RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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N = 7 gamete with some A* chromosomes that unite with an N = 7 gamete from pearl millet. If the gamete from the hexaploid with the A' chromosomes has fertility restorer genes, the resultant BC plant is male fertile. The fertile AA' plants have been produced repeatedly, but not consistently at the same frequency, from the same hexaploid plants. There are apparently unknown factors (such as environmental) that could affect the production of N = 7 gametes from the hexaploids. The A' chromosomes from napiergrass have contributed excellent genetic variability for inflorescence and plant types, maturity, and fertility restoration of the A, cytoplasm. Those interested in more information on the triploid hybrids should consult Jauhar (1981) and Muldoon and Pearson (1979). Most interspecific hybrids in the tertiary gene pool in Pennisetum, as in most genera, have been produced for studying species relationships and chromosome behavior. Wide crosses made in Pennisetum are summarized in Jauhar (1981) and Rachie and Majmudar(1980). In 1978 researchers at Tifton began a program to transfer genes controlling apomixis from the wild species in the tertiary gene pools to pearl millet, with the objective of producing true-breeding hybrids to fix hybrid vigor. Most of this research over the past 6 years is summarized in Hanna and Dujardin (1985). Briefly, apomictic but highly sterile interspecific hybrids were first produced between pearl millet and (1) apomictic triploid (2n = 3x = 27) P. setaceum (Hanna 1979), and (2) tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) P. orientate (Dujardin and Hanna 1983a, Hanna and Dujardin 1982). Although, the interspecific hybrids were vigorous, these species as a source of genes for apomixis were not pursued because of the high sterility and poor expression of apomixis. A hexaploid (2n = 6x = 54) species, P. squamulatum, was the third species which was tried in the germplasm transfer program. Logically, crosses between pearl millet and this species should be the least successful, because of the polyploid nature of P. squamulatum, and a previous report on a single pearl millet x P. squamulatum hybrid indicated the hybrid was highly male and female sterile. Research on P. squamulatum showed that this species was an obligate apomict (Dujardin and Hanna 1984) and that when tetraploid pearl millet was used in a crossing and backcrossing program, hundreds of partially male-fertile, obligate apomictic, interspecific hybrids and BC derivatives (Fig. 2) could be produced (Dujardin and Hanna 1983b, 1985a). Double-cross hybrids (Dujardin and Hanna 1984) and trispecific hybrids (Dujardin and Hanna 1985b) between pearl millet, napiergrass, and P. squamulatum have also been produced (Fig. 2) for use as 'bridges' to transfer germplasm. Up to this stage, the objective of producing an apomictic pearl millet has been accomplished primarily by manipulating entire genome sets. At this stage, it is necessary to transfer genes, pieces of chromosomes and/or single chromosomes of a genome to pearl millet. To accomplish this, cytological and genetic techniques, gamma radiation, and cell culture techniques are being used in cooperation with Dr. Peggy Ozias-Akins in Dr. Indra Vasil's laboratory at the University of Florida. The cytoplasm of P. schweinfurthii has also been transferred to pearl millet by pollinating P. schweinfurthii x pearl millet hybrids with pearl millet pollen (Hanna and Dujardin 1985). Studies are continuing on effects of the exotic cytoplasm on pearl millet. The entire wild germplasm transfer program involves observing as well as discarding thousands of interesting plants. If every interesting plant or progeny were pursued, there would be no time to accomplish the main objective, which at Tifton is to produce an apomictic pearl millet. An alternative to discarding seed is its long-term storage when possible. Novel and Future Techniques for Germplasm Transfer Biotechnology techniques could possibly have the greatest impact in the future transfer of traits from the secondary and tertiary gene pools or from other genera to pearl millet. These techniques will involve transferring pieces of D N A from a wild species source to protoplasts of pearl millet by using vectors or such techniques as electrophoration. These techniques are most effective when biochemical markers (not yet identified in Pennisetum) are linked to the gene being transferred and when subsequent transformed protoplasts can be regenerated into plants (not presently possible in Penmsetum). However, plants can be regenerated from suspension cultures of pearl millet (Vasil and Vasil 1981a) and pearl millet * napiergrass hybrids (Vasil and Vasil 1981b). It will only be a matter of time before the necessary techniques are developed. This time period will be greatly shortened if geneticists, cell biologists, and molecular biologists cooperate and work together. In the meantime, development of efficient screening methods for desired traits and improved methods for speeding up the backcrossing process need to 39
Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum americanum) 2n = 14, sexual X P. squamulatum 2n = 6x = 54, apomictic n = 4x = 28, sexual X P. squamulatum 2n = 6x = 54, apomictic No hybrids 2 F 1 i n t e r s p e c i f i c h y b r i d s 2 2n = 41, sexual or apomictic Pearl m i l l e t X apomictic 2n = 14 Pearl m i l l e t X napiergrass X apomictic 2n = 6x = 42, sexual Pearl m i l l e t X apomictic 2n = 4x = 28 BC 1 (2n = 27 or 28) 3 Male and female s t e r i l e T r i s p e c i f i c hybrids 2n = 40 or 41 Apomictic or sexual Male f e r t i l e or male s t e r i l e BC 1 2n = 35 (Range 2n = 32 to 39) 3 Male f e r t i l e or male s t e r i l e apomictic or sexual 1. Dujardin and Hanna (1984) 2. Dujardin and Hanna (1983b) 3. Dujardin and Hanna (1985) 4. Dujardin and Hanna (1983a) 5. Dujardin and Hanna (1985b) Figure 2. Interspecific hybrids between pearl millet and Pennisetum squamulatum and backcross derivatives. continue. Techniques and chemicals that will alter the genome structure and arrangement in pollen cultures or suspension cultures, or both, would be very helpful to manipulate germplasm of wild species to improve pearl millet. Future Research on Wild Relatives Currently the greatest need in wild Pennisetum research is to adequately and systematically collect the wild species in the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools. The seeds of these accessions need to be increased, dried, and put in long-term storage as well as in working collections for evaluation and use. A partial collection has been assembled at Tifton over the past 3 or 4 years by obtaining a few accessions from various collections around the world. However, this collection does not represent all species nor the genetic diversity of the genus. Collecting, increasing, and storing the wild germplasm requires tremendous amounts of time, resources, and work. Working with some of the species can be quite difficult owing to, for example, short-day sensitivity, small seed size, and self-incompatibility. But the collection, increase, and evaluation must be done. To get it done, all scientists working directly or indirectly with pearl millet must cooperate. In germlasm use and transfer research, the primary gene pool (monodii and stenostachyum) appears to have the greatest immediate potential to improve pearl millet with specific traits. Even though these wild, weedy subspecies readily cross with pearl millet and produce fertile progenies, the crossing and 40
Page 2 and 3: Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5: Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7: Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9: Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11: tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12: Opening Session
Page 15 and 16: globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18: Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20: area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22: apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24: Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26: levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28: Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31: Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33: The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35: 900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88: lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108:
Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300:
La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
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