Whanau Ora : Report of the Taskforce on Whanau-Centred Initiatives
Whanau Ora : Report of the Taskforce on Whanau-Centred Initiatives
Whanau Ora : Report of the Taskforce on Whanau-Centred Initiatives
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Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>:<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong><br />
to:<br />
H<strong>on</strong> Tariana Turia<br />
Minister for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Community and Voluntary Sector<br />
A
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>:<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong><br />
to:<br />
H<strong>on</strong> Tariana Turia<br />
Minister for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Community and Voluntary Sector
C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
Waiata ....................................................................................................................................................... p.4<br />
Foreword from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> ................................................................................................................ p.5<br />
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... p.6<br />
Scope ....................................................................................................................................................p.6<br />
A Five-Part Framework .......................................................................................................................p.6<br />
Recommendati<strong>on</strong>s .............................................................................................................................p.8<br />
1. Background...................................................................................................................................... p.10<br />
Establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> ...................................................................................................... p.10<br />
Timeframe ......................................................................................................................................... p.10<br />
Secretariat and Project Team ......................................................................................................... p.10<br />
Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... p.11<br />
2. The Whānau C<strong>on</strong>text ..................................................................................................................... p.12<br />
Defining Whānau ............................................................................................................................ p.12<br />
Whānau Transiti<strong>on</strong>s ........................................................................................................................ p.13<br />
Whānau Circumstances ................................................................................................................. p.15<br />
Whānau Services ............................................................................................................................. p.19<br />
3. Principles, Foundati<strong>on</strong>s and Measures ..................................................................................... p.21<br />
Underpinning Principles ................................................................................................................ p.21<br />
Key Foundati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Effective Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> Service Delivery ............................................. p.22<br />
Measurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Outcomes ................................................................................... p.23<br />
4. Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong> – Perspectives and Aspirati<strong>on</strong>s ................................................ p.28<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Perspectives............................................................................................................... p.28<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Philosophy ........................................................................................................ p.28<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Practice ............................................................................................. p.30<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as an Outcome Goal ................................................................................................ p.33<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Mechanism for Funding Providers................................................................. p.34<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Foundati<strong>on</strong> for Future Generati<strong>on</strong>s ............................................................... p.35
5. Case Studies ................................................................................................................................... p.37<br />
Methodology...................................................................................................................................... p.37<br />
Themes .............................................................................................................................................. p.38<br />
Summary .......................................................................................................................................... p.41<br />
6. Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong> – The Main Goals ......................................................................... p.42<br />
Three Goal Sets ................................................................................................................................ p.42<br />
Whānau Goals .................................................................................................................................. p.43<br />
Goals for Effective Service Delivery ............................................................................................... p.48<br />
Goals for Efficient Governance and Management ..................................................................... p.50<br />
7. Whānau Services – Key Operati<strong>on</strong>al Elements ....................................................................... p.55<br />
Key Elements.................................................................................................................................... p.55<br />
Methodologies Shaped by Te Ao Māori......................................................................................... p.55<br />
Commitment Across Government ................................................................................................ p.57<br />
Focus <strong>on</strong> Best Outcomes for Whānau with Integrated Delivery Systems............................... p.57<br />
A Trust and Dedicated Appropriati<strong>on</strong>............................................................................................ p.59<br />
Str<strong>on</strong>g Regi<strong>on</strong>al Directi<strong>on</strong> .............................................................................................................. p.61<br />
Building <strong>on</strong> Existing Provider Capabilities.................................................................................... p.62<br />
Phased Implementati<strong>on</strong> ................................................................................................................. p.63<br />
8. Implementati<strong>on</strong>............................................................................................................................... p.64<br />
C<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s ................................................................................................................................. p.64<br />
Transiti<strong>on</strong>al Arrangements ............................................................................................................. p.64<br />
Transiti<strong>on</strong>al Approach for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust................................................................................................ p.65<br />
Implementati<strong>on</strong> through Successive Phases ............................................................................. p.66<br />
Impact <strong>on</strong> Providers......................................................................................................................... p.67<br />
9. Appendices....................................................................................................................................... p.68<br />
Appendix A: Terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reference ................................................................................................... p.68<br />
Appendix B: Engagement Hui ....................................................................................................... p.70<br />
Appendix C: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> Members ................................................................................................... p.71
Waiata<br />
Whānau ora karanga<br />
Karanga ra te kaupapa<br />
I roto i te aroha<br />
Whānau ora<br />
Kia kaha<br />
This waiata was composed by Te Inupo Farrar and was used at many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hui <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> held.<br />
4
Foreword from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
E te Minita<br />
Tēnā koe<br />
We are pleased to present you with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> report <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> for Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong>.<br />
Since our first meeting <strong>on</strong> 24 June 2009, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has been privileged to hear <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> views <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
hundreds <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> New Zealanders and to read more than a hundred written submissi<strong>on</strong>s. As a result<br />
we are c<strong>on</strong>fident <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is str<strong>on</strong>g support for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> kaupapa, and enthusiasm for a fresh approach<br />
that will bring dem<strong>on</strong>strable benefits. We have been especially impressed by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> high level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
optimism around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country and are c<strong>on</strong>fident that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time is right to forge new pathways that<br />
will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> empowerment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau.<br />
Our report recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transformati<strong>on</strong>s that have occurred in te ao Māori over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past<br />
two decades and acknowledges <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> innovative capacity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> iwi, Māori communities and Māori<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers to meet new challenges, embrace new technologies and model new practices.<br />
Those same attributes will be pivotal in implementing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommendati<strong>on</strong>s made in our report.<br />
But we have also indicated that assurances will be required from a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> government<br />
departments and a spirit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> collaborati<strong>on</strong> must be embedded between funders, providers,<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers and whānau. In that respect, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> positive and optimistic interest shown from a wide<br />
range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> agencies and communities has given us every reas<strong>on</strong> to believe that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessary<br />
goodwill and commitment will be forthcoming.<br />
Minister, our work has been greatly influenced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resilience, determinati<strong>on</strong> and aspirati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau all over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country and we are c<strong>on</strong>scious <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our obligati<strong>on</strong>s to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m. If <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a single<br />
c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> to our deliberati<strong>on</strong>s it is that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential within whānau has never been greater, and<br />
unleashing that potential will not <strong>on</strong>ly bring benefits to Māori but will add greatly to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong><br />
and to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> prospects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> future generati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Noho ora mai<br />
Mas<strong>on</strong> Durie (Chair)<br />
Rob Cooper<br />
Di Grennell<br />
Suzanne Snively<br />
Nancy Tuaine<br />
5
Executive Summary<br />
Scope<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> was charged with c<strong>on</strong>structing ‘an evidence-based framework that will lead to:<br />
• streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned whānau capabilities<br />
• an integrated approach to whānau wellbeing<br />
• collaborative relati<strong>on</strong>ships between state agencies in relati<strong>on</strong> to whānau services<br />
• relati<strong>on</strong>ships between government and community agencies that are broader than c<strong>on</strong>tractual<br />
• improved cost-effectiveness and value for m<strong>on</strong>ey.’<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> developed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework based <strong>on</strong> a review <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relevant literature, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experiences<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> health and social service agencies, an analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oral submissi<strong>on</strong>s received at 22 hui<br />
throughout <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country, and over 100 written submissi<strong>on</strong>s from individuals and organisati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Comm<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mes emerged, particularly <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> to dem<strong>on</strong>strate a ‘Māori<br />
heart’, ensure local representati<strong>on</strong> in decisi<strong>on</strong>-making, minimal bureaucracy, sustainability and<br />
adequate resourcing, a research and evaluati<strong>on</strong> comp<strong>on</strong>ent, and quality relati<strong>on</strong>ships between<br />
whānau, providers and iwi.<br />
Underlying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> genesis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework is a wider societal c<strong>on</strong>text that recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
positi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori within New Zealand. Te Tiriti o Waitangi, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Treaty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Waitangi, remains a<br />
key instrument to guide nati<strong>on</strong>al development. It affirms <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> unique status <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori as tangata<br />
whenua, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> indigenous populati<strong>on</strong>, while simultaneously c<strong>on</strong>ferring, through Government, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
rights <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> citizenship up<strong>on</strong> all New Zealanders. In recent times, Treaty-based settlements between<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Crown and various iwi have c<strong>on</strong>tributed to positive outcomes for all parties. These outcomes<br />
help iwi to focus <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir attenti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past, and provide Government with<br />
opportunities to build positive relati<strong>on</strong>ships with tangata whenua that can have nati<strong>on</strong>al benefits.<br />
Achieving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se positive Treaty-based outcomes requires a capacity to visualise a future based<br />
<strong>on</strong> goodwill and interdependence.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> believes that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposals set out in this report provide fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
opportunities for Government and Māori to work toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r in interdependent ways to benefit<br />
all New Zealanders.<br />
A Five-Part Framework<br />
The whānau-centred framework c<strong>on</strong>tains five domains <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau impact:<br />
• a whānau aspirati<strong>on</strong>al aim<br />
• principles<br />
• whānau outcome goals<br />
• whānau-centred services<br />
• a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust.<br />
6
1. A Whānau Aspirati<strong>on</strong>al Aim<br />
The framework is built around whānau aspirati<strong>on</strong>al aims c<strong>on</strong>sistent with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
philosophy. It recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> many variables that have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to bring benefits to<br />
whānau and is especially c<strong>on</strong>cerned with social, ec<strong>on</strong>omic, cultural and collective benefits.<br />
To live comfortably today, and in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> years ahead, whānau will be streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned by a heritage<br />
based around whakapapa, distinctive histories, marae and customary resources, as well as<br />
by access to societal instituti<strong>on</strong>s and opportunities at home and abroad.<br />
Although much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> process was <strong>on</strong> social gains, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>al aims are premised <strong>on</strong> a balance between social gains (such as health, educati<strong>on</strong><br />
and societal inclusi<strong>on</strong>), ec<strong>on</strong>omic gains (such as an expanding asset base), cultural gains<br />
(including participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao Māori), and collective gains. These are streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned by<br />
reciprocal commitments between and across generati<strong>on</strong>s, and between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ambiti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
individuals and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> shared hopes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau.<br />
2. Principles<br />
The following principles underline all comp<strong>on</strong>ents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework, serve as essential<br />
foundati<strong>on</strong>s, and will be important markers to guide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> indicators, outcome<br />
measures, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> allocati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> funding for whānau-centred initiatives:<br />
• ngā kaupapa tuku iho (<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ways in which Māori values, beliefs, obligati<strong>on</strong>s and resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities<br />
are available to guide whānau in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir day-to-day lives)<br />
• whānau opportunity<br />
• best whānau outcomes<br />
• whānau integrity<br />
• coherent service delivery<br />
• effective resourcing<br />
• competent and innovative provisi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
3. Whānau Outcome Goals<br />
While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> desired results <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an interventi<strong>on</strong> will vary according to particular whānau<br />
circumstances, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has identified a set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals. The goals will be met when<br />
whānau are:<br />
• self-managing<br />
• living healthy lifestyles<br />
• participating fully in society<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>fidently participating in te ao Māori<br />
• ec<strong>on</strong>omically secure and successfully involved in wealth creati<strong>on</strong><br />
• cohesive, resilient and nurturing.<br />
The six goals, described in detail in secti<strong>on</strong> 6 <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> report, are outcome goals ins<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ar as<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y represent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> key areas in which results are expected from whānau-centred initiatives.<br />
Collectively <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals will make up <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> agenda for whānau-centred interventi<strong>on</strong>s and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
results <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> any interventi<strong>on</strong> will be measured by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> impacts <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> full range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcome goals.<br />
7
4. Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> Services<br />
Whānau-centred services are services that focus <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole, build <strong>on</strong> whānau<br />
strengths and increase <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir capacity. Notwithstanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s to whānau wellbeing<br />
by many organisati<strong>on</strong>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus in this report is <strong>on</strong> those services funded by Government.<br />
Whoever <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider (government agencies, iwi and Māori providers, n<strong>on</strong>-government<br />
organisati<strong>on</strong>s (NGOs) or private sector providers) <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that whānau-centred<br />
services should be characterised by six key operati<strong>on</strong>al elements:<br />
• whānau-centred methodologies shaped by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> values, protocols and knowledge c<strong>on</strong>tained<br />
within te ao Māori<br />
• commitment across government<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an independent Trust with a dedicated government appropriati<strong>on</strong><br />
• a primary focus <strong>on</strong> best outcomes for whānau, through integrated and comprehensive<br />
delivery<br />
• str<strong>on</strong>g regi<strong>on</strong>al directi<strong>on</strong><br />
• building <strong>on</strong> existing provider capabilities.<br />
5. A Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust<br />
Pivotal to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this framework is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an independent Trust.<br />
The Trust will provide an independent, stable and transparent foundati<strong>on</strong> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>. One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary functi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust will be to facilitate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau services that are comprehensive, integrated and focused <strong>on</strong> positive development.<br />
The Trust will be resp<strong>on</strong>sible for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> administrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a fund, derived from relevant<br />
appropriati<strong>on</strong>s – including, but not limited to, Votes Health, Educati<strong>on</strong>, Justice and Social<br />
Development. The Trust will report directly to a dedicated Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister and<br />
will be accountable to this Minister and to Parliament.<br />
A key functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust’s chief executive will be to chair a group <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social sector chief<br />
executives, with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> objective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ensuring Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is implemented across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> full range<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> government activity. The success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> will be dependent <strong>on</strong> changes in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way<br />
policies, programmes and services are designed and delivered across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider public sector.<br />
Recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
Arising from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has six key recommendati<strong>on</strong>s that will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to<br />
best outcomes for whānau.<br />
1. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that an independent Trust be c<strong>on</strong>stituted to govern,<br />
coordinate and implement Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, and report to a dedicated Minister <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has c<strong>on</strong>cluded that a new entity will be necessary to oversee whānau-centred<br />
programmes and promote best outcomes for whānau across government agencies, iwi and<br />
Māori providers, NGOs and private sector providers. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposes that this new<br />
entity should be established as an independent Trust accountable to a dedicated Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Minister and to Parliament.<br />
8
2. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a specific Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> appropriati<strong>on</strong>(s)<br />
to be managed by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust.<br />
Funding derived from relevant appropriati<strong>on</strong>s will enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust to facilitate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau services that link social, cultural and ec<strong>on</strong>omic development and build<br />
whānau capability. The Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister will c<strong>on</strong>trol and be accountable for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fund.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has recommended a timely process for deriving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
from appropriate sectors.<br />
3. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> services are integrated and comprehensive,<br />
and focused <strong>on</strong> measurable outcomes that will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to whānau empowerment.<br />
When whānau access coherent and integrated services, and experience enabling<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s, positive development will follow. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> str<strong>on</strong>gly advises a relati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracting approach that minimises fragmentati<strong>on</strong>, reduces transacti<strong>on</strong>al costs, targets<br />
positive whānau development, encourages provider collaborati<strong>on</strong> and enables whānau<br />
needs to be addressed in a c<strong>on</strong>sistent, unified and proper manner. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
recommends that specific outcome indicators reflect whānau ora philosophies and<br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
4. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> services are shaped by te ao Māori.<br />
It is critical that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural distinctiveness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau is recognised in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
services. Despite varying levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao Māori, this is a central comp<strong>on</strong>ent<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>temporary whānau experience. Services should be attuned to whānau cultural norms,<br />
whānau traditi<strong>on</strong>s and whānau heritage, while at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time recognising <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> realities<br />
and opportunities in te ao Māori and in wider society.<br />
5. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that all government agencies with resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities for<br />
any aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau wellbeing commit to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> principles and support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach.<br />
A number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> government agencies have resp<strong>on</strong>sibility for legislati<strong>on</strong>, policies, programmes<br />
and services that impact <strong>on</strong> whānau, even though <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y may not focus directly <strong>on</strong> whānau.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that agency efforts can accelerate whānau wellbeing and<br />
complement Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> services if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y incorporate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> principles and<br />
commit to a new way <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> working with whānau that includes adopting an outcomes focus<br />
and working with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r agencies. While many sectors, including health, social development,<br />
justice and housing are germane to whānau wellbeing, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> notes in particular<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> significance that educati<strong>on</strong>al achievement holds for whānau.<br />
6. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust establish regi<strong>on</strong>al panels to ensure Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>tributes in positive and realistic ways in local communities.<br />
Local Māori leadership and knowledge are essential to ensuring that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> services<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tribute in positive and realistic ways to local communities. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposes<br />
eight to ten regi<strong>on</strong>al panels, based <strong>on</strong> Māori Land Court Districts. Panel resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities<br />
would include streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning networks between providers, identifying gaps in services,<br />
highlighting local priorities and pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>iling regi<strong>on</strong>al distinctiveness for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust.<br />
9
1. Background<br />
1.1 Establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> was guided by a Terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reference which set out a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
expected activities (see Appendix A). The purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>, as set out<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reference, was to develop an evidence-based framework for<br />
whānau-centred service delivery which will lead to:<br />
• streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned whānau capabilities<br />
• an integrated approach to whānau wellbeing<br />
• collaborative relati<strong>on</strong>ships between state agencies in relati<strong>on</strong> to<br />
whānau services<br />
• relati<strong>on</strong>ships between government and community agencies that<br />
are broader than c<strong>on</strong>tractual<br />
• improved cost-effectiveness and value for m<strong>on</strong>ey.<br />
1.2 Timeframe<br />
1.2.1 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> was c<strong>on</strong>vened in late June 2009 and was required to report<br />
back to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister with its findings and recommendati<strong>on</strong>s in January 2010.<br />
As required, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> provided updates to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister at two-m<strong>on</strong>thly<br />
intervals starting in July 2009, and released a discussi<strong>on</strong> paper for public<br />
engagement in October 2009.<br />
1.3 Secretariat and Project Team<br />
1.3.1 The Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social Development provided secretariat support for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>’s work. Towards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> latter stages <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> project, a multi-agency<br />
team was established to complement <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>. This project<br />
team comprised senior staff from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social Development,<br />
Te Puni Kōkiri, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Health, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Justice, Housing New Zealand Corporati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Prime<br />
Minister and Cabinet, Treasury and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Internal Affairs.<br />
10
1.4 Methodology<br />
1.4.1 Evidence <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effectiveness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred services was ga<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>red<br />
through reviewing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature, engaging with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> public and developing<br />
case studies.<br />
1.4.2 A range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature was reviewed and summarised, with a focus <strong>on</strong><br />
New Zealand research. A preliminary stocktake <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau social sector<br />
programmes and services was also carried out.<br />
1.4.3 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> undertook an engagement process to present its proposal,<br />
as set out in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong> document, and to hear <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resp<strong>on</strong>ses and views<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> urban and rural whānau, hapū, iwi and providers.<br />
1.4.4 Twenty-two hui were held around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country as part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this process, and<br />
were attended by approximately 600 people (see Appendix B). In additi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
more than 100 individuals or groups provided written feedback <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
proposal.<br />
1.4.5 A number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> broad <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mes became apparent during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement<br />
process, including widespread support for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>’s proposal and<br />
optimism about what Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> could potentially achieve. Some<br />
apprehensi<strong>on</strong> was expressed about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> in practice,<br />
and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was c<strong>on</strong>cern that a separate Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> initiative may lead to<br />
marginalisati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services for Māori.<br />
1.4.6 There was str<strong>on</strong>g interest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> details <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> and in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
governance and management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Many people emphasised<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> to dem<strong>on</strong>strate:<br />
• sustainability and adequate resourcing<br />
• a ‘Māori heart’<br />
• a research and evaluati<strong>on</strong> comp<strong>on</strong>ent<br />
• local representati<strong>on</strong> in decisi<strong>on</strong>-making<br />
• minimal bureaucracy<br />
• quality relati<strong>on</strong>ships between whānau, providers and iwi.<br />
1.4.7 Case study research was carried out to provide evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what<br />
whānau-centred policy and service delivery could, or would, look like.<br />
This involved reviewing existing work by Te Puni Kōkiri and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> case studies with four service providers who currently<br />
use a whānau-centred philosophy and approach.<br />
11
2. The Whānau C<strong>on</strong>text<br />
2.1 Defining Whānau<br />
2.1.1 Whānau has been variously defined but generally refers to Māori who share<br />
comm<strong>on</strong> descent and kinship, as well as collective interests that generate<br />
reciprocal ties and aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
2.1.2 Whānau are built around familial ties that extend over three, and usually<br />
more, generati<strong>on</strong>s. The links between whānau members do not depend<br />
<strong>on</strong> specific tasks but <strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>going relati<strong>on</strong>ships based around shared<br />
lines <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> descent and c<strong>on</strong>jugal associati<strong>on</strong>s. They are built around cultural<br />
values such as generosity, hospitality, sharing and mutual respect.<br />
Intergenerati<strong>on</strong>al c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s are reflected in similar genetic patterns,<br />
similar heritage, similar names and similar obligati<strong>on</strong>s. They generate b<strong>on</strong>ds<br />
