RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 1. Pearl millet germplasm collected from 1980-85. Country Year No. of samples Participating national program Africa Botswana Burundi Cameroon Gambia 1980 1982 1983 1985 1980 47 2 20 330 1 17 Dept. of Agric. Res., Gaborone Min. of A g r i c , Bujumbura Inst. of Agron. Res., Maroua Inst. of Agron. Res., Maroua Dept. of A g r i c , Banjul Ghana Malawi Mozambique Nigeria 1981 1979 1981 1981 1983 135 277 15 15 390 C R I , Kumasi & GTZ, Tamale Min. of A g r i c & Nat. Res., Ngabu I N I A , Maputo Inst. of A g r i c . Res., Samaru Inst. of A g r i c Res., Samaru Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan 1983 1979 1982 1979 1983 59 3 30 19 7 Min. A g r i c , Free Town Min. of A g r i c Mogadishu Res. Inst. for Grain Crops, Potchefstroom & Bot. Res. Inst., Pretoria Gezira A g r i c Res. Stn., Wad Medani Gezira A g r i c Res. Stn., Wad Medani Tanzania Yemen Arab Rep. Zambia 1978 1979 1981 1985 1984 1980 1982 1985 63 102 13 12 10 25 63 340 Univ. of Dar es Salaam, A R I (Ilonga) Min. of A g r i c , Dar es Salaam Min. of A g r i c , Dar es Salaam T A R O , Dar es Salaam Min. of Agric. & Agric. Res. Auth., Taiz Min. of A g r i c & Water Devpt., Lusaka Res. & Spe. Ser., Harare Res. & Spe. Ser., Harare 1. Material yet to be released is erratic, and selection by farmers has been towards two broad groups, early and late, as an attempt to provide stable production. Earliness and lateness are relative depending on the region. There is a northsouth gradient for earliness, but early millets are not only confined to northern parts of the Sahel, but are also intercropped in wetter regions of the Sudanian Zone. In West Africa, approximately 80% of millet production is from early varieties. Information on geographic diversity of pearl millet has recently been summarized for nine West African countries (Clement 1985a), Botswana (Rao and Mengesha 1980), Ghana (Appa Rao et al. 1985b), Malawi (Appa Rao 1979b), Mauritania (Clement 1985b), Nigeria (Appa Rao et al. In press), Tanzania (Appa Rao and Mengesha 1980), Zambia (Appa Rao 1980a), Zimbabwe (Appa Rao and Mengesha 1982), and, following collection missions, for millets from Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh in India (Appa Rao 1978, 1979a; Appa Rao and Reddy 1980). In West Africa, farmers traditionally cultivate a particular landrace in any given region, but the variability within individual landraces is low. Landraces are called by different names depending on the ethnic group and region. For example, Haini Kirei, the predominant landrace of western Niger, is also called Foulania, Aderankobi, Henele, and Tiouma (Clement 1985a). Excluding the millets of the oasis, the early group matures in 70-90 d, the intermediate group in 90-120 d, and the late group in 120-180 d (Table 3). The oasis millets of West Africa and North Africa and the desert types from Rajasthan and Gujarat (India) have a short cycle of 60 d and represent day-neutral millets. The landraces Djanet of Hoggar province of Algeria, and Faya and Ligui of Chad are oasis millets (Gast and Adrian 1965). The Chadi type from Rajasthan and Bhilodi of Gujarat represent desert types, and the Pittaganti type, grown by the hill tribes of the Eastern Ghats, represents an early type in India. 72
Table 2. Pearl millet accessions assembled at I C R I S A T Center (as of December 19S5). No. of accessions assembled by: Country Rockefeller Foundation ICRISAT/ IBPGR/ O R S T O M Plant Introduction (USA) National Programs Total Africa Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde 0 0 22 0 0 40 45 365 191 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 45 387 191 1 Cent. Afr. Rep. Chad Congo Ethiopia Gambia 0 62 3 1 0 58 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 62 3 1 13 Ghana Kenya Malawi Mali Mauritania 1 2 2 39 1 245 67 243 1003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 246 69 245 1042 1 Mozambique Morocco Niger Nigeria Senegal 0 0 36 282 27 28 3 997 777 334 0 0 0 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 3 1033 1145 361 Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Tanzania 0 0 10 2 0 55 3 87 557 138 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 55 3 115 559 138 Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Source unknown Subtotal 0 48 0 2 11 551 75 0 81 97 0 5503 0 0 0 26 0 124 0 0 0 50 0 56 75 48 81 175 11 6234 Asia India Korea Lebanon Pakistan Turkey USSR Yemen Arab Rep. Subtotal 793 1 71 5 0 0 0 870 2720 0 0 0 0 14 17 2751 24 0 0 3 1 0 0 28 7600 0 0 0 0 0 0 7600 11 137 1 71 8 I 14 17 11 249 Europe U K West Germany Subtotal 0 0 0 27 1 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 I 28 The Americas Brazil Mexico USA Subtotal 0 0 48 48 0 7 0 7 1 0 42 43 0 0 8 8 1 7 98 106 Australia Total 0 1469 0 8293 0 195 0 7664 4 17 621 471 accessions from 5 countries are awaiting release from plant quarantine authorities. In addition 330 accessions from Cameroon were collected recently. 73
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35: 900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 87 and 88: lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110: the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114: Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116: ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117: Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121: Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123: S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125: Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127: Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129: Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131: 6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134: Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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