RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

78 ing two landraces, Haini Kirei and Zongo), Haini Kirei, Guerguera, and Tamangagi ( I N R A N 1985). Variety I T M V 8304, released in Niger, is an example of using germplasm from within its region. This variety was selected from a gene pool constituted from Ankoutess (of Niger), Souna (Mali), and Iniadi (Burkina Faso/Togo) landraces ( I N R A N 1985). The first world collection assembled in India was successfully used in Nigeria to form populations, and in Uganda it was separated into restorers and nonrestorers to form appropriate recurrent selection bulks (Peters 1967). Two composite populations formed at the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) of the Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, represent an efficient use of germplasm (F.H. Kadr, personal communication). The Nigerian Composite, now a released variety in Nigeria, was formed from 200 S 4 progenies derived from 275 accessions from Nigeria, and 54 from other West African countries. The World Composite was constituted from 144 S 4 progenies derived from over 1000 accessions of the first world collection, and East African and Nigerian Gero collections. At ICRISAT, the World Composite was used to breed a high-yielding and downy mildewresistant variety, WC-C75 ( I C M V 1), which was released for general cultivation in India in 1982 (Andrews et al. 1985a). Pioneering work on the transfer of the d 2 dwarfing gene into populations was carried out by Chantereau and Etasse (1976). The variety Souna II was crossed with 11 dwarf lines from India, 3 from Tifton, Georgia, USA, and a partially dwarf line, 1472. The subsequent population served as a donor of the d 2 gene for the conversion of three tall populations Souna, Haini Kirei, and Ex Bornu, into dwarf versions. These are known as 3/4 populations, (e.g., 3/4 Souna), because only 1/4 of the genes are from the donor. Recently, the d 2 dwarfing gene has been introduced into seven tall composites which have been used in the recurrent selection program at I C R I S A T . Preliminary yield trials have indicated that the d 2 dwarf versions of some of these composites have the potential to yield as much as, and even outyield, their respective tall counterparts (Andrews et al. 1985b). These now make available a broad genetic base in a dwarf background for further exploitation to breed dwarf open-pollinated varieties, and dwarf hybrid parents. The most useful germplasm to supply desirable variability to breeding programs has come from Iniadi, a prominent, productive, bold-seeded, and early-maturing landrace that is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Togo. This material was used in the formation of composites of the Serere series, and the male-sterile line Serere 10LA ( E A A F R O 1974). Male-sterile Serere 10LA was used in the production of the current commercial Indian hybrid M B H 110. This material also forms the basis for dwarf, large-seeded, male-sterile lines bred at Kansas State University, USA. These were supplied to ICRISAT, where further selections for downy mildew resistance were made. Two of these malesteriles, 843 A ( I C M A 2) and 842 A ( I C M A 3) were recommended by the A l l India Coordinated Millet Improvement Program ( A I C M I P ) for general use as seed parents (ICRISAT 1985). A further male-sterile line, 834 A ( I C M A 4), was bred at I C R I S A T from SIOLA. Two varieties derived from a Togo population, ICTP 8202 and ICTP 8203, were among the highest-yielding varieties across 11 locations in India in the ninth ICRISATcoordinated International Pearl Millet Adaptation Trial ( I P M A T 9). In Sudan, variety ICTP 8202 yielded 30% more than the local control Bayuuda, and has been promoted for on-farm trials ( I C R I - SAT 1985). Serere material also formed the basis for a variety, Ugandi, released for general cultivation in Sudan. Ugandi was selected from Serere Composite-2 (Jain 1981). In India, a variety called improved Ghana (later renamed as Pusa Moti), which is now lost, was bred from Ghana/Togo material (Joshi et al. 1961). In West Africa, descendents from Togo x Souna (Mali) crosses have been used extensively as parental material for composites from which varieties have been derived. In Burkina Faso, progenies derived from the photoperiodsensitive local Kapelga * Iniadi cross are proving to be of immense value (Lohani 1985). At ICRISAT, in a program to utilize new sources of genetic variability by hybridization, the largest variation in the segregating generations has generally been found in crosses between Indian and African material. Indian landraces, or lines from Indian millet breeding programs, have mainly served as sources of earliness, higher tiller numbers, superior harvest index, and local adaptation, whereas African material has been a good source of high head volume, large seed size, and disease resistances. Among African material, early groups have proved more promising in crosses at I C R I S A T than late, photoperiod-sensitive groups. An investigation into the pedigrees of about 1700 promising lines pedigreeselected up to the F 8 generation showed that the breeding populations and lines contributed much
more to useful genetic diversification than landraces. A general picture emerges of the great value of African material to the Indian breeding program. Moreover, African materials have been of most use when in the form of breeders' lines or populations, even though such materials have often only been selections from local landraces (Andrews et al. 1985b). The development of effective disease resistance screening techniques for downy mildew (Williams et al. 1981), smut (Thakur et al. 1983), and ergot (Thakur et al. 1982) has permitted the identification of several resistant sources (ICRISAT 1985). Accession IP 2696 (Ligui) from Chad is used extensively to establish infector rows in downy mildew nurseries. The lack of disease screening facilities in most programs (with dependence on natural, erratic incidence) has prevented the effective utilization of resistant sources. Use was made of the smut-resistant screening nursery and smut-resistant lines to form the Smut Resistant Composite. I C M V 82132, derived from this composite, is currently in A I C M I P trials. For rust, two sources of resistance are available (Andrews et al. 1985c, Hanna et al. 1985). Conclusion Geographic and genetic diversity in pearl millet is enormous and the most important task of collection is nearly accomplished. Genetic erosion in the classic sense, replacement of landraces by improved varieties, does not pose an immediate danger to landraces in West Africa. On the contrary, decreasing rainfall and consequent droughts over the last 15 years, and infestations by pests and birds are indeed leading to significantly reduced variability among traditional varieties. Examples are provided by the near extinction of the landrace Thiotande in Mauritania and Senegal, and replacement of Souna in Mali because of attacks by cantharides and birds. Collection and preservation of variability should be undertaken as soon as possible in areas where genetic resources are under threat. Accessions in the pearl millet gene bank at I C R I - SAT are maintained by bagging several heads and forming gemplasm pools, evaluated using the descriptors list (IBPGR-ICRISAT 1981), and are documented. Seed from this gene bank is freely available to scientists throughout the world. A broad genetic base is important to breeding programs: it determines the potential and adaptation of future varieties. The use of genetic resources to improve pearl millet has been limited until recently. The examples cited indicate the opportunities available to broaden the genetic base and the potential to identify superior parents in collections. With the availability of appropriate screening methods, and identification of resistances to biotic and physical stresses, use of genetic resources will significantly expand and contribute to millet improvement programs. Breeders must now assign resources and time to systematically introduce new germplasm and broaden the base of their programs. What is done now will determine the potential of pearl millet as a crop in the future. References Andrews, D.J., Gupta, S.C., and Singh, P. 1985a. Registration of WC-C75 pearl millet. Crop Science 25:199-200. Andrews, D.J., King, S.B., Witcombe, J.R., Singh, S.D., Rai, K . N . , Thakur, R.P., Talukdar, B.S., Chavan, S.B., and Singh, P. 1985b. Breeding for disease resistance and yield in pearl millet. Field Crops Research 11:241-258. Andrews, D.J., Rai, K . N ., and Singh, S.D. 1985c. A single dominant gene for rust resistance in pearl millet. Crop Science 25:565-566. Appa Rao, S. 1978. Collection of pearl millet in Rajasthan. Genetic Resources Unit Progress Report no. 4. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (Limited distribution.) Appa Rao, S. 1979a. Pearl millet collection in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Genetic Resources Unit Progress Report no. 10. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (Limited distribution.) Appa Rao, S. 1979b. Germplasm collecting mission to Malawi. Genetic Resources Unit Progress Report no. 2. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (Limited distribution.) Appa Rao, S. 1980a. Germplasm collecting mission to Zambia. Genetic Resources Unit Progress Report no. 25. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (Limited distribution.) Appa Rao, S. 1980b. Progress and problems of pearl millet germplasm maintenance. Pages 279-282 in Trends in genetical research on Pennisetums (Gupta, V.P., and Minocha, J.L., eds.). Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab Agricultural University. 79
Page 2 and 3:
Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5:
Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7:
Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9:
Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11:
tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12:
Opening Session
Page 15 and 16:
globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18:
Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20:
area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22:
apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24:
Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26:
levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28:
Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31:
Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33:
The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35:
900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37:
population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39:
Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88: lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140: Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144:
Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146:
possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148:
selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149:
Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153:
Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157:
Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161:
Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163:
2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165:
however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167:
Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169:
in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171:
Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173:
Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175:
(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177:
Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179:
ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181:
Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183:
References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185:
Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187:
Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189:
antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191:
Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193:
Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195:
Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197:
184
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
188
Page 202 and 203:
190
Page 204 and 205:
192
Page 206 and 207:
194
Page 208 and 209:
Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211:
eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213:
200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215:
Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217:
References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220:
Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222:
located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224:
They are not strong competitors in
Page 225:
Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229:
Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233:
much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235:
over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237:
224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239:
The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241:
228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243:
Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246:
Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250:
• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252:
in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254:
ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256:
stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257:
Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261:
919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265:
Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268:
Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270:
1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272:
a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274:
Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276:
tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278:
as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280:
Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282:
Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284:
15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286:
Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288:
Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290:
Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291:
Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296:
Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298:
Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300:
La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302:
processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304:
Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306:
Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308:
cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310:
Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312:
of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314:
Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316:
available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318:
Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320:
with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322:
Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324:
diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326:
Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328:
promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330:
69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331:
un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336:
Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338:
• those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340:
Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341:
ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346:
Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350:
Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352:
Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353:
Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358:
Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360:
Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362:
M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364:
S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
show all

RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?