that cannot be dissolved even when alienati<strong>on</strong> occurs. Whānau have l<strong>on</strong>g<br />
histories that are measured in generati<strong>on</strong>s ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than years.<br />
2.1.3 In earlier years, members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau lived in close proximity to each o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
and were able to share in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> collective activities with relative ease. Caring<br />
for children, ga<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ring food, building houses and farming whānau land<br />
were examples <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> shared functi<strong>on</strong>s that whānau were able to undertake<br />
for a comm<strong>on</strong> good. The need for government interventi<strong>on</strong> was relatively<br />
infrequent. However, with changing social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic policies, those<br />
characteristics have been eroded and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> closeness that previously existed is<br />
no l<strong>on</strong>ger evident, at least to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> extent that it was. Several factors have led to<br />
a substantially modified whānau envir<strong>on</strong>ment: <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> depressi<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1930s,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1939-1945 World War, and since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mid-1940s progressive urbanisati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
now coupled with globalisati<strong>on</strong>, have created distance between whānau<br />
members so that whānau households may exist in different parts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country or even across different countries. Though whānau are still<br />
c<strong>on</strong>nected, opportunities for close interacti<strong>on</strong> have been attenuated. At <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
same time, new communicati<strong>on</strong> technologies have created fresh links that<br />
hold promise for whānau c<strong>on</strong>nectedness. Younger whānau members, for<br />
example, increasingly use social networking tools such as Facebook and<br />
YouTube to maintain links with cousins, uncles, aunts and siblings.<br />
2.1.4 Sometimes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau has been applied to people who work<br />
collaboratively in order to meet specific purposes. Parents and children<br />
who attend <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same Kōhanga Reo, for example, or who are part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
same sports team or cultural group, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten describe <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mselves as whānau.<br />
Successful whānau functi<strong>on</strong>ing depends <strong>on</strong> a level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cooperati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
interdependence coupled with a commitment to shared objectives and a<br />
shared cultural perspective.<br />
2.1.5 In c<strong>on</strong>temporary times whānau has also <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten been used as a syn<strong>on</strong>ym for<br />
family and sometimes as an equivalent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> household. Many Māori families<br />
do in fact spend much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir lives as members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> household units ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
12
than extended families and may have infrequent c<strong>on</strong>tact with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
whānau members. Similarly a two-generati<strong>on</strong>al unit may <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
norm, at least <strong>on</strong> a day-to-day basis. City living has resulted in extended<br />
neighbourhood relati<strong>on</strong>ships so that, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than drawing <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resources<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider whānau, metropolitan Māori families may depend more <strong>on</strong><br />
friends or community when immediate help is needed. That does not<br />
diminish <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own whānau but recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> realities<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir situati<strong>on</strong>s and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> difficulties <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y may have in c<strong>on</strong>necting with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
whānau members.<br />
2.1.6 Although mindful <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> changing realities for whānau and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
geographic distance that has occurred between whānau members, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has interpreted whānau to mean a multi-generati<strong>on</strong>al collective<br />
made up <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> many households that are supported and streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned by a<br />
wider network <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relatives.<br />
2.2 Whānau Transiti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
2.2.1 Four trends characterise <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori populati<strong>on</strong> in modern times: <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
growth is relatively high (compared with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> total New Zealand populati<strong>on</strong>),<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> median age is relatively young (22 years), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong> is ageing, and<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong> is mobile (both nati<strong>on</strong>ally and internati<strong>on</strong>ally).<br />
2.2.2 These trends have significant implicati<strong>on</strong>s for whānau. An increase in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> total numbers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori will generate a greater resource base for whānau<br />
but at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time create increased demands <strong>on</strong> whānau resources.<br />
Unless <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are substantial increases in whānau land holdings for example,<br />
whānau c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s to land will be attenuated even more than at present<br />
and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> turangawaewae could be diminished, or at least reduced<br />
to an abstract noti<strong>on</strong> that lacks any c<strong>on</strong>crete meaning. On <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r hand,<br />
if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> greatest resource <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau lies in its people, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n populati<strong>on</strong><br />
increases will greatly add to whānau ‘wealth’.<br />
2.2.3 A youthful Māori median age suggests that whānau will have relatively<br />
higher proporti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> children for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> next three or four decades at least.<br />
Although Māori fertility rates have declined since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1960s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y remain<br />
above replacement (around 2.4), while <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> decrease in child mortality<br />
rates has led to a higher proporti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> children reaching adulthood.<br />
By 2031, close to <strong>on</strong>e-third <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> all New Zealand school-age children will be<br />
Māori and educati<strong>on</strong>al achievement will be an even more critical factor for<br />
whānau wellbeing. Similarly <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau school leavers seeking<br />
employment and higher educati<strong>on</strong> will increase, giving new shape to<br />
whānau capabilities and opportunities.<br />
2.2.4 However, despite <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> youthfulness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proporti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
older whānau members is also growing. Increased life expectancy for<br />
both Māori men and women (70.4 years for males and 75.1 years for<br />
females) has resulted in a greater number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> adults over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> age <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 65 years.<br />
In this respect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori populati<strong>on</strong> is ageing – not at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same rate as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
n<strong>on</strong>-Māori populati<strong>on</strong>, although in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same directi<strong>on</strong>. Over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> next two to<br />
13
three decades <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> larger proporti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> older Māori will significantly change<br />
whānau pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>iles. While some c<strong>on</strong>cern has been expressed about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need<br />
for more health and social services, suitable housing, certainty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> income<br />
and greater ec<strong>on</strong>omic dependency, it is also likely that an older cohort will<br />
provide greater balance within whānau. As carriers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> culture, anchors for<br />
families, models for lifestyle, bridges to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future, guardians <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> heritage<br />
and role models for younger generati<strong>on</strong>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s stand to enrich<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> life for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole. Measuring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omic costs<br />
associated with an ageing populati<strong>on</strong> is complex but measuring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> value<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s older people make to whānau and to wider society is a<br />
great deal more complicated. The point, however, is not that c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
made by older people are incalculable, but ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are immense,<br />
even if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> present state <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> accounting knowledge defies <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir precise<br />
quantificati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
2.2.5 The trends towards a growing and ageing Māori populati<strong>on</strong> will be similarly<br />
matched by an increasingly mobile populati<strong>on</strong>. The urban migrati<strong>on</strong> that<br />
occurred in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1950s and 1960s has been partially <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fset by a reverse<br />
migrati<strong>on</strong> to rural ‘homelands’, although this has not significantly changed<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> circumstances <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> most whānau members who c<strong>on</strong>tinue to reside in<br />
urban and metropolitan areas. Around 25 percent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori c<strong>on</strong>tinue to<br />
reside in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> greater Auckland area. However, increasing migrati<strong>on</strong> for<br />
whānau within New Zealand has been evident for at least two decades and<br />
depends to a large extent <strong>on</strong> employment opportunities and affordable<br />
housing. More recently, migrati<strong>on</strong> to Australia and to o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r countries has<br />
added ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> complexity to whānau c<strong>on</strong>figurati<strong>on</strong>s. However, more<br />
affordable trans-Tasman travel toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r with innovative use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> electr<strong>on</strong>ic<br />
technology has enabled whānau in Australia to retain c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tribute to whānau ec<strong>on</strong>omic and cultural life in ways that were not<br />
previously possible.<br />
2.2.6 Ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r dimensi<strong>on</strong> to mobility with implicati<strong>on</strong>s for whānau is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increase<br />
in blended families. A substantial increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> children who<br />
live across two households and within two or more whānau has social,<br />
cultural and legal implicati<strong>on</strong>s for whānau that have not yet been fully<br />
realised. Whāngai children were not uncomm<strong>on</strong> in Māori society but<br />
adopti<strong>on</strong> practices tended to be c<strong>on</strong>tained within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> orbit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whakapapa<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships. Current trends, however, suggest that whānau will increasingly<br />
comprise members who have no whakapapa links to o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau<br />
members and, in many instances, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> associati<strong>on</strong> may be transitory.<br />
Predictably, blended cultures will also be a norm for many whānau in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
future. As New Zealand becomes increasingly multicultural, many whānau<br />
members are likely to have more than <strong>on</strong>e set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural values and more<br />
than <strong>on</strong>e ethnic identity.<br />
14<br />
2.2.7 Demographic transiti<strong>on</strong>s – an increasing populati<strong>on</strong>, a youthful median<br />
age, an ageing populati<strong>on</strong> and a mobile populati<strong>on</strong> – will inevitably<br />
impact <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omic and social circumstances <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau and will<br />
require adaptati<strong>on</strong>s to meet changing needs. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recognises<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dynamic nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need for a future-focused approach<br />
to whānau wellbeing, and an equal need to take an adaptive approach<br />
to whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>s.
2.3 Whānau Circumstances<br />
2.3.1 Most analyses <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau employ aggregated data to compare Māori with<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-Māori. Though useful, those comparis<strong>on</strong>s fail to measure change over<br />
time and do not capture <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wide variati<strong>on</strong>s that occur within and between<br />
whānau. Moreover, available data generally focuses <strong>on</strong> individuals ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
than collectives. Instead <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relying solely <strong>on</strong> cross-populati<strong>on</strong> comparis<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
current whānau circumstances can be assessed from a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
perspectives, including whānau risks and vulnerabilities, whānau inclusi<strong>on</strong><br />
within society, whānau participati<strong>on</strong> within te ao Māori, and whānau<br />
enterprise.<br />
Risk Factors and Vulnerabilities<br />
2.3.2 Whānau wellbeing is largely a factor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic determinants.<br />
Sub-standard housing, for example, is correlated with increased rates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
household injury, lower standards <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong>al health, domestic violence<br />
and fewer opportunities for healthy sport and recreati<strong>on</strong>. Low household<br />
incomes have similar c<strong>on</strong>sequences and are also associated with poor<br />
nutriti<strong>on</strong>, greater uptake <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tobacco smoking, less attenti<strong>on</strong> to preventive<br />
health measures, reduced access to quality educati<strong>on</strong>, unemployment,<br />
fewer opti<strong>on</strong>s for dealing with disabilities, and a greater likelihood <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being<br />
c<strong>on</strong>victed for <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fences against <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> law.<br />
2.3.3 Despite limitati<strong>on</strong>s, current data suggest that whānau members face<br />
a disproporti<strong>on</strong>ate level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> risk for adverse outcomes, as seen in lower<br />
standards <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> health, poorer educati<strong>on</strong>al outcomes, marginalisati<strong>on</strong> within<br />
society, intergenerati<strong>on</strong>al unemployment and increased rates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fending.<br />
Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, in resp<strong>on</strong>se to socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic hardship, a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> problems are<br />
likely to co-exist within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same household, affecting health, employment,<br />
behaviour, educati<strong>on</strong>, and lifestyle simultaneously.<br />
2.3.4 In additi<strong>on</strong> to socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic determinants, some studies have shown that<br />
even when social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic circumstances are taken into account,<br />
Māori individuals still fare worse than n<strong>on</strong>-Māori. Two explanati<strong>on</strong>s have<br />
been <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fered to account for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> difference. First, a cultural or ethnic factor<br />
may be associated with different lifestyles or experiences that increase risk<br />
and vulnerability. Sec<strong>on</strong>d, society may react differently to Māori than to<br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a community. But whatever <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> explanati<strong>on</strong>, ‘being Māori’<br />
introduces a risk factor that cannot be entirely accounted for by social or<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic disadvantage.<br />
15
Whānau Inclusi<strong>on</strong> Within Society<br />
2.3.5 Social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic wellbeing are more likely to be realised when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is<br />
full participati<strong>on</strong> in society. Notwithstanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> disproporti<strong>on</strong>ate impacts<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> material hardship <strong>on</strong> many Māori households, whānau inclusi<strong>on</strong> within<br />
wider society has increased significantly over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past two or three decades.<br />
Greater inclusi<strong>on</strong> is reflected in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> current high uptake <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> early childhood<br />
educati<strong>on</strong>, dramatic increases in Māori participati<strong>on</strong> in tertiary educati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
increased access to a choice <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> health providers, a str<strong>on</strong>g Māori presence<br />
within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social services, increased Māori leadership in commercial and<br />
pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al ventures, and increased involvement in both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governance<br />
and management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> public bodies such as local authorities and district<br />
health boards.<br />
2.3.6 However, full participati<strong>on</strong> in society and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omy eludes many<br />
whānau and is reflected in higher unemployment rates especially for<br />
school leavers, as well as higher rates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> employment in low-paying jobs.<br />
A critical determinant <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> employment and societal participati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
educati<strong>on</strong>al success, but Māori educati<strong>on</strong>al outcomes at sec<strong>on</strong>dary school<br />
level are disappointingly low, particularly for Māori boys. The impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
poor educati<strong>on</strong>al achievement are multiple and include overrepresentati<strong>on</strong><br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> criminal justice system. Whānau benefits from n<strong>on</strong>-compulsory<br />
educati<strong>on</strong> at pre-school and tertiary levels have yet to be felt in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
compulsory sub-sector (primary and sec<strong>on</strong>dary schooling).<br />
2.3.7 However, a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> initiatives have been able to dem<strong>on</strong>strate how<br />
educati<strong>on</strong>al under-performance can be transformed into success.<br />
Many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se initiatives depend <strong>on</strong> creating educati<strong>on</strong>al envir<strong>on</strong>ments<br />
with appropriate cultural alignments (such as whare kura) or niche learning<br />
opportunities (such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori boarding schools). Through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own<br />
innovative practices, some large state schools have enjoyed c<strong>on</strong>siderable<br />
success for senior Māori students. In all cases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> active involvement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> educati<strong>on</strong>al process has been recognised as a significant<br />
comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> successful educati<strong>on</strong>al outcomes.<br />
We believe that commitment<br />
to Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> in this way<br />
achieves Māori expectati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
for services which better<br />
reflect te Tiriti o Waitangi<br />
al<strong>on</strong>gside <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> promises<br />
made.<br />
Culture is at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> centre <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
wellbeing to Māori – it is<br />
about caring, sharing, and<br />
looking after each o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r.<br />
Whānau Participati<strong>on</strong> in Te Ao Māori<br />
2.3.8 While full participati<strong>on</strong> in wider society is essential for whānau welfare,<br />
active participati<strong>on</strong> in Māori communities and networks is also an important<br />
determinant <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wellbeing. Despite urbanisati<strong>on</strong>, over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past two decades<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been increased whānau access to Māori culture, Māori networks,<br />
marae and tribal endeavours. An important enabling instrument has<br />
been <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Treaty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Waitangi. The recogniti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Treaty to social as well as ec<strong>on</strong>omic policies was highlighted by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Royal<br />
Commissi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Social Policy in 1988 and a Treaty-based cultural dimensi<strong>on</strong><br />
to wellbeing was subsequently acknowledged by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Crown in regard to<br />
Māori language, Māori educati<strong>on</strong>, and service delivery to Māori.<br />
The statements placed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> side <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> text throughout <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> report are taken directly from<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> feedback (written and oral) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> many individuals and organisati<strong>on</strong>s who participated<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement process.<br />
16
As a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> younger Māori-speaking whānau members has<br />
increased significantly; kapa haka has assumed a higher pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ile locally<br />
and nati<strong>on</strong>ally; Māori-speaking early childhood centres and schools have<br />
been established throughout <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country; and at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> tertiary level, Māori<br />
participati<strong>on</strong> has increased through wānanga, as well as at universities,<br />
polytechnics and private training establishments.<br />
2.3.9 Whānau participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao Māori also has an ec<strong>on</strong>omic dimensi<strong>on</strong>:<br />
most Māori land is owned by whānau. As land values escalate and physical<br />
resources become increasingly scarce, whānau interests in Māori land<br />
c<strong>on</strong>stitute a potentially valuable source <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> revenue. Te Ture Whenua<br />
Māori Act 1993 allows for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> formati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau land trusts as well as<br />
whānau participati<strong>on</strong> in larger corporati<strong>on</strong>s as shareholders. However, not all<br />
whānau who are entitled to succeed are aware <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir entitlements and as<br />
a result many do not apply for successi<strong>on</strong>. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, many are not sufficiently<br />
knowledgeable about land to participate c<strong>on</strong>fidently in decisi<strong>on</strong>-making at<br />
governance or management levels. Yet, as tangata whenua, land is a highly<br />
significant marker for whānau and, even apart from ec<strong>on</strong>omic benefits,<br />
provides an opportunity for streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning wider whānau relati<strong>on</strong>ships and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>solidating identity with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau and with hapū and iwi.<br />
2.3.10 The relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to hapū and iwi has also assumed greater<br />
significance this century, partly in resp<strong>on</strong>se to iwi delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> health and<br />
social services and also as a c<strong>on</strong>sequence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Treaty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Waitangi settlements.<br />
The relati<strong>on</strong>ship has mutual benefits. Iwi registers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau members have<br />
provided relevant justificati<strong>on</strong>s for establishing social services and lodging<br />
claims, while whānau have benefited from iwi programmes, employment<br />
by iwi authorities and access to iwi resources. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> post-settlement era<br />
when more Treaty settlements will be c<strong>on</strong>cluded, greater flow-<strong>on</strong> effects<br />
to whānau can be expected, although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau benefits from<br />
Treaty settlements have not been fully decided. Iwi maintain that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s to whānau wellbeing do not include providing resources<br />
that would o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rwise be provided by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state but are more closely linked<br />
to facilitating cultural development, adding value to state-funded services<br />
and ensuring that whānau have access to iwi-funded benefits such as<br />
educati<strong>on</strong>al scholarships, employment opportunities and health insurance.<br />
2.3.11 Not all whānau have active links with hapū or iwi. Three or four generati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> urban living have, not infrequently, attenuated ties to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> point that<br />
tribal affiliati<strong>on</strong> lacks any real involvement. These diminished ties do<br />
not necessarily mean a lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a str<strong>on</strong>g Māori identity or high levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
participati<strong>on</strong> in Māori networks, but may reflect a new domain within te ao<br />
Māori that is characterised by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> active pursuit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori cultural interests,<br />
facility in Māori language and involvement in Māori networks that have<br />
urban origins.<br />
2.3.12 However, regardless <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> involvement – or lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> involvement – with hapū<br />
and iwi or Māori networks generally, a Māori cultural c<strong>on</strong>text ranks al<strong>on</strong>gside<br />
social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic factors as a determinant <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau wellbeing.<br />
17
Whānau Enterprise<br />
2.3.13 Whānau enterprise in agriculture has a l<strong>on</strong>g history but more recent entry<br />
into o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> enterprises has also dem<strong>on</strong>strated whānau potential for<br />
successful entrepreneurship based around whānau resources. Whānau<br />
resources are <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten regarded as being handicapped by collective ownership<br />
and being part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a heritage that cannot be readily disposed <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>. This is<br />
especially so for land. However, because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a high level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> commitment<br />
and attachment to land that is part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a hereditary whānau estate, whānau<br />
have an added incentive to establish a business that can bring benefits to<br />
all whānau members and at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time utilise an asset that is owned by<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau.<br />
2.3.14 Land, however, is not <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>ly whānau resource. Culture, envir<strong>on</strong>mental<br />
sites, waterways and human capital are also significant sources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
wealth, and increasing numbers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau are c<strong>on</strong>verting physical, cultural<br />
and human resources into revenue-generating enterprises. Cultural and<br />
eco-tourism, for example, has developed as an industry where whānau can<br />
participate as whānau bringing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own experiences, collective strengths<br />
and traditi<strong>on</strong>al knowledge to underpin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> operati<strong>on</strong>. Based <strong>on</strong> traditi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
designs and older ethnic patterns, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> clothing industry has also benefitted<br />
from whānau participati<strong>on</strong> and whānau have similarly found<br />
fresh opportunities in horticulture and craftsmanship.<br />
2.3.15 Although whānau resources – physical, cultural and human – are <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten<br />
evident <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> input side <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a business, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been less evidence that<br />
whānau networks have been fully utilised in promoting business outputs.<br />
Whānau networks are extensive, intersect with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau networks and<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten form <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> basis for community cohesi<strong>on</strong>. There would appear to be<br />
fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r room for developing a whānau dimensi<strong>on</strong> to marketing strategies,<br />
largely at informal levels.<br />
2.3.16 While many factors appear to c<strong>on</strong>tribute to successful participati<strong>on</strong> in<br />
whānau small to medium enterprises (SMEs), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> critical ingredient appears<br />
to be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> determinati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau to be independent and to exercise in<br />
a practical way <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> spirit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>nectedness – whanaungatanga. Studies<br />
have shown that a very significant comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau success in SMEs<br />
is whānau leadership. Leadership <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this kind is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten hands-<strong>on</strong> – apart<br />
from assuming managerial roles, whānau leaders involve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mselves in all<br />
aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> business and take <strong>on</strong> wider roles that might sometimes be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>strued as governance.<br />
2.3.17 A whānau business brings with it previous associati<strong>on</strong>s between whānau<br />
members and has a dynamic that cannot be entirely explained within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a commercial business. It also has a characteristic ethic that<br />
can be described as an obligati<strong>on</strong>, not <strong>on</strong>ly to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> business but to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
maintenance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau integrity and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> standing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
wider hapū and iwi communities. The whānau dynamic is central to whānau<br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>s for self-determinati<strong>on</strong> and self-management. Without careful<br />
management, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dynamic can detract from business goals, but it can also<br />
c<strong>on</strong>fer a level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> flexibility and collective commitment that may not be readily<br />
found in o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r business arrangements.<br />
18
2.3.18 Whānau aspirati<strong>on</strong>s for greater collective aut<strong>on</strong>omy are central to many<br />
whānau SMEs, and financial freedom to pursue activities and lifestyles that<br />
are more c<strong>on</strong>sistent with whānau philosophies is a significant motivating<br />
factor. Entry into an SME has provided many whānau with opportunities to<br />
establish a better balance between work and family. This is an important<br />
c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> for many whānau where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are commitments not <strong>on</strong>ly to<br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau members but also to wider Māori communities <strong>on</strong> marae and<br />
trust boards, and in cultural and sporting activities.<br />
2.4 Whānau Services<br />
2.4.1 Prior to 1984, health and social services were <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> province <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state and<br />
state agencies or, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary health care, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> private practiti<strong>on</strong>ers.<br />
A <strong>on</strong>e-size-fits-all approach had little regard for cultural perspectives<br />
or active whānau participati<strong>on</strong> in service design or delivery. However,<br />
devoluti<strong>on</strong> policies, accompanied by a separati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> funder and provider<br />
roles and greater c<strong>on</strong>testability am<strong>on</strong>g providers, resulted in a major<br />
transformati<strong>on</strong> that has generated new systems <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> health care, educati<strong>on</strong><br />
and social work. The advent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a greatly expanded Māori workforce in<br />
schools, hospitals, pris<strong>on</strong>s and welfare agencies has significantly altered<br />
standards <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice and made services more resp<strong>on</strong>sive to Māori. Māori<br />
provider organisati<strong>on</strong>s have also emerged so that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is greater choice.<br />
Whānau can now opt for Māori language immersi<strong>on</strong> educati<strong>on</strong>, Māori<br />
health care providers, Māori social services – or for mainstream providers.<br />
2.4.2 Some Māori provider organisati<strong>on</strong>s are small and have a single aim.<br />
