RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 3. Maturity period variation of West African millets in different geographic regions. 1 Country Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Ghana Guinea Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Togo Early (70-90) Ignati Nara Iniadi - Nara - Souna Boudouma Ba Angoure Gero Souna Ignati 1. Based on Clement 1985a. Maturity group (d) Intermediate (90-120) - Haini Gouri Mouri - - Tiotioni Haini Kirei - - - Late (120-180) Amala Kazouya Ouine - - Moutiri Sanio Soumno Maiwa Sanio Amala Variability exists for all other agronomic characters of interest to breeders: • tillering ability (Moro of Cameroun, Boudouma of Niger, and all Indian millets), • head length (from 4 cm in oasis millets to 2 m in Zongo of Niger), • head shapes differ greatly, and form a basis for classification after maturity. They range from lanceolate, cylindrical, conical, club, fusiform, to globular types, • head girth (Ankoutess of Niger), • peduncle length (Iniari millets as a class), • grain size (up to 19 g 1000 -1 in accessions from Ghana and Togo), and • grain shape (hexagonal, obovate, elliptical, globular). Bristle length and number also vary. The range observed for all of the qualitative characters scored in the world collection is as large as the range described in the IBPGR-ICRISAT descriptor list (1981). Genetic Diversity Studies on genetic diversity using statistical techniques such as principal component analysis help to identify regions of maximum diversity, and to group accessions for effective utilization and maintenance (Pernes et al. 1984). One of the first attempts to analyze genetic diversity in pearl millet was by Murty et al. (1967) using the first IP collection. They studied eight characters and found that major variability occurs in Africa, and that accessions from India showed low but distinct diversity. Bilquez and Sequier (cited by Marchais 1975) analyzed genetic diversity in a West African collection and found that millets from Niger and Senegal are not distinct and were characterized by early maturity and long to medium-long heads (30-150 cm). Accessions from Burkina Faso formed a single group characterized by a long maturity cycle and short heads (20-40 cm). Iniadi, the early millet from the southern region and the long-cycle Ouine from Nouna region formed distinct groups. The Malian collection was split into two groups: the Niafunke- Timbouctou region and the Dogoun plateau. Oasis millets such as Massue of Mauritania, and Faya and Ligui of Chad, were grouped together. Bono (cited by Marchais 1975) analyzed 11 characters of pearl millet from six West African countries. Millets from Senegal and Niger were grouped together, and the second group contained those from Mali, the Ivory Coast, Mauritania, and Burkina Faso. There seemed to be a transition from long to short heads on the east-west axis and thin to thick heads with large girth on the south-north axis. Accessions from Senegal and Ivory Coast were characterized by compact heads and small grains, and those from Niger and Burkina Faso by semicompact heads and large grains. Within Niger, Ankoutess formed a distinct cluster, and types Zongo, Haini Kirei, and Matam Hatchi were grouped together. As expected, both the long cycled Maiwa and Soumno types formed one group. Maximum diversity was found in Niger characterized by semicompact heads and large grains. Those from Senegal were characterized by intermediate head length (30- 60 cm) and compact heads with small grains, while those from Mali had short heads with intermediate head girth. Accessions from Burkina Faso possessed thin, semicompact heads with large grains, and those from the Ivory Coast had compact heads with small grains. Marchais (1982) found that Malian and Senega- 74
lese millets constitute two distinct groups. In Mali, there is a strong regionalization on a north-south axis, and accessions are relatively more diverse. Surprisingly, this study found that the millets of western Mali do not constitute an intermediate group, but are distinct and unrelated to the Senegalese millets. There is a need for more systematic research on diversity, particularly to include new collections that have recently been added. Maintenance of Accessions The principal objective of genetic resources maintenance is to obtain from the first grow-out, a crosspollinated and representative sample of the original accession, and seed in sufficient quantities for subsequent evaluation, distribution, and storage. The subsequent maintenance determines the extent of original variability that will be conserved within an accession. Recently Burton (1979, 1985) suggested three ways to increase and maintain accessions of crosspollinated crops: intercrossing, selfing, and pooling. Intercrossing. Increase by intercrossing 100 or more plants in isolation, would maintain an accession close to the original form in which it was collected. Unfortunately, because the number of isolations is limited, hand intercrossing has to be used. This should involve maximizing the intercross between 100 or more plants, and minimizing outcrossing with other accessions. Pollinating one receptive head on each plant with a mixture of pollen from the rest of the plants is an effective method of intermating. At I C R I S A T , to avoid hand pollination, a cluster-bagging method was used to allow cross pollination. In this method, 10 equally spaced plants were planted in a cluster, and 20 clusters were grown for each accession. At flowering, one head from each plant within a cluster was enclosed in a paper bag, and at harvest an equal quantity of seed of each of the heads under the bag was bulked to constitute an accession (Appa Rao 1980b). In later years, this method was discontinued and was replaced by sowing the plants in rows and bagging heads from adjacent plants. Enclosing heads of several plants under one bag will intermate only those that flower at the same time. They will be isolated from others, with which they would have intermated in an isolated field, with a resultant undetermined amount of selfing (Burton 1983). Selfing. Burton (1983) suggests that selfing, particularly of those plants that are used to describe an accession, is the best way to obtain large amounts of seed of a new accession. Selfing to produce S 1 seed offers a number of advantages: it requires less labor and time, is less likely to produce outcrosses, retains genes responsible for classification, uncovers recessive genes better than other seed increase methods, and can be used to screen for both dominant and recessive genes. Compared with intercrossing, plants grown from seed produced by selfing may have altered seed set and size, and plant vigor. Pooling. The third method to increase and maintain accessions, is to form gene pools which are constituted by mixing together seed from a number of similar accessions (in pearl millet, as in many crops, accessions collected from any one region tend to be alike). The mixture is planted in an isolated field to intermate and seed is harvested from a part or all of the plants. Burton (1979) states that germplasm pools that are increased each year and contain many accessions offers an easy way to handle germplasm. It breaks linkages, increases gene interchange, and may improve adaptation. However, Burton (1976) found that advancing five germplasm pools for three generations has narrowed the phenotypic variability of the original pool, lost genes, and obscured "hard to recover characteristics". To overcome loss of phenotypic variability in gene pools, Witcombe (1984b) suggested dividing accessions into pools on the basis of morphological characters and region of origin. The first step is to evaluate the accession and use the results to create trait-specific gene pools (TSGs) based on characteristics such as head length, seed size, and height. The TSGs are formed from accessions of a country or region, since they tend to be similar, thus insuring that only accessions of similar daylength sensitivity are pooled. As mentioned previously, multivariate analysis would provide the best basis of forming TSGs. Each TSG consists of a number of selected accessions which are mixed in equal proportions and maintained as a bulk by growing them as a single isolated population with natural crossing. For genetic resources purposes TSGs are best maintained by subjecting them to minimum selection pressures. By allowing natural selection to operate, adaptation to local conditions is improved. Using this approach, a TSG for large grain size has been formed at ICRISAT. Choosing a method. The choice of the method to maintain accessions depends on the objective, number 75
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85: Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 89 and 90: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136: Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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192
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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