

Dieter 

Schmidt 

Mulhouse 2 2 

La Palmyre 

Henri de 

Lunaret 

R'dam Zoo 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 

2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 

Gettorf 2 2 2 

Jesperhus 

Blomsterpark 

170


APPENDIX IV/C 

Results management survey 1999 (Goura Victoria) 

Institution male female Courtship observed Copulations observed Total Number of eggs: Incubated by: Number of 


Dublin 9305 9010 X Avoided male after 7 2 5 2 7 

For first 3rd egg. 

3 eggs 

Paradise 9114 9506 X 

Park 

Frankfurt X X 1 1 

Zoo Lisboa 9411 8806 X X 0 

8807 9603 X X 2 0 2 

Artis Zoo 8103 7609 X X 5 1 4 2 

Parc Paradisio 8712 9325 X 2 (?) 1 1 

D. Schmidt 2 2 

Avifauna 8708 8705 X X 2 2 1 

Wilhelma 7610 7405 X X 0 

Burgers Zoo 7708 8601 X 

9118 9002 3 2 2 

0 

9022 7407 X X 7 1 3 3 1 

7701 8601 X X 

171



Dublin 

Paradise 

Park 

fertile eggs unknown Pa. Incub. Incub. Other (how?) Parents Hand Foster par. 

Frankfurt 1 

Zoo Lisboa 

Artis Zoo 2 1 

Parc 

Paradisio 

D. Schmidt 

2 2 2 

Avifauna 1 1 1 

Wilhelma 

Burgers Zoo Male 9/12/99 free in Bush. Lots of fights with male 9022. 

1 2 X 

9022 many times in pursuit of 7708 

1 2 3 Part of time in 3 

Male 7701 ill, died 

14/04/99 

incubator 

172


Institution male female Courtship observed Copulations observed Total Number of eggs: Incubated by: Number of 


Jardin aux 7711 8301 X X 5 5 5 

Oiseaux 

La Palmyre No victoria cp. Anymore. 

Henri de No crowned pigeons 

Lunaret 

Bojnice 9119 9117 X X 6 1 2 3 Adoptive female* 1 3 

173 

*G. Scheepm. 

R'dam Zoo 9501 9412 X X 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 

Gettorf 9023 9703 X X 2 2 2 2 

Fowl Oase Geen kweekres. 

Jesperhus No cp anymore. 

Blomsterp. 

9623 X Presumably male, 

9801 X 

however we acguired 

as female.



Jardin aux 

Oiseaux 

La Palmyre 

Henri de 

Lunaret 

fertile eggs unknown Pa. Incub. Incub. Other (how?) Parents Hand Foster par. 

Bojnice 3 1 Adoptive female** 2 

**1 x G. Scheepm. 

1 x Columba livia dom. 

R'dam Zoo 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 

Gettorf 

Fowl Oase 

Jesperhus 

Blomsterp. 

174


APPENDIX V/A 

Results egg questionnaire 1999 (Goura Cristata) 

Institution Date laid I.D. I.D. Description Type Results Remarks Est. 

or found Male Female nest site inc. and date hatch date 

Chester Zoo 6/1/99 8708 9014 Incubato 

r 

Infertile 

2/6/99 8708 9014 Incubato 

r 

Infertile 

24/6/99 8708 9014 Broken Unknown 

Dvur Kralove L 26/10/99 9609 9711 No nest Broken 

F 15/11/99 9609 9711 Window ledge Parent 16/11/99 Broken 

L 07/12/99 9609 9711 No nest Broken 



Barcelona Zoo 13/5/99 Infertile 

14/09/99 8822 9210 Hatched 14/10/99 

Jardin aux 12/4/99 2m, wet nest, sticks, 

Oiseaux leaves, on branch 

7/6/99 2m, wet nest, sticks, 

leaves, on branch 

14/8/99 2m, wet nest, sticks, 

leaves, on branch 

O Rosal Parent Hatched 01/01/99 

01/01/99 

175




Bojnice 26/01/99 9115 4/2/99 Broken 

25/02/99 9115 26/2/99 Broken 

13/03/99 9115 18/3/99 Broken 

04/04/99 9115 4/4/99 Broken 

19/04/99 9115 3/5/99 Broken 

17/05/99 9115 27/5/99 Broken 

11/06/99 9115 Incubator Infertile 

10/07/99 9115 11/7/99 Broken 

27/07/99 9115 28/7/99 Broken 

16/08/99 9115 19/8/99 Broken 

15/12/99 9115 15/12/99 Broken 

A.I.F.A.O. 8513 8512 Died within a few days 

8513 8512 from birth. 

176


APPENDIX V/B 

Results egg questionnaire 1999 (Goura Scheepmakeri) 



Copenhagen 20/4/99 KR0010 9211 1,0 left nest 19/5/99 

Zoo 9702 5/6 (?) 

28/10/99 KR0010 9211 0,1 left nest 22/11/99 

9702 18/12 (?) 

Mulhouse Zoo 7802 9602 Parent / Hatched 

177 

Incubator 09/05/99 

7802 9602 Parent / Hatched 

Incubator 02/07/99 

O Rosal Parent Hatched 01/01/99 

01/01/99 

Rotterdam egg no. 9 - 127 8403 8202 Middle of the cage Parent 10/6 walking egg inf. ? 

egg no. 9 - 233 8403 8202 Middle of the cage Parent Hatched 

egg no. 9 - 353 8403 8202 Middle of the cage Parent 23/1 walking egg inf. ? 

Gettorf f 15/04/99 9709 9203 1,5 m above ground on Parent 30/07/99 hatched 

f 10/09/99 9709 9203 platform with small branches Parent 26/09/99 hatched 

A.I.F.A.O The pair of Scheepm. 

from Walsrode, have 

never laid eggs.