O<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs are large and have a mix <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> skills, including well-qualified<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers, management expertise and experience in governance.<br />
Many iwi have successfully competed for c<strong>on</strong>tracts with government<br />
agencies to deliver a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services that span two, three or four sectors.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sistent with a holistic philosophy <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aim has been to provide whānau<br />
with a comprehensive approach that addresses multiple needs with minimal<br />
overlap, little inc<strong>on</strong>venience and no c<strong>on</strong>fusi<strong>on</strong>. However, a lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> coherence<br />
between sectors, and even within sectors, has led to multiple separate<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracts, each with different reporting requirements and expectati<strong>on</strong>s that<br />
have precluded an integrated approach to service delivery.<br />
2.4.3 Within metropolitan areas, urban Māori organisati<strong>on</strong>s have also emerged<br />
as significant providers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau services. Though not aligned to any<br />
single iwi, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir aims have not been dissimilar to those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> iwi – to provide a<br />
seamless, comprehensive and relevant set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services that will lead to best<br />
outcomes for whānau members and for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole.<br />
2.4.4 The development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori provider organisati<strong>on</strong>s has been accompanied<br />
by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expansi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori workforce across pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essi<strong>on</strong>al, community,<br />
cultural, research and administrative groupings. New models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice<br />
have been developed to meet whānau expectati<strong>on</strong>s and needs, and<br />
providers have gained c<strong>on</strong>siderable experience in c<strong>on</strong>tracting, agency<br />
practice, governance and management. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential impact<br />
19
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transformed Māori sector <strong>on</strong> whānau has <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten been compromised<br />
by lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scale, fragmented sectoral approaches, and an<br />
alignment with funder expectati<strong>on</strong>s ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than actual whānau needs.<br />
Moreover, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus has largely been <strong>on</strong> crisis management, support<br />
and care, with relatively less emphasis <strong>on</strong> positive development and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
enhancement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau capabilities.<br />
2.4.5 The separati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic development has been a fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
impediment to progress. Health and social service models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice have<br />
been relatively silent <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth even<br />
though <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> link between ec<strong>on</strong>omic status and successful outcomes is<br />
well known. A significant challenge for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future is an approach to<br />
whānau development which bridges social, cultural and ec<strong>on</strong>omic domains<br />
so that full participati<strong>on</strong> in society, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omy and educati<strong>on</strong> can be<br />
realised. In this respect, some iwi and some metropolitan providers might<br />
have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> advantage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> already being able to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a comprehensive range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
programmes, with potential for even greater integrati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
2.4.6 Meanwhile <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> notes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> extensive infrastructure that has<br />
developed over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past two decades, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> competent Māori<br />
providers operating within iwi organisati<strong>on</strong>s or in metropolitan and urban<br />
areas, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> innovative approaches to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau wellbeing.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> also recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> foundati<strong>on</strong>s that have<br />
been established and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to be fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r developed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interests <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau social, cultural and ec<strong>on</strong>omic wellbeing.<br />
20
3. Principles, Foundati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
and Measures<br />
3.1 Underpinning Principles<br />
3.1.1 The diagram below sets out our visi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework and<br />
shows <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pivotal role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> factors such as leadership (whānau, hapū and iwi),<br />
funding, government, whānau-centred services and whānau engagement<br />
in enhancing Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>. The reciprocal nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships<br />
between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se factors and Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is also shown, for example, access<br />
to str<strong>on</strong>g leadership enhances Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> in turn<br />
enhances str<strong>on</strong>g leadership.<br />
Best<br />
Whānau<br />
Outcomes<br />
Ngā<br />
Kaupapa<br />
Tuko Iho<br />
Whānau<br />
Integrity<br />
Whānau,<br />
hāpu and iwi<br />
leadership<br />
Whānau<br />
acti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
engagement<br />
Whānau<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau-centred<br />
design and<br />
delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
services<br />
Active and<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sive<br />
government<br />
Coherent<br />
Service<br />
Delivery<br />
Whānau<br />
Opportunity<br />
Funding<br />
Effective<br />
Resourcing<br />
Competent<br />
and<br />
Innovative<br />
Provisi<strong>on</strong><br />
3.1.2 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has developed a set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> seven principles underpinning<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, which, in our view, should similarly underpin whānau-centred<br />
service delivery. The principles are shown in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> diagram above: ngā<br />
kaupapa tuku iho; whānau opportunity; best whānau outcomes; coherent<br />
service delivery; whānau integrity; effective resourcing; and competent<br />
and innovative provisi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
21
…it should not be a<br />
structure that oppresses,<br />
it has to be underpinned<br />
by principles.<br />
• Ngā Kaupapa Tuku Iho: <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ways in which Māori values, beliefs,<br />
obligati<strong>on</strong>s and resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities are available to guide whānau in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
day-to-day lives.<br />
• Whānau Opportunity: all whānau will have chances in life that will<br />
enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to reach new heights, do <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir people, engage<br />
with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir communities and foster a str<strong>on</strong>g sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whanaungatanga –<br />
c<strong>on</strong>nectedness.<br />
• Best Whānau Outcomes: <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s is<br />
measured by increases in whānau capacities to undertake those functi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
that are necessary for healthy living, and shared c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
wellbeing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wellbeing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau<br />
members.<br />
• Coherent Service Delivery: recognises a unified type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong><br />
so that distincti<strong>on</strong>s between services provided by health, welfare,<br />
educati<strong>on</strong> and housing, for example, are not allowed to overshadow<br />
wider whānau needs.<br />
• Whānau Integrity: acknowledges whānau accountability, whānau<br />
innovati<strong>on</strong> and whānau dignity. This principle assumes that a code <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility is present in all whānau, though it may sometimes be<br />
masked by events or circumstances that propel whānau into survival<br />
mode or trigger a defensive reacti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
• Effective Resourcing: underlines two important aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services to<br />
whānau. First, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> resourcing should match <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> size <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> task<br />
– whānau-centred approaches may initially be time intensive. Sec<strong>on</strong>d,<br />
resourcing should be tied to results. Effective resourcing means allocating<br />
resources in order to attain <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best results and an interventi<strong>on</strong> plan<br />
should include a set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> indicators that can measure successful outcomes.<br />
• Competent and Innovative Provisi<strong>on</strong>: recognises a need for skilled<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers who are able to go bey<strong>on</strong>d crisis interventi<strong>on</strong> to build<br />
skills and strategies that will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to whānau empowerment and<br />
positive outcomes.<br />
3.2 Key Foundati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Effective Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong><br />
Service Delivery<br />
3.2.1 On <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> basis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> members’ experience and expertise, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
available evidence, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has identified five key elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effective<br />
whānau-centred services: whānau, hapū and iwi leadership; whānau acti<strong>on</strong><br />
and engagement; whānau-centred design and delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services; active<br />
and resp<strong>on</strong>sive government; and funding.<br />
3.2.2 Whānau, Hapū and Iwi Leadership<br />
• Whānau, hapū and iwi have critical and distinct roles to play in facilitating<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
• These roles, relati<strong>on</strong>ships and resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities are based <strong>on</strong> whakapapa<br />
c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s and lie largely outside government interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
• Supporting natural leaders within whānau is critical to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
22
3.2.3 Whānau Acti<strong>on</strong> and Engagement<br />
• Whānau strengths are acknowledged and endorsed.<br />
• Whānau ownership <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> soluti<strong>on</strong>s and acti<strong>on</strong>s is encouraged.<br />
• Partnerships between whānau and providers are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> norm.<br />
• Whānau have opportunities to extend <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own resources and expertise,<br />
while also addressing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual members.<br />
3.2.4 Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> Design and Delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Services<br />
• Services are designed and delivered in a way that places whānau at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
centre <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> service provisi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
• Services build <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> strengths and capabilities already present in whānau.<br />
• Services and whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>s are underpinned by a focus <strong>on</strong><br />
building whānau capability so that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are able to prevent crises,<br />
manage problems and invest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir future.<br />
3.2.5 Active and Resp<strong>on</strong>sive Government<br />
• Government agencies should be resp<strong>on</strong>sive and flexible enough to align<br />
with and support whānau, hapū and iwi aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
• Government should invest in whānau aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Engagement empowers<br />
whānau and provides<br />
c<strong>on</strong>fidence to make<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The emphasis <strong>on</strong> building<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> strengths and<br />
resiliencies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau so<br />
that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can develop <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
own appropriate resp<strong>on</strong>ses<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own needs is critical<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> achievement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
Whānau are colleagues <strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> process <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> change and<br />
have a right to participati<strong>on</strong><br />
in every aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice…<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau is an expert in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own experience.<br />
3.2.6 Funding<br />
• Funding arrangements should be c<strong>on</strong>sistent with a whānau-centred<br />
approach to service delivery.<br />
• The focus should be <strong>on</strong> a relati<strong>on</strong>al approach to c<strong>on</strong>tracting between<br />
providers and government agencies which focuses <strong>on</strong> best outcomes<br />
for whānau.<br />
3.3 Measurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Outcomes<br />
3.3.1 Measurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcomes at whānau, provider and populati<strong>on</strong> levels will<br />
c<strong>on</strong>stitute an integral part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>going implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>,<br />
and will inform funding decisi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
3.3.2 The underlying principles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> measurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcomes would<br />
include:<br />
• balancing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need for provider accountability with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need for flexibility<br />
and resp<strong>on</strong>siveness in service delivery<br />
• collecting outcome-focused ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than output-focused informati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
(ie real, dem<strong>on</strong>strable gains for whānau)<br />
• collecting c<strong>on</strong>tinuous, timely data<br />
• according value to both qualitative and quantitative informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Until a comprehensive<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring and evaluati<strong>on</strong><br />
system is created you are<br />
not talking about c<strong>on</strong>tracting<br />
for outcomes.<br />
23
Establishing working<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships with<br />
appropriate research<br />
instituti<strong>on</strong>s is pivotal<br />
moving forward.<br />
Whānau have to describe<br />
success in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own terms.<br />
3.3.3 In additi<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>going measurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcomes described<br />
below, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re needs to be a stated commitment to, and provisi<strong>on</strong> for,<br />
research relating to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> and effectiveness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
This would include <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> disseminati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings through best practice hui.<br />
Measuring Outcomes at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau Level<br />
3.3.4 As described elsewhere in this report, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship between whānau<br />
and providers would be in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a partnership in which both parties<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tribute informati<strong>on</strong> and knowledge, and work toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r collaboratively to<br />
achieve agreed whānau objectives.<br />
3.3.5 As part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this process, whānau and providers would discuss and agree<br />
<strong>on</strong> whānau objectives, following an initial (joint whānau and provider)<br />
appraisal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau issues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cern, toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r with strengths, resources<br />
and capabilities. Whānau would also play a large part in determining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
criteria for ascertaining when objectives had been achieved. A regular review<br />
process would ensure that progress was being made and that current<br />
whānau priorities were being addressed.<br />
3.3.6 Outcomes prioritised by whānau could include specific objectives across<br />
social domains, such as housing, employment, income, educati<strong>on</strong>, health,<br />
transport, cultural knowledge and c<strong>on</strong>nectedness, family relati<strong>on</strong>ships and<br />
safety. In some instances, whānau may wish to address additi<strong>on</strong>al issues<br />
after an initial goal is attained, and/or may require <strong>on</strong>going or repeat support<br />
from a provider (eg, in times <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> crisis) so that repeated cycles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘appraisal –<br />
objective setting – implementati<strong>on</strong> – review’ may occur.<br />
3.3.7 Specific whānau objectives (eg, that all children in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau attend<br />
educati<strong>on</strong> services regularly) would be broken down into c<strong>on</strong>crete steps<br />
(eg, ensuring children have school uniforms). These would in turn be linked<br />
to support, informati<strong>on</strong> and services that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider would deliver and to<br />
steps <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau would take to achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m.<br />
3.3.8 Providers would be required to maintain records <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact with whānau and<br />
progress made, and to provide summarised versi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this informati<strong>on</strong> to<br />
funders according to an agreed schedule (eg, quarterly).<br />
3.3.9 It will be important to ga<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r appropriate informati<strong>on</strong> that answers questi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau level:<br />
• are whānau goals geared towards building resiliency and enhancing<br />
whānau strengths, as well as addressing issues <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cern<br />
• are providers delivering appropriate services to whānau and are whānau<br />
well-informed about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir opti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• how satisfied are whānau with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir ability to access appropriate health<br />
and social services and with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quality and kaupapa <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services<br />
• what factors make whānau more (or less) likely to engage with providers<br />
and take active steps towards achieving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir goals<br />
• what evidence is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re that overall whānau wellbeing has improved as a<br />
result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> achieving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir specific objectives<br />
24
Measuring Outcomes at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Provider Level<br />
3.3.10 A results-based accountability framework could be used to capture<br />
outcomes at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider level. Broadly speaking, such a framework<br />
would set out who services would be delivered to, what services would be<br />
delivered, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expected changes in whānau wellbeing. There would be a<br />
requirement for regular and timely reporting which was proporti<strong>on</strong>ate to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
need for informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
3.3.11 The funding agency would require informati<strong>on</strong> from providers as to:<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> objectives agreed with whānau and how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se will be measured<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> services that will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to achieving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se objectives<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cost <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se services<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expected timeframe for delivery/completi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> service provisi<strong>on</strong><br />
• progress towards achieving stated objectives via regular updates<br />
• possible risk and success factors in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau outcomes.<br />
3.3.12 Possible measurement questi<strong>on</strong>s at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider level include:<br />
• to what extent are whānau-centred providers effecting positive outcomes<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y work with (as individual providers and collectively)<br />
• what is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cost <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providing whānau-centred services<br />
• what are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> characteristics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effective whānau-centred providers<br />
Measuring Outcomes at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Populati<strong>on</strong> Level<br />
3.3.13 Over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>ger term, Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> could be expected to result in positive<br />
changes in data across social domains (eg, health, educati<strong>on</strong>, culture,<br />
safety, ec<strong>on</strong>omic wellbeing and employment) at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong> level.<br />
Realistically however, impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred services would take time<br />
(several years and, in some cases, generati<strong>on</strong>s) to feed through into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong>-level indicators.<br />
3.3.14 Of course, o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r influences (including government policy, legislati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
regulati<strong>on</strong>, and internati<strong>on</strong>al ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s) will also impact <strong>on</strong><br />
outcomes at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>al level and it may not be possible to attribute positive<br />
change at this level directly to Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Never<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less, we ultimately<br />
aspire to seeing improvements in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wellbeing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
25
This scenario dem<strong>on</strong>strates how Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> may work in practice<br />
In this whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r is a sole parent who is in part-time/casual employment.<br />
She receives additi<strong>on</strong>al social assistance to supplement her income but finds it very<br />
hard to make ends meet. She moved away from her whānau during her teens and<br />
has had very little c<strong>on</strong>tact with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m since. She has three children:<br />
• Her 16-year-old s<strong>on</strong> has repeatedly been caught driving without a licence.<br />
He worked for five m<strong>on</strong>ths as a builder’s labourer but stopped going to work three<br />
weeks ago as he did not want his employer to know that he did not have a licence<br />
and had been to court for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fences.<br />
• Her 12-year-old daughter has just been referred to Streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning Families as a<br />
result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> repeated school absence.<br />
• Her 8-year-old s<strong>on</strong> is repeatedly noted by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Police for roaming <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> streets late at<br />
night. Often when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Police return him home, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is no adult present. This has<br />
led to a notificati<strong>on</strong> to Child, Youth and Family.<br />
This whānau has lived in a Housing New Zealand Corporati<strong>on</strong> home for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past<br />
11 years. In recent times <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> neighbourhood has become unsafe, with increased<br />
youth gang activity.<br />
The mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r is c<strong>on</strong>tinually focused <strong>on</strong> trying to provide for her whānau – <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten<br />
working late into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> evening or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> morning, leaving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> children unsupervised.<br />
She relies <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 16-year old to get <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> younger <strong>on</strong>es <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f to school. If <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> older boy<br />
goes to work, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 12- and 8-year olds get <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mselves <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f to school. The mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
doesn’t know that, because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 12-year-old is being bullied <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way to school,<br />
she <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten does not get to school. This has led to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning Families referral.<br />
Quite <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r is working late, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 8-year-old wanders from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> house.<br />
He has begun hanging out with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> local youth gang for compani<strong>on</strong>ship, hence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
police interventi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
This mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r is so focused <strong>on</strong> providing a living for her family that she has neglected<br />
her own health. She does not have a regular doctor and has never had a breast or<br />
cervical screen.<br />
In this scenario <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau is currently involved with:<br />
• New Zealand Police<br />
• Work and Income<br />
• Child, Youth and Family<br />
• Schools<br />
• Streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning Families.<br />
Each interventi<strong>on</strong> is focused <strong>on</strong> an individual family member: unlicensed driver,<br />
truant child or unsupervised child. All interventi<strong>on</strong>s are happening in isolati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
each o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r and n<strong>on</strong>e focuses <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole.<br />
Under Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> this whānau would be c<strong>on</strong>nected with a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider<br />
at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first instance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> need. The referral could come from any agency or from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau itself. The Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider would work with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to build<br />
26
a relati<strong>on</strong>ship that enables open and frank exchanges <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> real issues, and to<br />
determine possible soluti<strong>on</strong>s. These could include:<br />
• assisting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r to gain employment that provides more adequately for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau and which enables her to be at home to support her children<br />
• rec<strong>on</strong>necting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r with her whānau so <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can help to support and care<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> children<br />
• working with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 16-year-old to gain his licence, and support him to explain <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
situati<strong>on</strong> to his employer so he can return to work<br />
• supporting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r and whānau to establish an effective relati<strong>on</strong>ship with<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> school<br />
• identifying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> instigators <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bullying and approach <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir whānau to work<br />
through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> issues to enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 12-year-old girl to return to school.<br />
The mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r being at home more regularly will mean that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 8-year-old is better<br />
supervised and cared for.<br />
Ultimately this mo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r is capable <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> leading change in her whānau. However, her<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic realities have prevented her from fulfilling this role. Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> would<br />
help her work through and resolve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se issues and enable her to focus <strong>on</strong> being a<br />
carer and protector.<br />
27
4 Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong> –<br />
Perspectives and Aspirati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
4.1 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Perspectives<br />
4.1.1 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> for Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong> quickly became known as<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>’. ‘Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>’ is not menti<strong>on</strong>ed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Terms<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reference, although it is stated as a key objective in a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
programmes, including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori Health Strategy and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau Strategy<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Families Commissi<strong>on</strong>. More to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> point, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept has been real to<br />
whānau over many years. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> process, hui participants<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten regarded <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall aim <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> as syn<strong>on</strong>ymous with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
broad aims <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, even though interpretati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
varied.<br />
4.1.2 However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was no uniform understanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> term or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> process.<br />
Based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> written submissi<strong>on</strong>s from a large number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> agencies<br />
and individuals, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> submissi<strong>on</strong>s made at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recognises a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> views and understandings associated<br />
with Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> was variously understood as a way <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>ceptualising whānau (a ‘philosophy’), a model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice for ‘whānau<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers’, an outcome goal, a funding mechanism and a foundati<strong>on</strong><br />
for future generati<strong>on</strong>s. Moreover, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was an element <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>fusi<strong>on</strong><br />
between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori Ec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori PHO Coaliti<strong>on</strong> (which was also based <strong>on</strong> a Whānau<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>me). This secti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> report explores some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> perspectives<br />
surrounding Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> associated expectati<strong>on</strong>s. It draws heavily<br />
<strong>on</strong> written submissi<strong>on</strong>s and oral statements received by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui.<br />
Ae, I support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> kaupapa,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> kōrero and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whakaaro<br />
behind Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
4.2 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Philosophy<br />
4.2.1 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has noted that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is increasingly used as a term for<br />
whānau wellbeing. Initially it appeared as an overarching aim in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori<br />
Health Strategy He Korowai <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>nga (2002), carrying with it an aspirati<strong>on</strong> that<br />
‘Māori families are supported to achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fullness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> health and wellbeing<br />
within te ao Māori and New Zealand Society as a whole’. The intenti<strong>on</strong><br />
appears to have been to shift from an exclusive focus <strong>on</strong> individual illness to<br />
a broader perspective based around whānau health. Because <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that early<br />
associati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> encountered some expectati<strong>on</strong>s that it would<br />
primarily address health matters.<br />
4.2.2 However, at all engagement hui it was evident that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept has been<br />
taken up by o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r sectors, such as educati<strong>on</strong>, social development and<br />
justice. The earlier link with health had been expanded to include wellbeing<br />
from a wider perspective. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, in additi<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> broader interpretati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
28
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was a high level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> agreement at most hui that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>cept was distinctive, and from submissi<strong>on</strong>s made to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> it<br />
was possible to identify at least six key characteristics.<br />
i. Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is about group (whānau) wellbeing. While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> status<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals is important, it is not by itself an adequate measure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau wellbeing. Hui participants generally supported <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> that<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is more than <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sum total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual measures;<br />
it is primarily about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ways in which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> group operates as a whole to<br />
achieve health and wellbeing for its people.<br />
ii. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> was frequently reminded at hui that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
is about self-determinati<strong>on</strong>. While from time to time outside<br />
assistance is needed by many whānau, a core feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
is self-management and self-determinati<strong>on</strong>. L<strong>on</strong>g-term dependency <strong>on</strong><br />
outside agencies is not c<strong>on</strong>sistent with Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>; instead <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aim is<br />
to enable whānau to assume resp<strong>on</strong>sibility for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own affairs.<br />
iii. Arising from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui and written submissi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re<br />
is a str<strong>on</strong>g message that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is c<strong>on</strong>cerned with <strong>on</strong>going<br />
intergenerati<strong>on</strong>al transfers. Participants c<strong>on</strong>sidered positive and<br />
empowering interacti<strong>on</strong>s between generati<strong>on</strong>s to be at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> heart<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau. Those interacti<strong>on</strong>s include <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transmissi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> values,<br />
knowledge, culture, technologies, lifestyles, wealth and assets.<br />
In a three- or four-generati<strong>on</strong>al whānau, transfers are bi-directi<strong>on</strong>al:<br />
from older to younger generati<strong>on</strong>s and from younger to older.<br />
iv. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui it was made clear to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> that<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> has a str<strong>on</strong>g cultural dimensi<strong>on</strong>. For all individuals and for<br />
all groups, wellbeing depends <strong>on</strong> many social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic variables<br />
but, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau c<strong>on</strong>text, wellbeing is also closely linked to Māori<br />
cultural identity and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expressi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori cultural values. Te reo Māori,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural codes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>duct (tikanga), protocols to guide<br />
interacti<strong>on</strong>s within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau and bey<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau (kawa), as well<br />
as cultural preferences for food, recreati<strong>on</strong> and socialisati<strong>on</strong> are integral<br />
to Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> – well that’s us,<br />
it’s who we are.<br />
v. Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is also about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ways in which whānau interact<br />
with wider society. While access to instituti<strong>on</strong>s such as schools,<br />
health clinics and social service agencies is an important part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that<br />
interacti<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> was frequently reminded that access is not<br />
by itself a sufficient measure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> progress; more important is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need<br />
for societal instituti<strong>on</strong>s to be able to resp<strong>on</strong>d positively to whānau and<br />
for whānau to be able to freely negotiate with agencies to achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
best results, c<strong>on</strong>sistent with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir aspirati<strong>on</strong>s. There are numerous<br />
instituti<strong>on</strong>s within society that have high relevance for whānau, including<br />
educati<strong>on</strong>al, sporting, recreati<strong>on</strong>al, cultural and health agencies. In<br />
additi<strong>on</strong> interacti<strong>on</strong> with societal instituti<strong>on</strong>s also includes relati<strong>on</strong>ships<br />
within te ao Māori – marae, hapū, iwi and wānanga. Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was<br />
no expectati<strong>on</strong> that iwi would fund core services such as health and<br />
29
unemployment benefits, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was n<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less expectati<strong>on</strong> that iwi<br />
would add value to those services and would c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aspects<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau wellbeing that hinged <strong>on</strong> cultural affirmati<strong>on</strong>, participati<strong>on</strong><br />
in tribal ventures and heritage protecti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
vi. The range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> organisati<strong>on</strong>s represented at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firmed for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> transcends sectors.<br />
Because it is c<strong>on</strong>cerned with socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic wellbeing, as well as<br />
cultural and envir<strong>on</strong>mental integrity, Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> cannot be fully<br />
addressed from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> perspective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> any single sector. Taxati<strong>on</strong> policies,<br />
for example, have str<strong>on</strong>g implicati<strong>on</strong>s for whānau wellbeing; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quality<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> housing is an important determinant <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau health; employment<br />
can <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer whānau opportunities for financial independence; and being<br />
able to succeed to Māori land ensures a c<strong>on</strong>tinuing interest in a whānau<br />
estate. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> was repeatedly reminded that sectoral approaches<br />
have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to create fragmentati<strong>on</strong>, not <strong>on</strong>ly reducing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
chances <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> good outcomes but also adding a high degree <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>fusi<strong>on</strong><br />
for whānau.<br />
4.2.3 In summary, based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> views expressed at engagement hui and in<br />
written submissi<strong>on</strong>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has been able to identify six key<br />
characteristics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> philosophy. Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is distinctive<br />
because it recognises a collective entity, endorses a group capacity for<br />
self-determinati<strong>on</strong>, has an intergenerati<strong>on</strong>al dynamic, is built <strong>on</strong> a Māori<br />
cultural foundati<strong>on</strong>, asserts a positive role for whānau within society and<br />
can be applied across a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic sectors. The<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> agrees that toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r those characteristics give definiti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
distinctiveness to Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
4.3 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Practice<br />
4.3.1 A Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach to health and social services is not new.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> heard that community services have been well aware <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
collective needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau for years but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir efforts to meet <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m have<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten been c<strong>on</strong>strained by narrowly c<strong>on</strong>structed sectoral boundaries.<br />
N<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less, many practiti<strong>on</strong>ers described how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y had intuitively<br />
embraced <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> philosophy and had been able to incorporate<br />
holistic approaches in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir day-to-day practices, even without recogniti<strong>on</strong><br />
or appropriate remunerati<strong>on</strong>. Many practiti<strong>on</strong>ers were acutely mindful <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
futility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s with individuals that took little account <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau.<br />
They recounted numerous incidents where crises affecting individuals were<br />
closely c<strong>on</strong>nected to whānau functi<strong>on</strong>ing but for a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reas<strong>on</strong>s no<br />
effort was made to address those wider family c<strong>on</strong>cerns.<br />
4.3.2 A number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> community practiti<strong>on</strong>ers explained to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
regarded a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach as <strong>on</strong>e that was driven by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aspirati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
needs and realities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interests <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
an agency that might be c<strong>on</strong>cerned <strong>on</strong>ly with <strong>on</strong>e or two aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau. A preference for holistic interventi<strong>on</strong>s is c<strong>on</strong>sistent with a<br />
whānau-centred practice model ins<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ar as it is built around group needs<br />
and objectives ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than solely around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals.<br />
30
4.3.3 The whānau-centred model recognises that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> circumstances <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
individual whānau members inevitably impact <strong>on</strong> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r people in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau and vice versa. According to many hui participants, while it might<br />
be more manageable to deal <strong>on</strong>ly with <strong>on</strong>e individual who has a specific<br />
problem, an approach that disregards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider circumstances <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau will be flawed. It may have provided a short-term fix that satisfied<br />
an immediate c<strong>on</strong>cern, but more <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten than not would fail to effect a more<br />
sustainable change. Implementing a whānau-centred practice model can,<br />
however, be difficult. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> heard that, apart from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al<br />
focus <strong>on</strong> individuals, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r reas<strong>on</strong>s why <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> holistic<br />
approach is difficult.<br />
4.3.4 A major problem is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> suitable tools to measure whānau<br />
wellbeing. Despite <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increased acceptance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a signal<br />
for a whānau-centred approach, services have tended to retain accustomed<br />
ways <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> measuring both inputs and outputs, and have generally reported <strong>on</strong><br />
gains made by individuals ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than measuring wellbeing for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau<br />
as a whole. Sometimes individual measures such as child health indicators<br />
are used as proxy measures for whānau health, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are generally<br />
unable to capture <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau functi<strong>on</strong>ing and seldom<br />
provide clues about whānau potential. The Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social Development’s<br />
Social <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> series has introduced some measures that reflect outcome<br />
domains relevant to whānau, including household crowding (ec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
standard <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> living), and c<strong>on</strong>tact between young people and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir parents<br />
(social c<strong>on</strong>nectedness). The Families Commissi<strong>on</strong>’s reports <strong>on</strong> family form<br />
and functi<strong>on</strong> also c<strong>on</strong>tain useful universal indicators that have relevance<br />
to all families. But generally <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a paucity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> indicators that can be<br />
employed by whānau practiti<strong>on</strong>ers or by funding agencies.<br />
4.3.5 Many hui participants fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r described a mismatch between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> terms<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir c<strong>on</strong>tracts to deliver services to whānau members and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> realities<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir work. Ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than ignoring wider whānau needs and simply<br />
c<strong>on</strong>centrating <strong>on</strong> individuals, as c<strong>on</strong>tracts prescribed, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten tried to<br />
address <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau situati<strong>on</strong>, even though <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> additi<strong>on</strong>al time and effort<br />
were not required or funded. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir view <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was a need for c<strong>on</strong>tracts for<br />
whānau-wide interventi<strong>on</strong>s that recognised dependencies and synergies<br />
within whānau, and could be measured by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> gains made by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau.<br />
Iwi social services deal<br />
with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whole whānau,<br />
yet we are currently<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracted to provide<br />
services to individuals.<br />
4.3.6 Generally hui participants did not dismiss <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracts<br />
that had specific targets for individuals. The questi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y raised, however,<br />
revolved around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> link between an individual who required assistance<br />
for pers<strong>on</strong>al reas<strong>on</strong>s, such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> diabetes, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
implicati<strong>on</strong>s for whānau. In that case a primary resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> diabetic<br />
patient was recognised. But a parallel resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau was also<br />
identified. A Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> perspective would not <strong>on</strong>ly require <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> diabetic<br />
patient’s interests to be c<strong>on</strong>sidered but would also expect that whānau<br />
members were equipped to support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommended management plan<br />
and were given <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessary informati<strong>on</strong> and motivati<strong>on</strong> to adopt lifestyles<br />
that would reduce <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> likelihood <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> diabetes for o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau members,<br />
especially younger generati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
31
Not just about crisis and<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> – it’s about a<br />
holistic approach, has to be<br />
not just modelled around<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> deficit.<br />
4.3.7 The relati<strong>on</strong>ship between individual wellbeing and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wellbeing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau as a whole also raised questi<strong>on</strong>s about potential c<strong>on</strong>flicts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interest. Family group c<strong>on</strong>ferences sometimes flounder because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interests <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a child are seen to be at odds with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interests <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> family.<br />
The same might be said for respecting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>fidentiality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a daughter who<br />
had become pregnant and did not wish family members to be informed.<br />
Feedback received by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> advised against c<strong>on</strong>ceptualising<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as an approach which disregarded <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interests <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals,<br />
but to develop it as a model that enabled both individual need and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
collective need to co-exist. Taking into account immediate safety needs,<br />
for example, would not be inc<strong>on</strong>sistent with a staged interventi<strong>on</strong> process<br />
that recognised more urgent individual needs but also addressed wider<br />
whānau development. The aim should be to c<strong>on</strong>vert every whānau crisis<br />
into an opportunity for whānau enablement.<br />
4.3.8 A related matter was also raised in c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> roles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> practiti<strong>on</strong>ers. Because whānau may have various needs that require<br />
multiple levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> expertise, it is unreas<strong>on</strong>able to expect that a single<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>er would be able to cover all c<strong>on</strong>tingencies. Three o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r practice<br />
alternatives were presented to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>. One opti<strong>on</strong> favoured a team<br />
approach so that a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> skills within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same provider organisati<strong>on</strong><br />
were available to assist whānau while <strong>on</strong>e member <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> team took overall<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility. A sec<strong>on</strong>d opti<strong>on</strong> was for a network <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers who could<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a comprehensive service between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m while agreeing that <strong>on</strong>e<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>er would assume a lead role. The third opti<strong>on</strong> was for a practiti<strong>on</strong>er<br />
who had expertise in counselling whānau and a wide knowledge <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> local<br />
services. The practiti<strong>on</strong>er would act as a broker, ensuring that whānau had<br />
access to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most appropriate service and experienced <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best possible<br />
outcomes. If, for example, whānau were seeking a particular type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
educati<strong>on</strong> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir children, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> broker would negotiate entry into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> school<br />
that could deliver <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> desired result.<br />
4.3.9 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> agrees that many practiti<strong>on</strong>ers have been using a<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice model for a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> years, although without<br />
receiving adequate recogniti<strong>on</strong> for this. It is clear that a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
approach will require major changes in c<strong>on</strong>tractual arrangements<br />
and accountability schedules. It is also apparent to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> that,<br />
if Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider organisati<strong>on</strong>s are to effect real change, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
will need to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a comprehensive range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services, ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r al<strong>on</strong>e or in<br />
associati<strong>on</strong> with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r providers, and must be resp<strong>on</strong>sive to individual<br />
whānau members as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> supports <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> service brokering so that whānau<br />
can have greater choice around those services and amenities that<br />
will assist <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to realise <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
32
4.4 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as an Outcome Goal<br />
4.4.1 During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> heard that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> usual indicators<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic status such as morbidity, hospital admissi<strong>on</strong>s, school<br />
failure, low incomes or deprivati<strong>on</strong> scores were inadequate measures <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau outcomes. There was wide support for an approach that focused<br />
<strong>on</strong> positive achievements for whānau, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than negative events for<br />
individuals within whānau. Hui participants were not dismissive <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
approaches but saw Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as an opportunity to aim for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best<br />
possible outcomes and to give more attenti<strong>on</strong> to c<strong>on</strong>sidering <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
an interventi<strong>on</strong> ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than simply recording <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reas<strong>on</strong> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
4.4.2 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that whānau outcomes have two unique<br />
dimensi<strong>on</strong>s. First, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcome <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> greatest interest is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcome that<br />
affects <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole. It has already been noted that most<br />
measures are centred around individual status or performance ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> status <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> collectives, partly because group measures are more difficult to<br />
c<strong>on</strong>struct and apply. Measuring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau to transmit values,<br />
for example, raises complexities that far outweigh measuring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> presence<br />
or absence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an illness or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> achievement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an educati<strong>on</strong>al standard. The<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> is aware <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> problems associated with group measures but<br />
does not c<strong>on</strong>sider those problems are sound reas<strong>on</strong>s for avoiding a focus<br />
<strong>on</strong> collective whānau outcome measures. By <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same token, outcomes for<br />
individuals should not be ignored. A comprehensive measure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau<br />
outcomes might <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore need to include a combinati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual<br />
outcome indicators as well as indicators articulated by whānau.<br />
4.4.3 A sec<strong>on</strong>d dimensi<strong>on</strong> is related to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> questi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> causality. An outcome<br />
is usually assumed to be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an interventi<strong>on</strong>. But establishing a<br />
c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> between an interventi<strong>on</strong> and an outcome can be fraught with<br />
uncertainty since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are many o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r variables, apart from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> known<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>, that might have had a significant impact. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, desirable<br />
outcomes may not be realised immediately but may evolve over a period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
years. The l<strong>on</strong>ger <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time lag between input and result, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more difficult<br />
it is to ascribe an outcome to a particular interventi<strong>on</strong>. However, even if an<br />
outcome has not (yet) been achieved, an interventi<strong>on</strong> should n<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less<br />
identify how it might c<strong>on</strong>tribute to a l<strong>on</strong>ger-term outcome.<br />
4.4.4 Involving whānau in outcome measurement was str<strong>on</strong>gly emphasised<br />
at a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui. While similar high-level outcomes might<br />
be applicable to most whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relevant immediate indicators will<br />
inevitably depend <strong>on</strong> current whānau situati<strong>on</strong>s and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
To that end, decisi<strong>on</strong>-making about outcome goals should be a shared<br />
process. In an outcome-focused envir<strong>on</strong>ment, it will be important that<br />
whānau have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opportunity to c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
own agendas for change and agree <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> indicators that might be used to<br />
measure success. This approach moves away from an expert identifying<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> problem and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n prescribing an interventi<strong>on</strong>, to working with whānau<br />
to identify preferred outcomes and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n jointly mapping a pathway to<br />
achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m.<br />
Each whānau has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
capacity to care for itself.<br />
Any service should…<br />
support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to find <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ways to do this. And because<br />
every whānau is different,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y will find different ways<br />
to do so…<br />
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4.4.5 While some providers doubted that whānau had <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessary skills<br />
and resources to participate in decisi<strong>on</strong>-making or l<strong>on</strong>ger-term planning,<br />
generally <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was support for a focus <strong>on</strong> outcomes, and including whānau<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> process. An important Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> goal is self-determinati<strong>on</strong>, and<br />
opportunities to foster self-management and whānau leadership are integral<br />
to a preferred model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice.<br />
4.4.6 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has noted <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> complexities associated with an outcome<br />
focus but agrees with hui participants that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se should not deter from<br />
pursuing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach or from involving whānau in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> identificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
appropriate indicators.<br />
Māori providers have d<strong>on</strong>e a<br />
great job – we’ve got quality,<br />
we’ve got trust.<br />
We need certainty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> funding<br />
to plan and operate in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<strong>on</strong>g term.<br />
4.5 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Mechanism for<br />
Funding Providers<br />
4.5.1 A str<strong>on</strong>g provider presence was evident at all engagement hui.<br />
Providers were generally supportive <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept but had<br />
some c<strong>on</strong>cerns about possible implicati<strong>on</strong>s for services and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracts<br />
currently held with various funders. Overall, providers welcomed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
possibility that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracting process might be simplified. Several groups<br />
explained that, in order to provide a comprehensive service to whānau,<br />
it was necessary to hold multiple c<strong>on</strong>tracts, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten with a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> funders.<br />
Even with a single funder such as a district health board, several separate<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracts were required. These may cover different aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau<br />
service such as well-child care, chr<strong>on</strong>ic disease management, smoking<br />
cessati<strong>on</strong> and immunisati<strong>on</strong>. In additi<strong>on</strong>, having a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracts with<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social Development, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Internal Affairs<br />
and Te Puni Kōkiri meant that c<strong>on</strong>siderable time was required to shape-up<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracts and even more time was required to report <strong>on</strong> each <strong>on</strong>e. The high<br />
transacti<strong>on</strong> costs were described as barriers to efficiency and obstacles<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a coherent and integrated approach. A single<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tract with a single funding agency was seen as a more<br />
sensible arrangement.<br />
4.5.2 While supporting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> idea <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a simplified funding and reporting structure,<br />
some providers were c<strong>on</strong>cerned that a single funding agency might also<br />
lead to a reducti<strong>on</strong> in funding opportunities. Their c<strong>on</strong>cern was two-fold.<br />
First, government agencies might regard a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> fund as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> total<br />
amount available for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services to whānau. In that event a<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> fund might actually marginalise Māori interests. Sec<strong>on</strong>d,<br />
smaller providers, who were unable to provide a comprehensive range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau services, might not be eligible for funding. In both cases<br />
reassurances had been sought that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> would not lead to a<br />
reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> total quantum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> available funding.<br />
4.5.3 Ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cerns was based around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aband<strong>on</strong>ment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracts and disc<strong>on</strong>tinuing relati<strong>on</strong>ships with current funders. Over time,<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships had <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten evolved into str<strong>on</strong>g working alliances between funder<br />
and provider, with mutually satisfactory understandings that might take time<br />
34
to replicate with a new funding agency. There was a sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> unease about<br />
moving into a new envir<strong>on</strong>ment which might not have a l<strong>on</strong>g-term future.<br />
In additi<strong>on</strong>, providers who had an interest in whānau wellbeing, but were<br />
not primarily focused <strong>on</strong> whānau, were anxious that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y might be doubly<br />
disadvantaged – unable to qualify for whānau-centred funding because<br />
whānau was a peripheral interest, yet no l<strong>on</strong>ger seen as relevant to an<br />
existing funding agency because whānau was a part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest.<br />
4.5.4 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> frequently heard that, if a whānau funding agency was not<br />
str<strong>on</strong>gly linked into regi<strong>on</strong>s and local communities, it would not be well<br />
placed to address <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> variable needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau from regi<strong>on</strong> to regi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Hui participants emphasised <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> decisi<strong>on</strong>-making occurring<br />
as close as possible to whānau, At <strong>on</strong>e hui <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> principle <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> subsidiarity was<br />
recommended – <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> devoluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> smallest possible<br />
unit. Apart from a closer relati<strong>on</strong>ship between funders and providers, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
subsidiarity principle would enable local need to be better reflected in<br />
funding decisi<strong>on</strong>s. There were o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r views, however, that local decisi<strong>on</strong>making<br />
might be subject to capture by particular facti<strong>on</strong>s and, as a result,<br />
some providers could be disadvantaged. In that case it was argued that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re would be some advantages in having a nati<strong>on</strong>al body sufficiently<br />
removed from parochial interests to support programmes that were most<br />
likely to deliver <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> desired outcomes.<br />
4.5.5 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> agrees that, although some c<strong>on</strong>cerns have been raised<br />
(such as regi<strong>on</strong>al resp<strong>on</strong>siveness, protecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> total funding available<br />
for whānau programmes, and funding for providers whose work is<br />
relevant though not necessarily central to whānau), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
a new funding agency for whānau-centred programmes has compelling<br />
potential benefits, including a simplified and integrated system <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracting that can focus <strong>on</strong> whānau collectives.<br />
4.6 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a Foundati<strong>on</strong> for<br />
Future Generati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
4.6.1 At <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement hui <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was str<strong>on</strong>g support for policies and<br />
