RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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subspecies is an excellent source of genes for high resistance or immunity to every pest on pearl millet and for improved yield. Monodii identification is sometimes confused with P. pedicellatum and P. polystachyon (both 2n = 36 or 54), wild species which by causal observation look similar. Based on its morphological characteristics, stenostachyum is an intermediate between wild monodii and pearl millet (Brunken 1977), and probably is a cross between the two. It is reported to have inflorescences 5-150 cm long (Brunken 1977), but the author observed inflorescence lengths range from 8-20 cm Table 1. Chromosome number(s) and gene pool relationships of some Pennisetum species. 1 Pennisetum species americanum (L.) Leeke subsp. monodii (Maire) Brunken (same as violaceum) subsp. stenostachyum (Kloyzcsh ex. A.Br, and Bouche) Brunken (shibra or monodii americanum cross) schweinfurthii Pilger purpureum Schumach. ramosum (Hochst.) Schmeinf. massaicum Stapf. alopecuroides (Linn.) Spreng. atrichum Stapf & Hubb. bambusiforme Hemsl. basedowii Summerhayes & C.E. Hubbard cattabasis Stapf and Hubb. clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. distachyum Rupr. divisum (Forssk. ex Gmel.) Henr. flaccidum Griseb. frutescens Leeke hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud lanatum Klotzsch latifolium Spreng. macrostachyum Trin. macrourum Trin. nervosum Trin. nodiflorum Franch. notarisii Th. Dur. & Schinz, L.C. orientale L.C. Rich pedicellatum Trin. polystachyon (L.) Schult. pseudotrilicoides setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov.) schimpeii Steud. setosum (Swartz) L.C. Rich. squamulatum Fresen. subangustum (Schumacher) Stapf. & Hubb. tempisquense thunbergii Kunth. trisetum Leeke villosum R. Brown ex Fresen Chromosome number 2n 14 14 14 14 28 10 16,32 18 36 36 54 18 36 36 36 18,36 63 18 18 36 54 36 36 18 36,54 18, 36, 54 36,54 36,54 18 27 18 54 54 36,54 72 18 36 18, 36, 54 Gene pool 2 Cultivated 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1. There are many more Pennisetum species but chromosome numbers and gene pool relationships have not been established. 2. Gene pool relationships based on Harlan and de Wet, 1971. 35
in about 30 accessions. Unlike monodii, the involucres are tightly arranged on the inflorescence as in pearl millet. Like monodii, the involucres readily shatter. The dominant species in the fields and roadsides of western Senegal is reported to be ssp. monodii (Brunken 1977). This intermediate type should theoretically be found wherever monodii and pearl millet are or have been growing in the same area. Stenostachyum should be almost as good a source of genetic diversity for the same characteristics as monodii, but an exception may be cytoplasmic diversity, since it cannot be determined whether pearl millet or monodii was the female parent (and contributed cytoplasm) in the original cross. Stenostachyum germplasm may be somewhat easier to manipulate since it is partially domesticated. However, the author prefers beginning with monodii in a program to transfer germplasm from a wild to the cultivated species, based on general observations of genetic diversity in the two subspecies. The secondary gene pool (Table 1) has only one known species, P. purpureum or napiergrass (2n = 4x = 28). It is a sexual species. Napiergrass (A'A'BB genomes) has the A genome in common with pearl millet. The author's research has shown that the B genome is dominant over the A' genome and masks genetic variability (consequently phenotypic variability) on the A' genome. Because of this relationship, mutations have accumulated on the A' genome since the beginning of the species with very little selection pressure on the A'. As such, the A'genome should be an excellent source of genetic variability. Napiergrass readily crosses with pearl millet and produces sterile triploid hybrids, but fertility can be induced by doubling the chromosome number of the triploid to produce a hexaploid. Napiergrass is a rhizomatous perennial, with desirable characteristics, e.g., resistance to most pests, vigorous growth, and outstanding forage yield potential. Most of these characteristics appear to be on the B genome. Interspecific hybrids with pearl millet have immediate forage potential but can also be used as bridges to transfer genes from napiergrass to pearl millet. The tertiary gene pool includes the remainder of the wild Pennisetum species (Table 1). Examples of species in this group can be found in Jauhar (1981) and Stapf and Hubbard (1934). Crosses between these species and pearl millet are difficult, but are sometimes possible with special techniques. Interspecific crosses are usually highly male and female sterile, but fertility can be induced through chromosome manipulation. This group includes both sexual and apomictic species that are both diploids and polyploids with base chromosome numbers of x = 5, 7, 8, and 9. There are both annual and perennial as well as rhizomatous and nonrhizomatous species in this group. Most have a protogynous habit of flowering. Some useful characteristics of this group include apomictic reproduction, perennial growth habit, drought tolerance, cold tolerance, pest resistance, and cytoplasm diversity. In addition to agronomic characteristics, this tertiary group has excellent germplasm for basic scientific research. As an example, two species, P. orientale and P. villosum have reported chromosome numbers of 2n = 18, 27, 36, 45, and 54 each for studying polyploidy effects. Using the Wild Species Germplasm from wild species is usually more difficult to manipulate than germplasm within the cultivated species. However, ease of manipulation and success in using germplasm from wild species will vary both within and between species, and can be affected by both genotype and ploidy level. More success can be expected when using wild species to improve a cultivated species if: • objectives are specific (with some flexibility), • a team approach is used, • good screening or selection techniques are available for desired characteristics, • alternative methods are tested, • large populations are studied, • highly heritable characteristic(s) are transferred, and • multiple cycles per year are possible. These factors have helped to make utilization of wild germplasm successful in the Grass Breeding Program at Tifton, Georgia, USA. They also usually become more important as breeding moves from using wild subspecies in the primary gene pool to using wild species in the tertiary gene pool. Until recently, the wild species have not been used to improve pearl millet. In January 1980, the first crosses in the Grass Breeding Program were made in the greenhouse between pearl millet and three monodii (primary gene pool) accessions sent by M. and Mme. A. Lambert, French plant breeders in Senegal. Monodii was used as the female parent to transfer the monodii cytoplasm to pearl millet. The F 1 crosses planted in the field in 1980 segregated for both rust-free (Puccinia substriata var. indica) and leaf spot-free 36
Page 2 and 3: Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5: Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7: Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9: Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11: tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12: Opening Session
Page 15 and 16: globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18: Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20: area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22: apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24: Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26: levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28: Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31: Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33: The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35: 900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45: making it possible to grow a number
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88: lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90: turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92: more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94: Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108:
Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282:
Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358:
Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
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