APPENDIX V/C 

Results egg questionnaire 1999 (Goura Victoria) 



Dublin 29/3/99 9305 9010 Dustbin lid, Parent Broken 3/4/99 

up high 

5/6/99 9305 9010 Aviairy floor Parent ? Probably broken 

5 - 7 days later 

8/9/99 9305 9010 ? Parent Broken 8/9/99 Probably laid 1st - 3rd sept. '99. 

21/9/99 9305 9010 Basket up high Incubator 29/9/99 Infertile - incubator went down 2nd day. 

Replaced with artificial egg which was 

abandoned. 

For more egg information look at the 

Specimen 

report. You can find this in the map of 

CP 2000. 

15/10/99 9305 9010 Aviairy floor Parent Infertile 16/10/99 

15/10/99 9305 9010 Aviairy floor Parent Infertile 18/10/99 

3/11/99 9305 9010 Aviairy floor Parent Disappeared 

7/11/99 

Artis Zoo 11/05/99 8103 7609 Infertile 

01/06/99 8103 7609 Late embr. death 

02/07/99 8103 7609 Disappeared 

02/08/99 8103 7609 Mid embr. death 

18/09/99 8103 7609 Infertile 

Parc Paradisio Plastic box! (?) 

Lisbon Zoo 28/04/99 8807 9603 Basket with straw. Parent Hatched 

15/5/99 

10/10/99 8807 9603 Basket with straw. Parent Hatched 

29/10/99 

178




Dvur Kralove L 13/09/99 ? Tree nest Broken 

L 13/10/99 9706 Tree nest 14/10/99 Broken 

L 13/10/99 9812 Tree nest 02/11/99 Broken 

F 05/11/99 ? No nest Incubator Unfertile 

F 25/11/99 ? Tree nest Broken 

F 27/11/99 ? No nest Broken 

F 14/12/99 ? Tree nest Broken 

Burgers' Zoo 1 04/01/99 9022 7407 Fire level, tree Parent 

16/01/99 9022 7407 Scarlet ibis robs, Parent 

twigs form nest. 

Nest deserted. 

2 29/01/99 9022 7407 Fire level, tree Parent On the nest, the whole day 

04/03/99 9022 7407 Parent Have seen the chick. 

3 10/06/99 9022 7407 Nest near old cask ? Parent egg, already gone in the afternoon 

4 10/07/99 9022 7407 Nest above entrance Parent Off the nest, egg death 

5 22/07/99 9022 7407 Nest above entrance Parent On the nest, 3/8 nest abandoned, egg fertilized -> brm 

6 16/08/99 9022 7407 Nest near cask Parent Egg -> brm, egg of 22/7 -> nest -. Chick 24/8 dead 

7 06/09/99 9022 7407 Nest above entrance Parent 6/10 jong Egg of 16/8 infertile 

14/04/99 9118 9002 Parent 14/4 ei kapot 

27/04/99 9118 9002 Egg fallen from the nest Parent Replaced, still abandoned. Was broken 

02/12/99 9118 9002 Parent Egg death in an early stage 

Jardin aux 21/3/99 3m, up on top of 

Oiseaux aviary, sticks, leaves 

17/5/99 3m, up on top of 

aviary, sticks, leaves 







O Rosal Hatched by 01/01/99 01/01/99 

hand 

179




Bojnice 11/04/99 

01/05/99 

21/05/99 

17/06/00 Incubator 20/04/99 Stop of incubation, broken untill adoptived 

(parents-> G. Scheepm.) 

11/07/99 Incubator 02/06/99 Birth incubation, adoptived parents G. Livia. 

28/07/99 Incubator 20/06/99 Birth incubation, adoptived parents, G. Scheepm.) 

Infertile 

Infertile 

Infertile 

Bristol 23/12/99 9508 9509 Have 1 egg on beam in bh. 

27/12/99 9508 9509 Egg gone from nest, shell fragments found 

on path below. 

25/04/99 9508 9509 Chick assisted as making very slow progress. Egg CP/99/03 

hatched 

26/04/99 9508 9509 Egg CP 99/04 scrapped EDE. 

13/05/99 9508 9509 Wooden egg removed from nest platform as 

birds have not been sitting for a while. 

30/05/99 9508 9509 CP/99/05 set under foster doves in PC1A. 

3/06/99 9508 9509 CP/99/05 externally pipped. 

5/06/99 9508 9509 CP/99/05 has pipped at wrong nd of egg, some 

assistence given, but still visiable veins, so 

assiatence aborted. 

6/06/99 9508 9509 CP/99/06 found smashed on platform, egg 

rotten. 

1/07/99 9508 9509 Have 1 egg on nest on beam probably laid 3 to 

4 days ago ID CP/99/07. 

27/07/99 9508 9509 CP/99/07 hatched. 

6/01/99 Egg CP/99/08 found broken on floor of aviary. 

Remnants appear to be very rotten. 

17/02/00 Egg CP/00/01 found on floor of aviary, very rotten. 

180




Rotterdam Zoo 10/5/00 9501 9412 Nest of branches, right Parent 11/8 Stink egg 

9501 9412 Nest of branches, right Parent 22/10 Hatched 

Al Azizia L ?/10/99 Infertile 

Gardens ?/12/99 Cared by both parents and was still being fed Hatched 5/1/00 

until April. Now fully independant. Sex unknown, Fledged 6/2/00 

no ring. 

Gettorf F 01/05/99 9023 9703 1 m above ground on Parent 16/05/99 abandoned Infertile 

F 10/08/99 9023 9703 platform with small branches Parent 16/08/99 abandoned Infertile 

De Vogelhof No results in 1999 

181


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