programmes that would benefit young people and future generati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Whānau were seen as obvious sites for nurturing infants and children and<br />
ensuring that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y grew up with positive values, healthy lifestyles, secure<br />
cultural identities and an ability to participate fully in society. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
heard many accounts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau who had successfully raised large families<br />
enabling <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to play active and positive roles with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own people and<br />
in a variety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> communities. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re were also accounts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau<br />
whose circumstances had not been c<strong>on</strong>ducive to positive outcomes for<br />
young people; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sequences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> which were evident in preventable<br />
health incidents, low educati<strong>on</strong>al attainment, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fending, violence, cultural<br />
alienati<strong>on</strong>, and impaired interpers<strong>on</strong>al relati<strong>on</strong>ships.<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> brings our<br />
whānau back into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
collective. Back to simplicity<br />
and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amazing models<br />
from our tupūna.<br />
35
4.6.2 While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> efforts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> helping agencies were acknowledged and appreciated,<br />
a frequent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>me at hui was that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> help had been directed at a crisis and<br />
had not provided whānau with skills, knowledge and encouragement to<br />
build <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own capability so that future crises could be avoided. Typically,<br />
<strong>on</strong>ce <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediate crisis was resolved, help was withdrawn. We have<br />
already noted that current c<strong>on</strong>tractual arrangements for providers do<br />
not always allow for extended interventi<strong>on</strong>s that can focus <strong>on</strong> capability<br />
building ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than crisis resoluti<strong>on</strong>. But, especially where young people are<br />
involved, a developmental approach would seem sensible – recognising that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> early years are critical for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> inculcati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> adaptive behaviours.<br />
The whānau we have<br />
worked with remain in our<br />
circles forever, knowing<br />
that o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs care, and share<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mahi required to<br />
turn out positive tamariki<br />
who are able to c<strong>on</strong>tribute<br />
back to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir whānau and<br />
communities forever!<br />
4.6.3 By and large, Māori parents want <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir children but, for <strong>on</strong>e<br />
reas<strong>on</strong> and ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, do not always have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resources to make those hopes<br />
come to fruiti<strong>on</strong>. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> learned that many families do not have active<br />
links with whānau and are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore not able to call <strong>on</strong> whānau members<br />
for support or advice. Some hui participants saw whānau-centred initiatives<br />
as a vehicle for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> active promoti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau c<strong>on</strong>nectedness so that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir collective resources could be applied to parenting, grandparenting<br />
and future planning. Where families are disc<strong>on</strong>nected from whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
beneficial effects are less likely to be realised. Several hui participants noted<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sharp c<strong>on</strong>trast between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau experience available to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
children <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> earlier generati<strong>on</strong>s and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> current trends where whānau are<br />
geographically separated and children have less opportunity to interact<br />
with a wider circle <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relatives.<br />
4.6.4 The importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> educati<strong>on</strong> to whānau outcomes, and dissatisfacti<strong>on</strong><br />
with current educati<strong>on</strong>al achievement for Māori children, was reiterated at<br />
several hui. A number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> participants saw Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a catalyst for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> better relati<strong>on</strong>ships between whānau and schools so that<br />
standards could be raised and young people could gain better prospects<br />
for employment and citizenship. While whānau were widely regarded as<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘first teachers’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was clear recogniti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role that schools could<br />
play in advancing whānau opportunities. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fact that so many<br />
Māori boys, in particular, left school without a meaningful qualificati<strong>on</strong><br />
was seen as an indictment <strong>on</strong> society in general and a burden for future<br />
generati<strong>on</strong>s. But it was also seen as a challenge to whānau to make <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
own expectati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> educati<strong>on</strong> system more explicit and to c<strong>on</strong>sider <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
own roles in educati<strong>on</strong> and in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transmissi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge and values.<br />
4.6.5 Because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y have intergenerati<strong>on</strong>al reach, whānau can act as<br />
c<strong>on</strong>duits between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> is swayed by<br />
hui participants’ views that Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to provide a<br />
sound platform for future generati<strong>on</strong>s, not <strong>on</strong>ly through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> endeavours<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mselves but also through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships that<br />
whānau can c<strong>on</strong>struct with key societal instituti<strong>on</strong>s such as schools. In<br />
building those relati<strong>on</strong>ships <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is room for active advocacy by and <strong>on</strong><br />
behalf <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau, and for greater accountabilities to whānau.<br />
36
5 Case Studies<br />
5.1 Methodology<br />
5.1.1 Te Puni Kōkiri led case study research to provide evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what<br />
whānau-centred policy and service delivery could, or would, look like.<br />
The case study research comprised three comp<strong>on</strong>ents:<br />
• scope and review <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing case study research work undertaken by<br />
Te Puni Kōkiri<br />
• development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> four case studies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services that currently operate in a<br />
whānau-centred way<br />
• analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case studies and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r relevant research.<br />
5.1.2 Four service providers were identified for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case studies. These providers<br />
have a whānau-centred philosophy and approach and were selected <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
basis that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y:<br />
• work across a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sectors<br />
• actively engage with whānau<br />
• have complex funding arrangements to deliver <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir services.<br />
5.1.3 Based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se criteria, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> four case study providers selected were:<br />
• Rata Te Awhina Trust (Hokitika) – <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>ly Māori provider based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
West Coast <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> South Island; provides services in a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sectors,<br />
including social services and health.<br />
• Te Rūnanga o Kirikiriroa (Hamilt<strong>on</strong>) – a l<strong>on</strong>g-established urban provider<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services, with a str<strong>on</strong>g reputati<strong>on</strong> for effectively<br />
engaging whānau.<br />
• Te Taiwhenua o Kahungunu (Hastings) – a hapū-based provider with<br />
a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services; involved in developing innovative funding<br />
arrangements to support whānau-centred delivery models.<br />
• Te Whānau o Waipareira Trust (Auckland) – a leading urban provider<br />
delivering across multiple sectors; uses innovative delivery models within<br />
a whānau c<strong>on</strong>text.<br />
5.1.4 Interviews with providers, whānau and iwi organisati<strong>on</strong>s were undertaken<br />
using ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r a <strong>on</strong>e-<strong>on</strong>-<strong>on</strong>e or focus group approach. The descripti<strong>on</strong> that<br />
follows reflects <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> language used by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se groups.<br />
5.1.5 Provider staff and management were invited to discuss <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir local c<strong>on</strong>text<br />
and envir<strong>on</strong>ment, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir engagement with whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
design and delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir services, involvement and collaborati<strong>on</strong> with<br />
government agencies, and funding and c<strong>on</strong>tracting processes.<br />
37
5.1.6 Whānau members who had participated in provider programmes or services<br />
were interviewed (eight-twelve per provider). Whānau were asked to describe<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir experiences with providers and to give <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir perspectives <strong>on</strong> what<br />
worked well for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effective service delivery for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir whānau.<br />
5.1.7 Iwi organisati<strong>on</strong>s were interviewed with regard to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir particular roles and<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities, relati<strong>on</strong>ships and engagement with whānau and providers,<br />
input into service delivery, mechanisms used to streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n or facilitate<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir perceived impact <strong>on</strong> whānau wellbeing.<br />
5.1.8 A number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> aspects were identified as being important comp<strong>on</strong>ents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
effective whānau-centred policy and service delivery across providers.<br />
5.2 Themes<br />
The services that I am<br />
drawn towards are those<br />
where I have a relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
with staff members.<br />
Whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r that relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
is through whakapapa<br />
or whanaungatanga is<br />
irrelevant, but knowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
people and knowing that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y know your whānau<br />
is important.<br />
Cultural Integrity in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Design and Delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> Services<br />
5.2.1 Recognising that a str<strong>on</strong>g cultural foundati<strong>on</strong> is important for whānau<br />
wellbeing and that cultural practice underpins effective provider-whānau<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following cultural elements are important for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> design<br />
and delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred services:<br />
• tikanga competent service design and delivery – ie, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> design <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services<br />
in accordance with Māori values and philosophy<br />
• service design and delivery based <strong>on</strong> Māori models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> holistic wellbeing<br />
• providing for tikanga Māori in all aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> provider operati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
5.2.2 Utilising whakapapa relati<strong>on</strong>ships to build relati<strong>on</strong>ships between providers<br />
and whānau, and whakapapa c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s and cultural c<strong>on</strong>texts to affirm<br />
cultural identity, rebuild self-esteem and support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau<br />
wellbeing through:<br />
• using appropriate cultural communicati<strong>on</strong> and social skills<br />
• ensuring service designers and deliverers are culturally competent and<br />
knowledgeable in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dynamics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau<br />
• using New Zealand community-based research to inform <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> design <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
service policy<br />
• drawing <strong>on</strong> Māori knowledge-based systems to design policy, services and<br />
support that will be effective for whānau<br />
• recognising <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> unique status and entitlement that whānau hold<br />
within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Treaty relati<strong>on</strong>ship, and that iwi and hapū hold as partners<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Treaty relati<strong>on</strong>ship.<br />
38
Development and Delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> Services<br />
5.2.3 The approach underpinning <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development and delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau-centred services should take account <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following principles:<br />
• recogniti<strong>on</strong> that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships between government, iwi, providers<br />
and whānau are relati<strong>on</strong>ships between equals, based <strong>on</strong> trust, respect and<br />
belief in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> worth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals and each o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
• whānau support is important for whānau wellbeing where providers<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>d to whānau needs and involve key whānau members<br />
• policy and service approaches should seek to empower, build and leverage<br />
whānau strengths<br />
• policy and funding design should provide for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time required to form<br />
enduring relati<strong>on</strong>ships, provide regular, c<strong>on</strong>sistent engagement and<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>d to whānau needs<br />
• whānau-centred services should provide for an integrated multi-service<br />
delivery approach that provides a single point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact for whānau and a<br />
pathway to whānau wellbeing<br />
• measuring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effectiveness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> service delivery to whānau should include<br />
reporting <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> successes that whānau are experiencing as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
initiatives to dem<strong>on</strong>strate that outcomes are being achieved<br />
• a key focus <strong>on</strong> providing for early interventi<strong>on</strong> and preventative measures<br />
• collaborati<strong>on</strong> and complementarity between providers and agencies in<br />
policy design, delivery and funding<br />
• design and implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> flexible and innovative whānau-centred<br />
initiatives<br />
• <strong>on</strong>going evaluati<strong>on</strong> to build <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> evidence base <strong>on</strong> whānau-centred<br />
services.<br />
Empowering Whānau<br />
5.2.4 Supporting whānau to take c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> strategies for achieving whānau<br />
wellbeing necessitates:<br />
• working with whānau to identify wellbeing goals and develop pathways to<br />
achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
• inviting whānau to c<strong>on</strong>tribute <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir input, advice and feedback <strong>on</strong> service<br />
initiatives and policy<br />
• respecting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to take ownership <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir realities and to<br />
identify <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> soluti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir whānau need to achieve wellbeing<br />
• identifying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> strengths within whānau to support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> achievement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir goals, and providing additi<strong>on</strong>al support through services (and iwi,<br />
if appropriate)<br />
• building whānau knowledge, skills and capability to achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se goals<br />
and to manage <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own soluti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• including skills and knowledge transference mechanisms in service<br />
design and delivery to increase <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to take c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir wellbeing.<br />
The Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework<br />
is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way all services should<br />
be <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fered and provided<br />
throughout <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country.<br />
An ideal service would<br />
draw <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> strengths <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual/family<br />
accessing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> service and<br />
work with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m toward<br />
facilitating interdependence<br />
and l<strong>on</strong>ger-term wellbeing.<br />
39
Moving to more str<strong>on</strong>gly<br />
whānau/family-centred<br />
approaches will require a<br />
paradigm shift, and a very<br />
clear implementati<strong>on</strong> plan<br />
is needed. The hard work<br />
starts here!<br />
Aligning Government Support<br />
5.2.5 Ensuring good alignment between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> design and delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> government<br />
services and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau involves:<br />
• clearly understanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> definiti<strong>on</strong> and characteristics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau,<br />
and ways <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effectively engaging with whānau<br />
• using systems, policies, processes and organisati<strong>on</strong>al cultures that<br />
support whānau-centred approaches and methodologies<br />
• integrating delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> government services to provide a single<br />
point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact for whānau by organisati<strong>on</strong>s acculturated towards<br />
whānau-centred service delivery<br />
• focusing <strong>on</strong> whānau strengths and building <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se to meet<br />
whānau needs<br />
• focusing <strong>on</strong> early interventi<strong>on</strong> initiatives, supported by transference <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
skills and knowledge to whānau<br />
• building a collaborative relati<strong>on</strong>ship between providers, whānau and<br />
government agencies<br />
• understanding that whānau-centred services are diverse and require<br />
tailored models and resp<strong>on</strong>ses.<br />
Service Funding Model<br />
5.2.6 Creating a funding model that supports whānau-centred practices and<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore increases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential for successful whānau outcomes involves:<br />
• service delivery c<strong>on</strong>tracts based <strong>on</strong> cross-agency collaborati<strong>on</strong>, with<br />
streamlined reporting and a comm<strong>on</strong> set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcome-based measures<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>tracts that support provider growth and development<br />
• an interagency single mechanism database or framework for outcomes<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring and reporting<br />
• a direct funding relati<strong>on</strong>ship with Government through a representative<br />
provider body.<br />
…agencies also need to<br />
remember that leaders<br />
can be role specific.<br />
Those negotiating treaty<br />
settlements may not be key<br />
social change leaders in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
community for whānau.<br />
Finding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> leaders with this<br />
mana is a sensitive task but<br />
critical for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
Iwi Leadership<br />
5.2.7 Working cohesively with iwi to support successful Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
outcomes involves:<br />
• recognising that iwi provide strategic leadership within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir tribal<br />
territories and are resp<strong>on</strong>sible for identifying key strategic priorities<br />
based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aspirati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir people<br />
• iwi supporting and advocating <strong>on</strong> behalf <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers to ensure <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is<br />
effective provisi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services to whānau<br />
• iwi exercising <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir high-level relati<strong>on</strong>ships to influence decisi<strong>on</strong>-making<br />
and hold Government accountable for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> achievement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> positive<br />
outcomes for whānau<br />
40
• iwi working al<strong>on</strong>gside providers and whānau to support cultural<br />
development and whakapapa c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s, recognising that whānau<br />
identity and whakapapa play a key part in whānau wellbeing<br />
• iwi and providers working collaboratively within clearly defined areas<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> comm<strong>on</strong> interest to benefit whānau wellbeing.<br />
5.3 Summary<br />
5.3.1 Whānau, providers and iwi alike expressed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir commitment to finding<br />
ways to improve outcomes for whānau. Whānau want to take ownership and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir destinies and guide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mselves and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir future generati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
towards brighter futures. There was a str<strong>on</strong>g emphasis <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
educati<strong>on</strong> throughout <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interviews, with whānau wanting to be armed with<br />
knowledge and skills that will transport <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to better life outcomes.<br />
5.3.2 One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> key barriers identified by providers and whānau was that<br />
government service design and delivery did not always align with whānau<br />
needs and that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attainment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> successful outcomes was being thwarted<br />
by this disc<strong>on</strong>nect. The critical comp<strong>on</strong>ents for success identified by<br />
providers and whānau were c<strong>on</strong>sistent with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intent and directi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposed Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework.<br />
5.3.3 These comp<strong>on</strong>ents, when implemented within a sound policy framework,<br />
have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to unlock <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> latent potential in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships between<br />
government, providers, whānau and iwi to accelerate Māori social and<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic development. The resulting relati<strong>on</strong>ships will more closely<br />
reflect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> spirit and intent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Treaty partnership, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> model may<br />
indeed serve as a model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> success not <strong>on</strong>ly for whānau but also for many<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-Māori New Zealand families.<br />
41
6 Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong>:<br />
The Main Goals<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is going to<br />
take us <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re and it has been<br />
since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> beginning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time<br />
– those important values<br />
governed by principles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whenua ki te whenua.<br />
6.1 Three Goal Sets<br />
6.1.1 The similarities between whānau-centred initiatives and Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>,<br />
and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> several meanings attached to Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, were noted in<br />
secti<strong>on</strong> 4. Secti<strong>on</strong> 6 builds <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> earlier discussi<strong>on</strong> and identifies <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
main goals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can be applied to whānau-centred<br />
initiatives. The goals are largely drawn from written submissi<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
oral statements heard at hui.<br />
6.1.2 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is about wellness, health and resilience. It is also an<br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>al statement and implies attaining and maintaining wellbeing<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole and for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau. Wellbeing<br />
encompasses social, cultural, ec<strong>on</strong>omic and envir<strong>on</strong>mental dimensi<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
has particular implicati<strong>on</strong>s for whānau health, educati<strong>on</strong>, housing, income,<br />
employment, relati<strong>on</strong>ships and wealth. It is about individuals and collectives,<br />
young and old, resilience and potential, households, families, extended<br />
families and self-determinati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
6.1.3 While Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> has a single overarching aim – best outcomes for<br />
whānau – <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has identified three sets <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals to underpin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
broad aim:<br />
• whānau goals<br />
• goals for effective service delivery<br />
• goals for efficient governance and management.<br />
6.1.4 The three sets <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals are interrelated: <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governance goals determine<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> parameters for service providers, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> service provisi<strong>on</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>tribute to whānau goals. Importantly <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals<br />
reflect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships that are necessary between all key players in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> chain. Unless those who provide services to whānau are able<br />
to establish sound working relati<strong>on</strong>ships with whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir effectiveness<br />
will be limited. Similarly, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> policy makers,<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> field and whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mselves need to be built around<br />
sound knowledge, mutual respect and shared commitment to outcomes.<br />
6.1.5 Whānau goals represent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> highest level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals ins<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ar as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y embody<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall purposes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> str<strong>on</strong>gly believes<br />
that all parties in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> system should be clearly focused <strong>on</strong><br />
positive outcomes for whānau – whānau, service providers and those who<br />
are involved in governance and management. In c<strong>on</strong>trast to a deficit model<br />
premised <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘catch-up’, a philosophy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau wellbeing and<br />
whānau opportunity should permeate all aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
42
6.1.6 Whānau goals, instead <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being arbitrarily imposed <strong>on</strong> whānau, will generate<br />
more effective results when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are articulated by whānau. When goals<br />
res<strong>on</strong>ate with Māori families and households as well as larger whānau<br />
collectives, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is an engagement with what is attainable, if <strong>on</strong>ly in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>g term, and with outcomes that are c<strong>on</strong>sistent with wider whānau<br />
ambiti<strong>on</strong>s. But while whānau aspirati<strong>on</strong>s are critical to those goals, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
goals should not be inc<strong>on</strong>sistent with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> broad aims <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori development<br />
or comm<strong>on</strong>ly accepted societal standards. If, for example, a whānau had<br />
become disillusi<strong>on</strong>ed with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> educati<strong>on</strong> system and sought to withdraw<br />
children from school, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> broad aim <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori educati<strong>on</strong>al achievement<br />
could be fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r compromised. The whānau goal could <strong>on</strong>ly be endorsed<br />
if it included ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r opti<strong>on</strong> that would increase educati<strong>on</strong>al attainment.<br />
At <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau-centred approach is that<br />
policies and services must be relevant to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> realities, hopes and potential<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> supports <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> adopti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals that will enable<br />
whānau to realise <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir full potential and give effect to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir collective<br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
…services that heed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
voices <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau and that<br />
are based <strong>on</strong> resp<strong>on</strong>ding<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau,<br />
as defined by whānau for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mselves are essential.<br />
6.1.7 As well as defining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall purposes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, well-specified<br />
goals also provide a rati<strong>on</strong>ale for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> identificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcomes and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
measurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> results. For each goal, measures <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> progress that are<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sistent with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> philosophy will be necessary. A major task<br />
for funders, providers and whānau will be to agree <strong>on</strong> indicators that are<br />
relevant to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals, related to an interventi<strong>on</strong> and subject to quantificati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Measuring a whānau objective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> adequate housing, for example, could<br />
require indicators that include <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> standard <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> housing, affordability and<br />
neighbourhood safety. A governance goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tractual compliance<br />
could be measured by indicators that show timeliness, positive impacts<br />
<strong>on</strong> whānau and budgetary prudence.<br />
6.2 Whānau Goals<br />
6.2.1 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has identified six major whānau goals:<br />
• whānau self-management<br />
• healthy whānau lifestyles<br />
• full whānau participati<strong>on</strong> in society<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>fident whānau participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao Māori<br />
• ec<strong>on</strong>omic security and successful involvement in wealth creati<strong>on</strong><br />
• whānau cohesi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
6.2.2 The goals are whānau-centred, have obvious implicati<strong>on</strong>s for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
providers and funders, are capable <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> quantificati<strong>on</strong>, and will form <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> basis<br />
for determining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall effectiveness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred initiatives using<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach.<br />
43
Ideally whānau members will<br />
choose <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most appropriate<br />
pathway <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> healing for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m.<br />
Whānau need to be supplied<br />
with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> right informati<strong>on</strong> to<br />
make informed choices but<br />
ultimately … supported [in]<br />
whatever choices <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y make.<br />
Whānau Self-Management<br />
6.2.3 Whānau wellbeing is largely dependent <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to<br />
determine <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own pathways and manage <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own affairs. Most whānau<br />
are already self-managing ins<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ar as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y make <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own decisi<strong>on</strong>s, care for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own people and supply <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own needs. They are knowledgeable about<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own communities, can access those goods and services necessary<br />
for <strong>on</strong>going development, are active participants in a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> networks<br />
and have patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> leadership that provide c<strong>on</strong>tinuity between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past<br />
and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future. Self-managing whānau are able to draw <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> skills <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
own members in order to advance <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir collective interests. The assets <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
hold in comm<strong>on</strong> are well managed in accordance with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir own traditi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Importantly also, self-management is underpinned by a set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural<br />
values and traditi<strong>on</strong>s that not <strong>on</strong>ly include a link to hapū, iwi and Māori<br />
communities but also to values such as generosity, sharing, cooperati<strong>on</strong><br />
and mutuality.<br />
6.2.4 A whānau capacity for self-management may be diminished by illness,<br />
lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> informati<strong>on</strong>, separati<strong>on</strong> from o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau households,<br />
dysfuncti<strong>on</strong>al intra-whānau relati<strong>on</strong>ships, financial insecurity, inadequate<br />
resources ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau or within wider communities, and an<br />
absence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> leadership.<br />
6.2.5 Effective Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> services will support and streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> leadership<br />
in whānau. Sometimes self-management can be undermined by wellmeaning<br />
agencies that assume leadership roles but without ensuring that<br />
whānau leadership is developed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> point that self-management becomes<br />
possible. Often whānau leadership is dismissed – sometimes because it<br />
is not visible to helping agencies, or presents a threat to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m, or because<br />
leadership is frequently matriarchal and not necessarily linked to perceived<br />
status or obvious power.<br />
Healthy Whānau Lifestyles<br />
6.2.6 Because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y have influential, close and enduring relati<strong>on</strong>ships with each<br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, whānau are in unique positi<strong>on</strong>s to promote lifestyles that can lead to<br />
optimal health and wellbeing. Whānau can shape lifestyles by establishing<br />
codes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>duct that will endorse healthy behaviours. Setting an example,<br />
applying a c<strong>on</strong>sistent set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> values, disseminating informati<strong>on</strong> to whānau<br />
members and observing safe practices in homes will all c<strong>on</strong>tribute to<br />
positive lifestyle choices. But lifestyles are also shaped by peers, societal<br />
pressures, global fashi<strong>on</strong>s and public policies. While whānau sway is <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
<strong>on</strong>e determinant <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> lifestyle, it has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> advantage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being a lifel<strong>on</strong>g influence<br />
with a capacity to mould healthy nutriti<strong>on</strong>al habits, establish guidelines for<br />
appropriate c<strong>on</strong>duct, model relati<strong>on</strong>ship building, and dem<strong>on</strong>strate good<br />
parenting as well as positive ageing.<br />
6.2.7 Although web-based communicati<strong>on</strong> can reduce distance, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> provisi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau basis for healthy lifestyles is made more difficult by whānau<br />
mobility and geographic separati<strong>on</strong>. Whānau influence must compete<br />
44
with c<strong>on</strong>sumerism, mass marketing ploys and value systems that favour<br />
individual gains over collective resp<strong>on</strong>sibility. N<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less, as major forces<br />
within society, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to actively foster healthy lifestyles for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir members is high. In order to do so effectively, wider whānau leadership,<br />
coupled with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best available informati<strong>on</strong> and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intergenerati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
transmissi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> values and models, will be important.<br />
Full Whānau Participati<strong>on</strong> in Society<br />
6.2.8 Whānau are c<strong>on</strong>duits to society and societal instituti<strong>on</strong>s and a measure<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> extent to which whānau members can participate in<br />
society. Full participati<strong>on</strong> is a goal that recognises ready whānau access<br />
to community facilities and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to benefit from community goods<br />
and services. Access to health services, quality schooling, recreati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
facilities, housing, commercial ventures, meaningful employment and<br />
levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> income adequate for whānau needs are necessary for whānau<br />
wellbeing. Successful participati<strong>on</strong> in educati<strong>on</strong> is a critical determinant<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider participati<strong>on</strong> and is positively associated with better health, higher<br />
incomes, adequate housing and healthier lifestyles. Participati<strong>on</strong> is inhibited<br />
by historic patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> exclusi<strong>on</strong>, gatekeepers who are selective, whānau<br />
alienati<strong>on</strong> from societal goals and values, and ec<strong>on</strong>omic barriers that act<br />
as deterrents. But participati<strong>on</strong> is accelerated by whānau-friendly services,<br />
active whānau involvement in decisi<strong>on</strong>-making and planning, affordability<br />
and whānau leadership that actively engages with community leaders<br />
and instituti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
6.2.9 Material and human resources are necessary for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> and a<br />
two-way exchange between whānau and society is an essential precursor<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> participati<strong>on</strong>. Full and equitable participati<strong>on</strong> in society is a<br />
right. But, for many, whānau exclusi<strong>on</strong> from society has been a functi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> instituti<strong>on</strong>al cultural blindness. Agencies that fail to align <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir services<br />
to whānau cultural norms will perpetuate a sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> exclusi<strong>on</strong> and will<br />
not be able to achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best possible outcomes. Māori-led services in<br />
health, educati<strong>on</strong> (including early childhood and tertiary educati<strong>on</strong>) and<br />
social welfare have dem<strong>on</strong>strated that, when a service recognises<br />
Māoricultural values in protocols for assessment, management and<br />
follow-up, participati<strong>on</strong> rates are higher. Similarly when a whānau<br />
approach to engagement is encouraged, Māori participati<strong>on</strong> increases.<br />
Encourage whānau to be<br />
part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> soluti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
45
When we look deep into our<br />
own culture, we have our<br />
own unique way <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> doing<br />
things that works for us.<br />
[We are] excited that<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> includes<br />
aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wairuatanga.<br />
If services delivered did<br />
include it, this would be a<br />
fundamental shift to truly<br />
incorporate tikanga Māori.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>fident Whānau Participati<strong>on</strong> in Te Ao Māori<br />
6.2.10 In additi<strong>on</strong> to full participati<strong>on</strong> with communities and wider society,<br />
a fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau goal lies within te ao Māori. Being part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> te ao Māori has<br />
several dimensi<strong>on</strong>s that span tribal, community and cultural endeavours.<br />
While socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic circumstances are important to whānau wellbeing,<br />
participati<strong>on</strong> in Māori cultural events, iwi affairs, marae hui, waka ama and<br />
kapa haka, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>going transmissi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori knowledge, culture and<br />
te reo Māori define whānau as distinctive groups within New Zealand.<br />
6.2.11 Whānau wellbeing is streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned by Māori values and participati<strong>on</strong> in<br />
Māori social networks. The goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> te ao Māori is that whānau<br />
will be able to enjoy active participati<strong>on</strong> in Māori society and that Māori<br />
society will be sufficiently aligned to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to be able to<br />
meet <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir needs. Where providers are able to combine Māori values with<br />
services to whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a greater opportunity to effect sustainable and<br />
positive relati<strong>on</strong>ships with whānau and to achieve better results. Educati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
providers who can <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer educati<strong>on</strong>al programmes within a Māori cultural<br />
framework, for example, have been able to achieve greater engagement<br />
with students and whānau and gain better learning outcomes. Whānau<br />
involvement with a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori instituti<strong>on</strong>s is already high.<br />
Kōhanga Reo, kapa haka, marae, touch rugby and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r sporting codes<br />
are largely built around whānau enthusiasm. For a variety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reas<strong>on</strong>s some<br />
whānau, or units within a whānau, have become alienated from iwi and<br />
hapū and from Māori networks, and re-gaining access has been challenging.<br />
Service providers should be able to facilitate access in ways that will be<br />
relevant to particular whānau and enable beneficial rec<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Whānau Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Security and Active Involvement with<br />
Wealth Creati<strong>on</strong><br />
6.2.12 Wellbeing requires ec<strong>on</strong>omic security. Average whānau incomes are at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
lower end <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>al levels and, as a result, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are reduced opportunities<br />
for whānau members and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole. The goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
security and wealth creati<strong>on</strong> is to foster a climate within which whānau<br />
can aspire to levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omic certainty that do not depend <strong>on</strong> minimal<br />
household incomes or beneficiary payments. Full participati<strong>on</strong> in society<br />
will go some way to increasing whānau wealth, particularly if levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori<br />
educati<strong>on</strong>al achievement are raised, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is also a case for accelerated<br />
gains in wealth through innovative approaches to business, enterprise and<br />
asset management.<br />
6.2.13 Whānau interests in Māori resources, such as land, fish and forests, also<br />
have potentially str<strong>on</strong>g implicati<strong>on</strong>s for whānau ec<strong>on</strong>omic wellbeing, but<br />
are not always well understood or actively developed. In that respect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that instituti<strong>on</strong>s such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori Land Court, iwi<br />
rūnanga, Māori Land Incorporati<strong>on</strong>s and Trusts have significant roles to<br />
play in Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
46
6.2.14 In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past, whānau programmes have tended to stop short <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> actively<br />
promoting financial gains for whānau; more <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goal has been to<br />
arrange benefits and seek help from budgeting agencies. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
regards those interventi<strong>on</strong>s as starting points <strong>on</strong>ly. There must be more<br />
ambitious approaches to whānau ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth that enable whānau<br />
to live comfortably, extend opportunities for children and grandchildren,<br />
and provide a nest egg for future generati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Whānau Cohesi<strong>on</strong><br />
6.2.15 A particular challenge for whānau in modern times is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> high level<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mobility that leads to dispersal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau members and reduced<br />
opportunities for day-to-day cooperative endeavours. Whānau members<br />
are spread across many regi<strong>on</strong>s in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are increasing<br />
numbers who are more or less permanent overseas residents. However,<br />
despite <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> inevitable sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dislocati<strong>on</strong>, nati<strong>on</strong>al and internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
relocati<strong>on</strong> can also bring benefits to whānau. Often <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are greater<br />
opportunities for work and educati<strong>on</strong>, higher incomes and exposure to a<br />
wider range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ideas and c<strong>on</strong>tacts. Moreover, in a world transformed by<br />
digital technologies, geographic distance may be less problematic than it<br />
was for Māori urban migrants 50 years ago. Opportunities for increasing<br />
whānau cohesi<strong>on</strong> will be greatly expanded by web-based communicati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Provided whānau have access to appropriate technologies within homes<br />
and associated communicati<strong>on</strong> infrastructure at local levels, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y will<br />
be able to communicate regularly and have <strong>on</strong>going participati<strong>on</strong> in<br />
whānau affairs.<br />
6.2.16 Increased whānau cohesi<strong>on</strong> is also relevant to whānau who live in close<br />
proximity to each o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r. The compositi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>temporary whānau reflects<br />
changing societal values and requires new approaches to ensure that<br />
household formati<strong>on</strong>s are able to participate with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider whānau, derive<br />
benefits from c<strong>on</strong>sistent patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> caring, and experience safe and<br />
nurturing envir<strong>on</strong>ments. Whānau resilience depends not <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong> a will to<br />
succeed but <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau to remain c<strong>on</strong>nected, to nurture<br />
younger generati<strong>on</strong>s and to embrace new technologies that will facilitate<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> process.<br />
47
Whānau Goals: Recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
6.2.17 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that whānau goals should include whānau<br />
self-management, healthy whānau lifestyles, full participati<strong>on</strong> in society,<br />
c<strong>on</strong>fident participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao Māori, ec<strong>on</strong>omic security and active<br />
involvement in wealth creati<strong>on</strong>, and whānau cohesi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
6.2.18 In particular <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that:<br />
• whānau self-management and whānau leadership be fundamental<br />
characteristics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as agents for promoting healthy lifestyles be<br />
endorsed and supported<br />
• full whānau participati<strong>on</strong> in society be recognised as a right<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> citizenship<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>fident whānau participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao Māori be encouraged as a<br />
pathway towards Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
• ec<strong>on</strong>omic planning for whānau aim to generate levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> security and<br />
wealth that will <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer certainty for current and future generati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• communicati<strong>on</strong> and informati<strong>on</strong> technology be made available to<br />
increase whānau cohesi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
6.3 Goals for Effective Service Delivery<br />
Often out <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> crisis come<br />
opportunities…for us as<br />
people to change our lives<br />
and learn new ways <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
behaving.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>tributing to Whānau Outcomes<br />
6.3.1 A high-level goal for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> service providers is to make substantial<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s to whānau outcome goals. For some providers <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re will be<br />
little change to accustomed practice, but for o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs a shift towards whānau<br />
self-determinati<strong>on</strong> and self-management will introduce new challenges.<br />
Moreover, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> inclusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wealth creati<strong>on</strong> and digital communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
systems as key whānau goals al<strong>on</strong>gside more c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al goals will require<br />
additi<strong>on</strong>al skills. This will go some way to extending <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus <strong>on</strong> support<br />
and caring towards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> realisati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential. Attaining best outcomes will<br />
require providers to involve whānau in systematic approaches to l<strong>on</strong>ger-term<br />
planning so that objectives can be set and plans <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> acti<strong>on</strong> developed.<br />
6.3.2 Many crises that warrant assistance from agencies have impacts <strong>on</strong><br />
whānau and <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten result from whānau functi<strong>on</strong>ing. In c<strong>on</strong>trast to<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s that are shaped around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resoluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> crises, Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
providers will be expected to use a crisis as an opportunity to effect change<br />
within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau so that future crises are avoided and whānau are better<br />
placed to manage risk. A focus <strong>on</strong> outcomes will also have implicati<strong>on</strong>s for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way in which provider accountabilities are framed. Milest<strong>on</strong>e reporting<br />
coupled with a descripti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s will be less important than<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring progress against agreed outcome indicators such as<br />
whānau-inspired cessati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> smoking or an increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau asset base.<br />
48
Integrated Delivery Systems<br />
6.3.3 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> services will be characterised by integrated and coherent<br />
delivery. Ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than a variety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers being involved with a single<br />
whānau, with each provider bringing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> perspective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a particular sector,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goal is to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a simplified service coordinated by a sole whānau<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tact pers<strong>on</strong>. If a specialist service is needed to complement <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> generic<br />
approach, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact pers<strong>on</strong> should be able to draw <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> skills <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same agency. Alternatively, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact pers<strong>on</strong> might act<br />
as a broker <strong>on</strong> behalf <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau ensuring that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessary assistance<br />
is made available from an appropriate provider with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> minimum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> red tape<br />
and reducing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> likelihood <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau becoming ‘lost’ between providers.<br />
Service brokering ensures <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> prime resp<strong>on</strong>sibility stays with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tact pers<strong>on</strong>. For example, should a whānau wish to re-establish links with<br />
a block <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau land but lacks <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge to do so, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact pers<strong>on</strong><br />
might arrange for c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori Land Court and, if necessary,<br />
accompany whānau members to a subsequent shareholders’ meeting.<br />
6.3.4 Integrated delivery recognises that sectoral approaches to whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten<br />
fail to gain an understanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider whānau dynamics and, as a result,<br />
are not able to address fundamental c<strong>on</strong>cerns. In additi<strong>on</strong>, because sectoral<br />
approaches are inevitably problem-oriented <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is less room to introduce<br />
a developmental approach that builds <strong>on</strong> existing strengths and fosters<br />
self-management.<br />
Multiple Gains<br />
6.3.5 Although Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> practiti<strong>on</strong>ers will have a primary focus <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau, and in that respect, are whānau-centred, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is an expectati<strong>on</strong><br />
that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> particular needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals will also be addressed. For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most<br />
part, approaches by whānau for assistance will arise because an individual<br />
needs help and has ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r identified <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> problem al<strong>on</strong>e or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> problem<br />
has been articulated by whānau. Dual assessments will be required: an<br />
estimati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> status <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual and an evaluati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider<br />
whānau circumstances. Where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> problem is largely c<strong>on</strong>fined to an<br />
individual, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau comp<strong>on</strong>ent might be relatively small. But where an<br />
individual’s situati<strong>on</strong> is more obviously a functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> major<br />
focus will be <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> group – household, family or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider whānau.<br />
6.3.6 Whānau practiti<strong>on</strong>ers will need to be skilled in whānau, individual and<br />
community assessments. If, for instance, an identified problem is linked<br />
to truancy from school, at least three types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s will need to be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sidered: Does <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> student have a hearing problem that makes it difficult<br />
to c<strong>on</strong>centrate in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> classroom Does <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau value educati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
point that truancy is unacceptable from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> view<br />
Does <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> school create an enthusiastic learning envir<strong>on</strong>ment that is<br />
relevant and interesting to Māori students More <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten than not, all three<br />
explanati<strong>on</strong>s will have a degree <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relevance and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> task for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> practiti<strong>on</strong>er<br />
will be to decide where to place <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main emphasis. In this particular<br />
example, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary focus will be <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
opti<strong>on</strong>s can be explored in parallel.<br />
[Whānau require] some<strong>on</strong>e<br />
with a multiplicity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> skills,<br />
not a multitude <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people.<br />
49
We need to be passi<strong>on</strong>ate,<br />
visi<strong>on</strong>ary, willing, clever,<br />
wise and inclusive.<br />
Whānau Practiti<strong>on</strong>ers<br />
6.3.7 While many practiti<strong>on</strong>ers intuitively adopt a whānau-centred approach<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir work, opportunities to develop skills in whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>s are<br />
n<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less limited. A whānau approach is not usually built into c<strong>on</strong>tracts<br />
and is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten added <strong>on</strong> as a logical but opti<strong>on</strong>al step, without explicit<br />
recogniti<strong>on</strong>. Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, however, focuses directly <strong>on</strong> whānau and carries<br />
an expectati<strong>on</strong> that practiti<strong>on</strong>ers will be well equipped to intervene at<br />
that collective level. Moreover, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>versi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau crisis into an<br />
opportunity for enhanced whānau capability will require an approach that<br />
is generally outside models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> crisis interventi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
6.3.8 Whānau practiti<strong>on</strong>ers come from a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> backgrounds, including<br />
community work, social work, nursing, health promoti<strong>on</strong>, public health<br />
and youth justice services. The introducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice<br />
into health and social services has accelerated <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> emergence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
whānau-oriented workforce which is able to combine intuitive skills with<br />
learned practices. Over time a distinctive body <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice based around<br />
whānau-centred interventi<strong>on</strong>s will emerge as a specialist area <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> work.<br />
6.3.9 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> will require<br />
expert practiti<strong>on</strong>ers. Experience in whānau settings, Māori communities and<br />
multiple provider organisati<strong>on</strong>s will be needed, complemented by dedicated<br />
training in whānau-centred interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Service Delivery Goals: Recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
6.3.10 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main goal for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers<br />
and practiti<strong>on</strong>ers should be to make substantial c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s to whānau<br />
outcomes by:<br />
• delivering integrated and coherent services<br />
• increasing gains for individuals and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a whole<br />
• dem<strong>on</strong>strating high levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> expertise in whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
6.4 Goals for Efficient Governance and Management<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al Coordinati<strong>on</strong> and Leadership<br />
6.4.1 Nati<strong>on</strong>al coordinati<strong>on</strong> and leadership <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred initiatives<br />
programme will be essential. Because Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> embraces many<br />
sectors and will impact <strong>on</strong> a large number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> statutory providers as well<br />
as iwi and Māori providers, n<strong>on</strong>-government organisati<strong>on</strong>s (NGOs) and<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> private sector, it will be important that a facility is established to ensure<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al oversight and resp<strong>on</strong>sibility. The nati<strong>on</strong>al focus will provide a<br />
point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact with government and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r agencies currently involved with<br />
whānau, and will also enable a coordinated evoluti<strong>on</strong> so that duplicati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
avoided and resources can be applied efficiently. While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been some<br />
debate about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>al focus that would best suit <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intended<br />
functi<strong>on</strong>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is agreement that an independent entity should facilitate<br />
50
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a system that can add value to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social, ec<strong>on</strong>omic and<br />
cultural wellbeing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> entity should<br />
be a dedicated Trust. Relevant to that broad aim, important nati<strong>on</strong>al goals<br />
will be to seed a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> philosophy and to champi<strong>on</strong> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
al<strong>on</strong>g with Government, nati<strong>on</strong>al organisati<strong>on</strong>s such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori Women’s<br />
Welfare League, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Families Commissi<strong>on</strong> and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> voluntary sector.<br />
6.4.2 Nati<strong>on</strong>al coordinati<strong>on</strong> and leadership will demand knowledge <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau and an awareness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> barriers as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
opportunities that might influence progress. There will also be a parallel<br />
need to examine nati<strong>on</strong>al social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic policies for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir impacts<br />
<strong>on</strong> whānau and any implicati<strong>on</strong>s for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> services.<br />
Regi<strong>on</strong>al Management<br />
6.4.3 Diversity across regi<strong>on</strong>s in New Zealand cannot be entirely addressed<br />
from a centralised positi<strong>on</strong>. Quite apart from a nati<strong>on</strong>al focus, effective<br />
management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> also requires a regi<strong>on</strong>al presence where<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong>s can be made in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> light <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge about local situati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
In some areas, regi<strong>on</strong>al bodies already exist with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessary structures<br />
and capabilities to act as fund holders or to c<strong>on</strong>tract with providers for<br />
particular purposes. However, questi<strong>on</strong>s about representativeness and<br />
mandate have <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten made it difficult to identify a single regi<strong>on</strong>al authority<br />
and, in some regi<strong>on</strong>s, local governance and management has suffered<br />
from accusati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> bias.<br />
6.4.4 N<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that decisi<strong>on</strong>-making about<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> should occur as close as possible to local communities<br />
and should be able to recognise particular requirements that may not<br />
be relevant in all regi<strong>on</strong>s. The goal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> coordinati<strong>on</strong> will similarly require<br />
a mechanism for bringing toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> diverse perspectives from all<br />
regi<strong>on</strong>s so that opportunities for learning are extended and c<strong>on</strong>sistency in<br />
management is maintained. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that regi<strong>on</strong>al panels<br />
should be established for this purpose.<br />
51
Relati<strong>on</strong>al Management<br />
6.4.5 Key to Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> are relati<strong>on</strong>ships. Whānau functi<strong>on</strong>ing and whānau<br />
structures are largely c<strong>on</strong>structed around interpers<strong>on</strong>al relati<strong>on</strong>ships and<br />
outcomes reflect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ways in which whānau manage those relati<strong>on</strong>ships.<br />
Whānau strength depends <strong>on</strong> sustainable relati<strong>on</strong>ships; provider<br />
effectiveness depends <strong>on</strong> being able to establish working relati<strong>on</strong>ships<br />
with whānau; and funder efficiency similarly depends <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way in which<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships with providers and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r key stakeholders are managed.<br />
6.4.6 Sound governance and management requires attenti<strong>on</strong> to building<br />
and sustaining relati<strong>on</strong>ships and creating a system built <strong>on</strong> mutual trust<br />
and respect.<br />
6.4.7 Relati<strong>on</strong>ships will be streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned when decisi<strong>on</strong>s are shared. Setting<br />
whānau objectives, for example, should involve whānau members as well<br />
as providers; indicators to measure progress should be jointly decided by<br />
funders and providers; and government policies that impact <strong>on</strong> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
should take into account <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> views <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> network.<br />
6.4.8 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> str<strong>on</strong>gly endorses relati<strong>on</strong>al approaches to service delivery,<br />
management and governance and recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> trust as<br />
a determinant <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> success.<br />
It is apparent that, despite<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> billi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dollars <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
funding that has been<br />
poured into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social<br />
services area, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>gterm<br />
outcomes have been<br />
deficient and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore<br />
a new model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery<br />
is required.<br />
Establishing and Managing a Fund for Whānau Wellbeing<br />
6.4.9 Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> must be adequately resourced to achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> objectives that<br />
have been set in a flexible and resp<strong>on</strong>sive manner. Future resourcing must<br />
also take into account changing cost pressures and demands. The size <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resource will depend <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scope <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> operati<strong>on</strong>s and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> extent to which<br />
some whānau functi<strong>on</strong>s are undertaken within existing budgets. In any event<br />
a dedicated appropriati<strong>on</strong> that will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to positive whānau outcomes<br />
is critical to c<strong>on</strong>ferring a high level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>fidence and permitting l<strong>on</strong>ger-term<br />
planning. Because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> range across all sectors, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re<br />
is a case for a whole-<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>-government approach to funding,<br />
with an appropriati<strong>on</strong> derived from a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> votes.<br />
6.4.10 Unbundling and combining appropriati<strong>on</strong>s from several votes in order to<br />
establish a dedicated whānau fund will raise questi<strong>on</strong>s about priorities,<br />
accountabilities and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship between Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r fund<br />
holders who have similar objectives. For departments and ministries fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
questi<strong>on</strong>s will c<strong>on</strong>cern <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quantum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> funding, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purposes for which<br />
funding is devolved, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> additi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most efficiently structured way<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> resourcing Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> to achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> desired outcomes. While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
funds in questi<strong>on</strong> will integrate all programmes that have some impact<br />
<strong>on</strong> whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se will combine with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r programmes that are whānau<br />
specific. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, <strong>on</strong>ce funds have been reallocated for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> residual resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> agencies towards whānau will also<br />
require specificati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
52
6.4.11 Unbundling needs to take into account a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>s and activities,<br />
including but not limited to:<br />
• working directly with whānau<br />
• early interventi<strong>on</strong><br />
• benefits from investing in Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more effective achievement<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>g-term outcomes<br />
• developing a reporting framework focused <strong>on</strong> whānau outcomes<br />
• establishing a Trust and regi<strong>on</strong>al panels<br />
• provider capability and capacity building<br />
• research, evaluati<strong>on</strong> and m<strong>on</strong>itoring.<br />
6.4.12 Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rati<strong>on</strong>ale for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fund and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> size <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fund pose significant<br />
questi<strong>on</strong>s which must be addressed, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> members agree that a<br />
fund should be established and resp<strong>on</strong>sibility for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governance and<br />
management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fund should be devolved to a governance group.<br />
Governance resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities include ensuring that:<br />
• funds c<strong>on</strong>tribute directly to whānau wellbeing<br />
• funds are allocated in a fair and transparent manner<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>tractual arrangements c<strong>on</strong>form to ethical and business standards.<br />
6.4.13 Ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r important aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> governance will be setting funding priorities<br />
and developing a c<strong>on</strong>tractual framework suitable for providers. Decisi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
will also need to be made about how a regi<strong>on</strong>al presence will be included<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governance arrangements, through, for example, a regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
representati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governance body or by way <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> devolved decisi<strong>on</strong>making<br />
to regi<strong>on</strong>al panels.<br />
Inter-Sectoral Liais<strong>on</strong><br />
6.4.14 A special fund for Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> and a governance entity for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fund cannot<br />
be c<strong>on</strong>sidered in isolati<strong>on</strong> from o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r agencies and programmes. A fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
governance goal will be to establish networks at nati<strong>on</strong>al, regi<strong>on</strong>al and<br />
local levels. Nati<strong>on</strong>al networks will include government agencies that have<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities for whānau wellbeing. While a Trust will provide a focus for<br />
whānau at a nati<strong>on</strong>al level, resp<strong>on</strong>sibility for whānau will also c<strong>on</strong>tinue to be<br />
a functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> many government departments.<br />
6.4.15 As a specialist organisati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust will have a significant role to play in<br />
policies and programmes that impact <strong>on</strong> whānau and will have especially<br />
close working relati<strong>on</strong>ships with Te Puni Kōkiri, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social<br />
Development, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Justice, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Health and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>. It will also interact with relevant Crown entities. Clarity<br />
around areas <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> resp<strong>on</strong>sibility will be important. O<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rwise <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re could be<br />
duplicati<strong>on</strong>, fragmentati<strong>on</strong> and c<strong>on</strong>fusi<strong>on</strong>, or alternatively service gaps,<br />
selective targeting and unilateral decisi<strong>on</strong>s about role.<br />
53
6.4.16 We acknowledge <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Te Puni Kōkiri as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Crown’s principal advisor<br />
<strong>on</strong> Crown-Māori relati<strong>on</strong>ships and view <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role and functi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Te Puni<br />
Kōkiri and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust as being complementary. The Trust will have a specific<br />
focus <strong>on</strong> whānau, thus enabling shared objectives to be pursued effectively.<br />
6.4.17 The Trust will need to have a key relati<strong>on</strong>ship with a government agency for<br />
funding and reporting purposes. We see <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministries <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Health, Social<br />
Development, Educati<strong>on</strong> or Justice as possible agencies <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust could<br />
have this relati<strong>on</strong>ship with.<br />
6.4.18 We recommend that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust appoint a chief executive. Part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> chief executive would be to form a committee <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> public sector<br />
chief executives, who would <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n meet <strong>on</strong> a regular basis to facilitate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Wha¯nau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> public sector.<br />
6.4.19 The Trust will be part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a network which includes Māori services and<br />
authorities extending from iwi and hapū and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r organisati<strong>on</strong>s such as<br />
urban Māori authorities, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Kōhanga Reo Trust and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori Women’s<br />
Welfare League through to district health boards and primary health<br />
organisati<strong>on</strong>s and smaller local groups, including voluntary groups.<br />
Interacti<strong>on</strong> with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r indigenous organisati<strong>on</strong>s will add an important<br />
global dimensi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Governance Goals: Recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
6.4.20 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that a Trust be established to govern<br />
whānau-centred initiatives.<br />
The body will provide a point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tact with government and will<br />
administer a dedicated appropriati<strong>on</strong> – <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Fund.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> also recommends that, in additi<strong>on</strong> to nati<strong>on</strong>al leadership<br />
and coordinati<strong>on</strong>, regi<strong>on</strong>al panels be established to ensure that local<br />
needs are understood and regi<strong>on</strong>al networks are established.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> also recommends a relati<strong>on</strong>al model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> governance<br />
and management for all activities, including c<strong>on</strong>tracting with<br />
service providers.<br />
54
7 Whānau Services –<br />
Key Operati<strong>on</strong>al Elements<br />
7.1 Key Elements<br />
7.1.1 On <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> basis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> submissi<strong>on</strong>s, c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> with iwi and Māori communities<br />
and experiences in health, educati<strong>on</strong>, services for children, youth and<br />
families, and rūnanga services, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has been able to identify six<br />
key elements that will be necessary for a whānau-centred delivery system:<br />
• whānau-centred methodologies shaped by te ao Māori<br />
• commitment across government<br />
• a primary focus <strong>on</strong> best outcomes for whānau, through integrated and<br />
comprehensive delivery<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an independent Trust with a dedicated government<br />
appropriati<strong>on</strong><br />
• str<strong>on</strong>g regi<strong>on</strong>al directi<strong>on</strong><br />
• building <strong>on</strong> existing provider capabilities.<br />
7.1.2 The first element recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural and historic c<strong>on</strong>text within which<br />
whānau live and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s between whānau and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori sector.<br />
The sec<strong>on</strong>d and third elements are about services to whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fourth<br />
and fifth relate to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>s and structures necessary for an integrated<br />
and cost-effective approach, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> final element recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> skill sets<br />
that have been developed over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past decades and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> organisati<strong>on</strong>s that<br />
already exist.<br />
7.2 Methodologies Shaped by Te Ao Māori<br />
7.2.1 Whānau are part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider society and are also part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> te ao Māori,<br />
with c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s to a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori organisati<strong>on</strong>s and communities.<br />
Though not all whānau share <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘being Māori’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are<br />
Māori n<strong>on</strong>e<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>less, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori c<strong>on</strong>texts within which whānau live<br />
need to be part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred initiatives. These c<strong>on</strong>texts are<br />
characterised by distinctive sets <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural norms, a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social<br />
networks, variable tribal influence, comm<strong>on</strong> histories and different<br />
degrees <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> acculturati<strong>on</strong> and alienati<strong>on</strong>. Although some whānau may have<br />
little obvious c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> to te ao Māori, it cannot be c<strong>on</strong>cluded that being<br />
Māori is irrelevant to a whānau. Despite uneven participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao<br />
Māori, and regi<strong>on</strong>al differences in Māori cultural expressi<strong>on</strong>s, a Māori<br />
perspective is a critical comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>temporary whānau experience.<br />
7.2.2 Māori world views associated with intergenerati<strong>on</strong>al relati<strong>on</strong>ships, parenting<br />
and grandparenting, and extended resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> young and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
old, are important cultural markers that underpin whānau. Similarly, links<br />
to customary lands and territory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer whānau a sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place that can<br />
complement mobility and transience in urban and global communities.<br />
Our preference is for a<br />
model that has whānau,<br />
hapū, iwi at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> centre with<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s that increase<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir capacity to access<br />
what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y need.<br />
55
7.2.3 A challenge for whānau-centred initiatives will be determining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nature,<br />
range and significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori networks. Networks may be enjoyed for<br />
cultural reas<strong>on</strong>s, such as kapa haka and sporting events, or may extend to<br />
marae and iwi activities. All whānau members have iwi affiliati<strong>on</strong>s, although<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y may not exercise <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m in a manner that could bring benefits to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau. In that respect, whānau who are not able to access and participate<br />
in te ao Māori are at a disadvantage. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that whānau<br />
participati<strong>on</strong> in te ao Māori has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to improve whānau social,<br />
cultural and ec<strong>on</strong>omic wellbeing and at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time c<strong>on</strong>tribute to<br />
wider society.<br />
To embrace our people we<br />
need to talk about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> values<br />
that are important to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m.<br />
For us Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is<br />
anything we want it to be,<br />
anything we can dream<br />
it to be, so whānau are<br />
empowered to be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can be.<br />
7.2.4 A Māori world view also has implicati<strong>on</strong>s for practice methodologies.<br />
While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are many variati<strong>on</strong>s, three comm<strong>on</strong> aims underpin<br />
whānau-centred practices.<br />
• The centre <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attenti<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau as a group. Individual wellbeing is<br />
not dismissed, nor neglected, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary focus is <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>s and sustainability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> collective.<br />
• The major goals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whānau-centred approach are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau resilience, whānau capacities and whānau capability, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
than <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> investigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau dysfuncti<strong>on</strong> or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau inadequacies. Although a whānau crisis (whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r centred around<br />
an individual or group) can be a source <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> serious c<strong>on</strong>cern, it also brings<br />
potential for whānau growth and through this engagement, identify <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
requirements for whānau to become self-managing. The challenge for<br />
whānau and practiti<strong>on</strong>ers is to c<strong>on</strong>vert <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> crisis into an opportunity for<br />
growth and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n to help whānau become self-managing.<br />
• Whānau-centred methodologies are inextricably linked to relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
management; relati<strong>on</strong>ships between generati<strong>on</strong>s, between genders,<br />
between whānau and community instituti<strong>on</strong>s, between different agencies<br />
(public, private, NGOs and Māori providers) and between whānau, hapū<br />
and iwi.<br />
7.2.5 Practiti<strong>on</strong>ers come from a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> disciplines and agencies but to<br />
be effective need to have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge, skills and training to foster <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a kawa (protocol) that will guide whānau into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future.<br />
Many practiti<strong>on</strong>ers have instinctive understandings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau needs and<br />
know intuitively how to resp<strong>on</strong>d. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recognises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice standards that not <strong>on</strong>ly take c<strong>on</strong>sistency <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice<br />
into account but are also premised <strong>on</strong> te ao Māori.<br />
7.2.6 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> notes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> distinctiveness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred practice and<br />
commends <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach as an appropriate vehicle for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau wellbeing.<br />
56
7.3 Commitment Across Government<br />
7.3.1 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposes that all existing sectors c<strong>on</strong>cerned with aspects<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau wellbeing should commit to obtaining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> best possible<br />
outcomes for whānau and this commitment should be reflected in<br />
measurable policies and practices. Many government-funded services,<br />
while primarily targeted at individuals, also have relevance for whānau. Law<br />
enforcement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ficers, for example, focus most attenti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fenders but are<br />
well aware that whānau participati<strong>on</strong> can have enduring positive effects.<br />
7.3.2 Most educati<strong>on</strong>al programmes focus <strong>on</strong> learners but have huge significance<br />
for whānau wellbeing. Indeed, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recognises that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most<br />
powerful force for whānau transformati<strong>on</strong> lies with educati<strong>on</strong> across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
life-cycle.<br />
7.3.3 But all sectors have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to c<strong>on</strong>tribute to whānau wellbeing. An<br />
important task will be to determine how whānau involvement will add value,<br />
and to recognise those situati<strong>on</strong>s where engagement with whānau will be<br />
critical for good outcomes. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> notes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intenti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> many<br />
government departments to resp<strong>on</strong>d to whānau in positive ways and<br />
commends sectors for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir commitment to better outcomes for whānau.<br />
7.3.4 There are, however, barriers to successful outcomes. Public sector<br />
capabilities, for example, are limited. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interface between<br />
individual case management and a whānau-centred approach is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten<br />
unclear and resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities are frequently not well delineated. Where an<br />
individual is at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> centre <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a crisis, attenti<strong>on</strong> will understandably focus<br />
at that level. In additi<strong>on</strong>, funding c<strong>on</strong>straints <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten lead to limited family<br />
involvement in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a case or referral to ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r agency.<br />
A whānau-centred approach, as outlined in this secti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> report,<br />
would require a more deliberate whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
7.3.5 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that clear guidelines are needed within social<br />
policy agencies about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual-whānau<br />
interface, including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> methodology for adopting a whānau-centred<br />
approach al<strong>on</strong>gside existing delivery mechanisms.<br />
…[for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>] <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> model<br />
to succeed, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expectati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>on</strong> government agencies to<br />
be increasingly resp<strong>on</strong>sive<br />
to whānau and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir needs<br />
must be a critical part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
overall government acti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
This is a fantastic<br />
opportunity for some<br />
innovative and visi<strong>on</strong>ary<br />
work to be completed to truly<br />
achieve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> objectives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
7.4 Focus <strong>on</strong> Best Outcomes for Whānau with<br />
Integrated Delivery Systems<br />
7.4.1 We have already stressed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcomes in earlier secti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
this report. In practice, however, many services that provide assistance do<br />
not record <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results for whānau or, if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y do, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y have little opportunity to<br />
report <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m and engage with providers and funders in discussi<strong>on</strong> about<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m. Instead <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus is <strong>on</strong> input measures such as pers<strong>on</strong>nel time or<br />
output measures such as volume and cost. Whānau will know <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results<br />
that will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir desired outcomes. A process starts with outcome<br />
indicators that are relevant to whānau. This will provide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>text for<br />
identifying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship between a service input and changes in whānau<br />
circumstances. An important aspect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> results for whānau is that effective<br />
57
outcomes, such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> educati<strong>on</strong> that engages Māori,<br />
may also emerge after lengthy periods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time so that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> actual impact<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an interventi<strong>on</strong> may not be apparent until m<strong>on</strong>ths or years later.<br />
7.4.2 While recognising that work is still required to develop a simple and<br />
effective measure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> results for whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> supports an<br />
outcome focus, centred <strong>on</strong> results for whānau. Providers who deliver<br />
services to whānau should be able to dem<strong>on</strong>strate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
efforts. Prior to undertaking work with whānau, for each goal a set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau expectati<strong>on</strong>s will enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> specificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> indicators to show how<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> is related to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> agreed whānau goals. Even if a desired<br />
outcome will not be achieved until well into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future, indicators that can<br />
measure progress towards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>ger-term goal will provide useful evidence<br />
about efficacy.<br />
7.4.3 Selecting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most appropriate outcome indicators is a task that should<br />
involve whānau, practiti<strong>on</strong>ers and funders. A whānau-centred approach<br />
must take into account <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aspirati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau, as well as provider<br />
realities and wider community and societal goals.<br />
7.4.4 As well as identifying a few key outcome goals for whānau, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
proposes that specific provider outcome indicators are also agreed by<br />
providers and funders jointly, taking into account <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> particular whānau<br />
circumstances and aspirati<strong>on</strong>s being addressed.<br />
7.4.5 Most government-funded services to whānau are based <strong>on</strong> a combinati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
sector perspectives and priorities. Some providers, for example, hold <strong>on</strong>e or<br />
two c<strong>on</strong>tracts with a single government agency, while o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs hold a number<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracts with many different agencies. In any event whānau are <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> positi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> receiving services from a variety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers that are funded<br />
from different, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten distant, government agencies. It is rare for separate<br />
government funders to work toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <strong>on</strong> a c<strong>on</strong>tract even when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir activities<br />
overlap. The lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a coordinated approach can be inefficient, c<strong>on</strong>fusing to<br />
whānau, and c<strong>on</strong>trary to whānau self-management.<br />
7.4.6 Fragmented approaches to whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>s have major implicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
for whānau.<br />
• A series <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s each aimed at a single problem area may fail to<br />
address whānau-wide needs in an effective manner. Although a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
people might be involved in a ‘case’, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dynamics within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau may<br />
be afforded less attenti<strong>on</strong> than <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more visible needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals.<br />
• In order to derive benefit, whānau may require a coordinated, integrated<br />
and supported approach but may instead be diverted by multiple (and<br />
inc<strong>on</strong>sistent) agency expectati<strong>on</strong>s and diverse and uncoordinated provider<br />
priorities.<br />
• In short, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comm<strong>on</strong> experience is that whānau services are shaped by<br />
funder priorities ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than actual whānau needs.<br />
58
7.4.7 A system <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> multiple c<strong>on</strong>tracts with multiple funders also has serious<br />
disadvantages for providers and <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten restricts <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir capability to be more<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sive to whānau as:<br />
• transacti<strong>on</strong> costs are high<br />
• different reporting schedules exact heavy demands <strong>on</strong> time<br />
• unexpected whānau needs may be forced to take sec<strong>on</strong>d place to meeting<br />
required c<strong>on</strong>tract outputs<br />
• competiti<strong>on</strong> between providers compromises collaborative effort<br />
• holistic whānau development and capability building is compromised by<br />
sectoral priorities.<br />
7.4.8 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> str<strong>on</strong>gly supports c<strong>on</strong>tracting practices that minimise<br />
fragmentati<strong>on</strong>, target positive whānau development, encourage<br />
provider collaborati<strong>on</strong>, utilise integrated data and communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
systems, and enable whānau needs to be addressed in a coherent<br />
and integrated manner.<br />
7.4.9 A major complicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> current c<strong>on</strong>tracting regimes is that services<br />
to whānau can be delivered by a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers who are acting<br />
independently <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> is attracted to a system<br />
that encourages comprehensive and integrated provisi<strong>on</strong> ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than<br />
piecemeal provisi<strong>on</strong>. Comprehensive provisi<strong>on</strong> can be accomplished by<br />
provider organisati<strong>on</strong>s that are able to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> appropriate<br />
services in a coordinated manner. Alternatively a network <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers who<br />
operate in a collaborative manner may be able to achieve a similar level<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> integrati<strong>on</strong> and cohesi<strong>on</strong>. It is through this that effective results will be<br />
achieved and whānau outcomes improved over time.<br />
7.5 A Trust and Dedicated Appropriati<strong>on</strong><br />
7.5.1 Comprehensive services for whānau will require input from a number<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sectors. No single sector has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessary range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> skills to ensure<br />
a c<strong>on</strong>sistent, all-inclusive delivery system. Nor is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re wide sectoral<br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a positive approach to whānau development; more <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
focus is <strong>on</strong> interventi<strong>on</strong>s that deal with specific crises. In order to facilitate<br />
whānau services that are comprehensive, integrated and focused <strong>on</strong><br />
positive development, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a Trust<br />
to administer whānau-centred service delivery, with dedicated resources<br />
to facilitate this.<br />
7.5.2 The proposed fund will combine resources from a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> appropriati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
to enable c<strong>on</strong>solidated, integrated and relati<strong>on</strong>ship-based c<strong>on</strong>tracts to be<br />
awarded to providers. The Trust’s funding may <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> catalyst to draw<br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r funding organisati<strong>on</strong>s toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r. While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust aims to engender a<br />
more coordinated c<strong>on</strong>tracting process, it is likely that much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> funding<br />
will c<strong>on</strong>tinue to come from o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r agencies and be combined with funding<br />
from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust. This approach to funding is designed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer whānau-centred<br />
services to address individual needs as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> forward development<br />
This fund must be governed<br />
and led by Māori…<br />
59
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wider whānau. Under current arrangements, whole-<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>-government<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracts are few and remain subject to sectoral oversight. A dedicated<br />
fund, <strong>on</strong>ce removed from c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al sectoral practices, will enable fresh<br />
approaches, including:<br />
• funding that is focused <strong>on</strong> results c<strong>on</strong>sistent with whānau outcomes<br />
• funding for holistic service delivery<br />
• funding for collective whānau priorities.<br />
7.5.3 The size <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> appropriati<strong>on</strong> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust has yet to be determined; fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
work will be required that takes into account <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
services. Given current c<strong>on</strong>straints <strong>on</strong> public spending, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
appropriati<strong>on</strong> is unlikely to be voted from ‘new’ m<strong>on</strong>ey. More likely, it will be<br />
appropriated by channelling funding from existing Votes such as Health,<br />
Social Development, Justice and Educati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
7.5.4 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has recommended a timely process for deriving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s from appropriate sectors. We favour an appropriati<strong>on</strong><br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust that is sufficient to enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> phased roll-out <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
independent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> current sectoral c<strong>on</strong>tracting arrangements.<br />
A commissi<strong>on</strong> or a trust –<br />
it's got to look like us.<br />
7.5.5 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has carefully c<strong>on</strong>sidered a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> opti<strong>on</strong>s taking into<br />
account feedback from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement processes and from <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ficials.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has c<strong>on</strong>cluded that a new entity, an independent<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust, accountable to a dedicated Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister<br />
and to Parliament is needed. A trust has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> advantage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providing an<br />
independent, stable, transparent foundati<strong>on</strong>, which can be established<br />
in a timely manner. The Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust will oversee whānau-centred<br />
programmes and promote best outcomes for whānau across state,<br />
private, iwi and voluntary sectors. Whānau wellbeing is relevant to all<br />
sectors and has str<strong>on</strong>g implicati<strong>on</strong>s for iwi, hapū and New Zealand.<br />
7.5.6 While our recommendati<strong>on</strong> is for a dedicated appropriati<strong>on</strong>(s), o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
agencies will have an <strong>on</strong>going resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to whānau.<br />
7.5.7 The Trust will comprise four to six individuals appointed by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Government<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir skills, knowledge, experience and ability to bring regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
perspectives to Trust business. The Trust will require management and<br />
administrative capacity to engage in nati<strong>on</strong>wide c<strong>on</strong>tracting and service<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring and development.<br />
7.5.8 As well as addressing more immediate issues, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust will take a broad<br />
development perspective in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau, hapū and iwi. The Trust will<br />
focus <strong>on</strong> investing in positive development and addressing need.<br />
60
7.5.9 The main functi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust will be to:<br />
• facilitate and implement Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
• invest in positive whānau development<br />
• oversee and manage <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dedicated fund<br />
• oversee <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regi<strong>on</strong>al panels<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>tract with providers for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred services based<br />
<strong>on</strong> results-based outcomes<br />
• in c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> with whānau and providers, develop results-based<br />
indicators that reflect whānau satisfacti<strong>on</strong> and provider engagement<br />
around services to support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> achievement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> desired outcomes<br />
• provide leadership and coordinati<strong>on</strong> across agencies that have<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities for whānau wellbeing<br />
• provide an independent review role to Government <strong>on</strong> measures and<br />
indicators used for determining progress against outcomes<br />
• m<strong>on</strong>itor providers according to outcomes agreed with whānau<br />
• m<strong>on</strong>itor relevant whānau-level indicators, evaluati<strong>on</strong> and research,<br />
innovati<strong>on</strong> and models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred practices<br />
• streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> networks at nati<strong>on</strong>al levels and work<br />
collaboratively with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r organisati<strong>on</strong>s who have similar goals<br />
• advocate for whānau at government, agency, iwi and community levels<br />
• in associati<strong>on</strong> with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r agencies, develop a clearinghouse for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
disseminati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relevant research findings, innovati<strong>on</strong>s and models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau-centred practice<br />
• advise Government <strong>on</strong> policies relevant to whānau wellbeing.<br />
7.6 Str<strong>on</strong>g Regi<strong>on</strong>al Directi<strong>on</strong><br />
7.6.1 Whānau circumstances vary c<strong>on</strong>siderably across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country and<br />
arrangements for whānau services are similarly varied. Str<strong>on</strong>g regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
directi<strong>on</strong> will be essential to ensure that whānau-centred initiatives<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tribute in positive and realistic ways to local communities. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
has c<strong>on</strong>sidered several opti<strong>on</strong>s for establishing ‘str<strong>on</strong>g regi<strong>on</strong>al directi<strong>on</strong>’<br />
and has c<strong>on</strong>cluded that regi<strong>on</strong>al panels should be established to reflect<br />
Māori leadership in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regi<strong>on</strong>. There should be a particular focus <strong>on</strong><br />
leadership that is relevant to health and social services and that is linked<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> broader goals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori development, including whānau ec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
growth. Expertise across social, ec<strong>on</strong>omic and cultural areas will be<br />
important.<br />
7.6.2 The role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> panels will be to streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n networks between whānaucentred<br />
providers and m<strong>on</strong>itor <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reported results and outcomes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
work. Regi<strong>on</strong>al panels will also be sufficiently aware <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau opportunities<br />
and needs to recommend priority areas and to make representati<strong>on</strong> to local<br />
and central government when necessary. The panels will also play major<br />
If Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is true to<br />
its intent, it must reflect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
local complexities.<br />
61
oles in identifying providers who might best address whānau-centred goals.<br />
Members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> panels will be appointed <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommendati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori<br />
leadership in each regi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Kia whai taangata e mōhio<br />
ana ki ngā taha Māori me te<br />
taha Kāwana.<br />
7.6.3 While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is merit in having panels located as close as possible to<br />
communities and aligned to iwi, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> has also taken into account<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need for ec<strong>on</strong>omies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scale and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> avoidance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> high governance and<br />
management costs at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> possible expense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau.<br />
7.6.4 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore, proposes that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re be eight to ten regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
panels, based <strong>on</strong> Māori Land Court districts, and that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> panels be<br />
serviced by existing agencies.<br />
7.7 Building <strong>on</strong> Existing Provider Capabilities<br />
7.7.1 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> is c<strong>on</strong>scious that many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cerns raised about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
wellbeing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau are already being addressed by innovative interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
and whānau-centred programmes. Over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past two decades, increased<br />
awareness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> culture to health and wellbeing, an increase<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> service opti<strong>on</strong>s available to whānau, and a rapid increase in Māori<br />
providers and practiti<strong>on</strong>ers has significantly changed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>text for<br />
realising whānau wellbeing. The change has been mirrored by government<br />
policies that have introduced c<strong>on</strong>testability and devoluti<strong>on</strong> as core<br />
comp<strong>on</strong>ents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> state-funded delivery systems. At a broader policy level <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re<br />
has also been increasing recogniti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ships between social,<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic and cultural wellbeing and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effecting better linkages<br />
between all three.<br />
7.7.2 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> acknowledges <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> high levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> expertise am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> several models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y have developed to<br />
meet <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> diverse needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau. Increasingly, also, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been a shift<br />
towards evidence-based approaches with an interest in outcome measures<br />
that fit with both Māori world views and c<strong>on</strong>temporary societal realities.<br />
Apart from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> emergence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a large cohort <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau practiti<strong>on</strong>ers,<br />
many provider organisati<strong>on</strong>s have similarly acquired managerial and<br />
organisati<strong>on</strong>al skills and have dem<strong>on</strong>strated a capacity to engage with<br />
a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> government, iwi and community agencies. Larger provider<br />
organisati<strong>on</strong>s such as iwi rūnanga manage multiple complex c<strong>on</strong>tracts<br />
across a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sectors and are able to bring a mix <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> skills to a single<br />
point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery.<br />
The Trust will have an <strong>on</strong>going commitment to building provider capacity<br />
and capability. Resourcing will be required to aid in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
providers.<br />
7.7.3 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that initiatives to advance <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interests <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau in recent years have transformative potential and should be<br />
extended within a framework that provides comprehensive coverage,<br />
simplified c<strong>on</strong>tracting procedures, more effective access for whānau and<br />
greater efficiencies.<br />
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7.8 Phased Implementati<strong>on</strong><br />
7.8.1 It is unlikely that all key operati<strong>on</strong>al elements could be implemented at<br />
<strong>on</strong>ce. Establishing a Trust and developing systems that can address <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
key elements necessary for whānau-centred initiatives will take time.<br />
However, some elements such as establishing an independent body can<br />
be implemented with relative ease and should be pursued without delay.<br />
7.8.2 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that a phased implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
whānau-centred system should be planned to develop capacity<br />
and capability in a progressive manner.<br />
7.8.3 Meanwhile, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> next secti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this report outlines <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> major transiti<strong>on</strong>al<br />
steps that will enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust to exercise a full range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>s, including<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracting with providers.<br />
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8 Implementati<strong>on</strong><br />
8.1 C<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
8.1.1 The effective implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this framework will require careful planning.<br />
It is critical that implementati<strong>on</strong> does not cause unnecessary disrupti<strong>on</strong> to<br />
whānau and/or providers, but c<strong>on</strong>tributes to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir sustainability. As noted, we<br />
recommend a staged approach to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> full implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our proposal,<br />
which allows for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity and capability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau, providers and<br />
government agencies to be fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r developed. Our proposal will result in<br />
changes for all <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se groups.<br />
8.1.2 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siders that successful implementati<strong>on</strong> requires alignment<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> activities with budget cycles. To maximise existing<br />
opportunities to achieve best outcomes for whānau we recommend that<br />
Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> is implemented in successive phases. This approach will allow<br />
immediate movement <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers who have developed whānaucentred<br />
ways <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> working in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first phase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>, and support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir increased effectiveness. It will give o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r whānau<br />
and providers <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opportunity to develop fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, or for provider networks to<br />
be established where this approach will best meet <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> needs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau in<br />
diverse communities.<br />
8.1.3 The possibility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a hiatus between provisi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our advice and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework could put at risk <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> required rate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
progress to be made in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coming financial year.<br />
8.1.4 Our proposed soluti<strong>on</strong> to this risk is that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister appoints appropriate<br />
independent pers<strong>on</strong>nel to provide advice and inform <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong><br />
process prior to July 2010. Independent advice could <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n be provided to<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister regarding both establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust and initiating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first<br />
phase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> service provisi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
8.2 Transiti<strong>on</strong>al Arrangements<br />
8.2.1 A number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> acti<strong>on</strong>s are required to enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust to commence<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> 1 July 2010. These include all activities associated with<br />
establishing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust, including c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> funding and resourcing.<br />
Key tasks include:<br />
• appointment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister<br />
• development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust Deed specifying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> objectives, functi<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
accountabilities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust<br />
• establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust, its membership and governance arrangements<br />
• appointment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust chief executive<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> resourcing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust will receive, and where<br />
this funding will come from<br />
64
• resourcing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> infrastructure required to carry out <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust work<br />
programme for 2010/11<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> development and implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a relati<strong>on</strong>al approach to<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracting, through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> single, outcomes-focused,<br />
cross-sector c<strong>on</strong>tracts.<br />
8.3 Transiti<strong>on</strong>al Approach for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust<br />
8.3.1 Due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> wide-ranging nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>s we have identified for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y involve, we do not envisage <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust<br />
will be able to fully effect all <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se functi<strong>on</strong>s when it is first established.<br />
Full functi<strong>on</strong>ality will occur over time.<br />
8.3.2 We propose <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> initial focus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust, as <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1 July 2010, should be to:<br />
• focus <strong>on</strong> best outcomes for whānau<br />
• identify pathways that will enable whānau to be self-determining<br />
• establish sound governance, accountabilities, management and<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>al processes as specified in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust Deed<br />
• establish relati<strong>on</strong>ships and communicate with whānau, providers<br />
and agencies<br />
• establish <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regi<strong>on</strong>al panels<br />
• work with first phase providers to facilitate Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tracting and<br />
delivery (<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> supports <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a single Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>tract for providers involved in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first phase, which requires a single<br />
report from providers <strong>on</strong> achievement towards Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> outcomes)<br />
• fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r develop m<strong>on</strong>itoring and evaluati<strong>on</strong> measures and facilitate<br />
participatory acti<strong>on</strong> research<br />
• work with agencies to undertake development necessary to fully<br />
implement this visi<strong>on</strong><br />
• avoid <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> creati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> multiple small-scale providers while simultaneously<br />
being open to funding some innovative small-scale providers in urban and<br />
rural localities<br />
• develop and implement a process for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
sec<strong>on</strong>d phase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong>, and engage with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se providers<br />
(regi<strong>on</strong>al input will be important for selecting providers)<br />
• identify and resource provider capacity and capability needs to achieve<br />
best outcomes for whānau.<br />
8.3.3 In additi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust could immediately begin work <strong>on</strong> building <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity<br />
required to lead <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> guidance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
regi<strong>on</strong>al panels. This work could include:<br />
• overseeing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regi<strong>on</strong>al panels<br />
• providing leadership and coordinati<strong>on</strong> across agencies that have<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities for whānau wellbeing, including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust chief executive’s<br />
group <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social sector chief executives<br />
65
• developing results-based indicators that reflect whānau satisfacti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
ensure providers become engaged in delivering services based <strong>on</strong> agreed<br />
outcomes (providers will c<strong>on</strong>tinue to be held accountable for delivering<br />
outcomes over this period)<br />
• streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> networks at nati<strong>on</strong>al levels and working<br />
collaboratively with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r organisati<strong>on</strong>s who have similar goals<br />
• advising Government <strong>on</strong> policies relevant to whānau wellbeing<br />
• advocating for whānau at government, agency, iwi and community levels.<br />
8.3.4 When <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Trust is fully operati<strong>on</strong>al, it will also:<br />
• m<strong>on</strong>itor government performance in regard to whānau outcomes,<br />
including c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s to develop provider capacity and capability<br />
• champi<strong>on</strong> and m<strong>on</strong>itor relevant whānau indicators, evaluati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
research, innovati<strong>on</strong> and models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred practices (providers<br />
will c<strong>on</strong>tinue to be held accountable for achieving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
objectives agreed with whānau)<br />
• in associati<strong>on</strong> with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r agencies, develop a clearinghouse for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
disseminati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> relevant research findings, innovati<strong>on</strong>s and models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau-centred practice.<br />
66<br />
8.4 Implementati<strong>on</strong> Through Successive Phases<br />
8.4.1 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework is implemented through a<br />
series <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> successive phases. This staged approach to implementati<strong>on</strong> will<br />
give whānau and providers <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opportunity to fully embrace this approach,<br />
if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are not currently working within such a framework.<br />
8.4.2 The c<strong>on</strong>tracting model(s) and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> processes for selecti<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>tracting and<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers involved in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first phase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> will<br />
be precedent-setting and it is critical that this be carried out in a manner<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sistent with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommendati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this report. Independent advice to<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister will be <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>siderable importance in this regard.<br />
8.4.3 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommends clear criteria for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> providers to be<br />
involved in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first phase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong>, including:<br />
• evidence that a whānau-centred approach to service delivery is already<br />
working well<br />
• a str<strong>on</strong>g provider track record, from both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> funder and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> community/<br />
whānau perspective<br />
• evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sound financial management and effective and stable<br />
governance and management<br />
• str<strong>on</strong>g evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred practice methodology shaped by<br />
te ao Māori<br />
• evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effective provider relati<strong>on</strong>ships with whānau, hapū and iwi<br />
• a str<strong>on</strong>g outcomes focus<br />
• commitment to outcomes-focused results, <strong>on</strong>going organisati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
development and learning, including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> willingness to participate in<br />
evaluati<strong>on</strong> or acti<strong>on</strong> research that will c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
evidence base.
8.5 Impact <strong>on</strong> Providers<br />
8.5.1 As discussed previously, Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> will result in changes for<br />
providers in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y interact with government agencies, and<br />
potentially o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r providers, and whānau. We acknowledge that many<br />
providers and practiti<strong>on</strong>ers have been using models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sistent with Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> for a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> years.<br />
8.5.2 A Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach will require major changes in c<strong>on</strong>tractual<br />
arrangements and accountability schedules. A relati<strong>on</strong>al approach to<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tracting will underpin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship between providers and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
independent Trust. Providers will move towards having a single Whānau<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tract. In order to effect real change, providers will need to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a<br />
comprehensive range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> services, ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r al<strong>on</strong>e or in associati<strong>on</strong> with o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
providers, be resp<strong>on</strong>sive to individual whānau members as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
whānau as a whole, and dem<strong>on</strong>strate high levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> expertise in<br />
whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
8.5.3 It is assumed that providers involved in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
will c<strong>on</strong>tinue to be able to c<strong>on</strong>tract for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> delivery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r services that are<br />
not part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tract. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> supports <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept<br />
that providers should be able to integrate o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r c<strong>on</strong>tracts into a Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>tract or establish a transiti<strong>on</strong> plan for this to happen.<br />
8.5.4 Workforce development and provider capacity and capability will be a key<br />
comp<strong>on</strong>ent to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> successful implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this framework.<br />
Kia whakapiki ake<br />
te Whānau <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ora</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
67
9 Appendices<br />
Appendix A:<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Whānau-<strong>Centred</strong> <strong>Initiatives</strong> –<br />
Terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reference<br />
Purpose<br />
The Minister for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Community and Voluntary Sector (<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister) has established<br />
a <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Whānau -centred <strong>Initiatives</strong> (<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>). The main objective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> will be to c<strong>on</strong>struct an evidence-based framework that will lead to:<br />
• streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned whānau capabilities<br />
• an integrated approach to whānau wellbeing<br />
• collaborative relati<strong>on</strong>ships between state agencies in relati<strong>on</strong> to whānau services<br />
• relati<strong>on</strong>ships between government and community agencies that are broader<br />
than c<strong>on</strong>tractual<br />
• improved cost-effectiveness and value for m<strong>on</strong>ey.<br />
Role<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> will need to cover a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> areas <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> work in order to meets its<br />
objectives within tight timeframes. Its tasks are expected to include <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following:<br />
• compiling a stocktake <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> and analysing relevant current departmental policies<br />
and programmes, including tertiary educati<strong>on</strong> programmes relevant to whānau<br />
wellbeing (building <strong>on</strong> work underway in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social Development<br />
and Te Puni Kökiri in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> areas <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau ora indicators, whānau resilience and<br />
whānau development planning)<br />
• reviewing existing literature relating to whānau interventi<strong>on</strong>s and services, and<br />
assessing relevant models <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> integrated care and training programmes that<br />
effectively prepare practiti<strong>on</strong>ers for building whānau capability<br />
• determining which social services would be covered by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whānau-centred<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s framework and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore which Votes and government agencies<br />
would be involved<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>sidering fiscal issues and c<strong>on</strong>straints, both within and across Votes<br />
• c<strong>on</strong>sidering legislative and regulatory issues and c<strong>on</strong>straints<br />
• ascertaining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> views <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r key stakeholders<br />
• identifying appropriate governance structures and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r criteria for selecting<br />
providers that would provide assurance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir capacity and capability to deliver<br />
comprehensive and integrated services to whānau<br />
• determining how government agencies could best work toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r to deliver<br />
whānau-centred interventi<strong>on</strong>s; as well as good practice for relati<strong>on</strong>s between<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> public sector, private sector, not-for-pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>it sector and Māori<br />
68
• developing a robust methodology for measuring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> difference made by whānau-centred<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s (potentially with a set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> indicators) that includes some measures based <strong>on</strong><br />
whānau strengths (e.g. capacity to transfer values, culture, lifestyles and to act as trustees<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir members)<br />
• developing a framework for m<strong>on</strong>itoring and audit procedures, including procedures that<br />
will allow government to measure <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> difference being made by providers in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
funding level.<br />
Membership and Chair<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> will comprise five to eight people who have expertise in whānau health, educati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
cultural transmissi<strong>on</strong>, social innovati<strong>on</strong>, ec<strong>on</strong>omics, justice, housing and service delivery.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing Timeline<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> will report to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister <strong>on</strong> progress at two-m<strong>on</strong>thly intervals, starting in<br />
July 2009 and ending in January 2010.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> will provide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> draft c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> document in September 2009.<br />
It will release its c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> document publicly in October 2009.<br />
It will report back formally to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Minister for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Community and Voluntary Sector<br />
by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> end <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> January 2010.<br />
Supporting structures<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> will be supported by a dedicated secretariat, to be based in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social<br />
Development.<br />
As approved by Cabinet 8 June 2009.<br />
69
Appendix B:<br />
Engagement Hui<br />
Locati<strong>on</strong><br />
Date<br />
Blenheim 7 Oct 2009<br />
Whanganui 13 Oct 2009<br />
Hawera 20 Oct 2009<br />
Napier/Hastings 21 Oct 2009<br />
Auckland 22 Oct 2009<br />
Manukau 22 Oct 2009<br />
Wellingt<strong>on</strong> 23 Oct 2009<br />
Gisborne 27 Oct 2009<br />
Ruatoria 27 Oct 2009<br />
Whakatane 28 Oct 2009<br />
Rotorua 30 Oct 2009<br />
Hamilt<strong>on</strong>/Hauraki 2 Nov 2009<br />
Invercargill 5 Nov 2009<br />
Dunedin 6 Nov 2009<br />
Whangarei (2) 10 Nov 2009<br />
Christchurch 12 Nov 2009<br />
Waitakere 19 Nov 2009<br />
Kaitaia 20 Nov 2009<br />
Kaikohe 20 Nov 2009<br />
Wellingt<strong>on</strong> (for NGOs) 25 Nov 2009<br />
Wairarapa 25 Nov 2009<br />
70
Appendix C:<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> members<br />
Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essor Sir Mas<strong>on</strong> Durie as Chair <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g>. He is Deputy Vice-Chancellor<br />
at Massey University (Palmerst<strong>on</strong> North) and Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Māori Research and<br />
Development. A psychiatrist by training, Sir Mas<strong>on</strong> is a c<strong>on</strong>tributor to nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
debate <strong>on</strong> a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social policy issues including community, family, educati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
health. He has previously been a Commissi<strong>on</strong>er <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Royal Commissi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Social<br />
Policy (1986–1988) and a Families Commissi<strong>on</strong>er for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Families Commissi<strong>on</strong>. His<br />
particular expertise areas can be broadly described as Māori wellbeing, social policy<br />
and research.<br />
Rob Cooper is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chief Executive <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ngati Hine Health Trust, a Māori-owned<br />
provider <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social services in Northland. He is an appointed member <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Auckland<br />
DHB and Chairpers<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that Board’s Māori Health committee. He has had a l<strong>on</strong>g<br />
career in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> health sector including designing developmental funding pathways for<br />
Māori health sector providers during his roles with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nor<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn RHA and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> HFA.<br />
Rob is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ngati Hine Ngapuhi descent. His particular expertise is in health issues.<br />
Suzanne Snively is a partner <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> PricewaterhouseCoopers. She is an ec<strong>on</strong>omist who<br />
specialises in government, financial services and governance advice to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> private<br />
sector. Before becoming a partner, Suzanne served as a director <strong>on</strong> several Boards<br />
including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reserve Bank <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> New Zealand. Her particular expertise areas are<br />
machinery <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> government, funding models and governance.<br />
Di Grennell is Executive Director <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Amokura Family Violence Preventi<strong>on</strong><br />
C<strong>on</strong>sortium. Di is a member <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Domestic Violence Programmes Approvals Panel<br />
and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sec<strong>on</strong>d Māori <str<strong>on</strong>g>Taskforce</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Whānau Violence. Her particular expertise<br />
area is family violence preventi<strong>on</strong>, including working with youth, programme<br />
development, provider training.<br />
Nancy Tuaine <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Te Atihaunui a Paparangi (Whanganui) is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> manager<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whanganui River Māori Trust Board and a member <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Whanganui DHB.<br />
Her particular expertise is in health and social services.<br />
71
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