RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 11. Major production constraints and general production trends (1960-85) of pearl millet in some Indian states. Indian state Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Punjab Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Major production constraints Millet grown on poor and marginal soils. Resource-poor farmers. Erratic rainfall. Uncertain market trends. Erratic and scanty rainfall, diseases, and allocation of marginal land to millet. Inadequate supply of reliable HYV seed at the required time. Poor plant populations and stand establishment. Lack of adoption of suggested agronomic practices such as proper spacing, thinning, filling gaps, weed control, rouging diseased plants, and fertilizer use. Lack of irrigation, timely monsoon rains, improved seeds, and farmers' poor economic conditions. seed not available. High cost of fertilizer limits its use. Lack of proper technology to maintain adequate plant stand and control weeds. Varieties suitable for mixed cropping not available. Downy mildew epidemic in 1984 and 1985, use of marginal land, quality seed not available, local varieties grown widely, ergot susceptibility. Lack of suitable hybrids (BK 560 now susceptible to downy mildew). Stores poorly under ordinary storage conditions; traders dictate prices and buy low. No industries based on pearl millet as for maize and finger millet. Reduced demand due to urbanization and increased income of consumers. Use of local and low-yielding cultivars, delayed sowing, totally rainfed cultivation, low plant populations, local cultural practices, fertilizer not used, plant protection measures not used, crop grown on marginal land. General production trends (1960-85) Production was stable from 1960-70 at almost 300000 t grown on just under 600 000 ha, but increased to 336 000 t on 60 000 fewer hectares when high-yielding cultivars were introduced in 1980. In 1984 production dropped to just over 200000 t as farmers switched to other, higher value, crops. Average yield in 1960-61 was 334 kg ha -1 , which has increased yearly to a record of 1028 kg ha -1 in 1981-82. Possible reasons include use of hybrid seed and recommended cultivation practices. Area remained almost stable, but production was low and fluctuated highly. Compound production growth rate of 1.5%. High-yielding varieties responsible for increased productivity. Possible reasons for increasing production trend: varietal improvement (yield and disease resistance), increased irrigation, and adoption of improved technology. Production area is decreasing as irrigation is introduced in the tract, but production is increasing by use of improved varieties and technology. Area decreasing. Productivity stable at about 500 kg ha -1 , from 1960-65, but doubled 500 kg ha -1 , from HB1 was released. Yields dropped as the hybrids became susceptible to downy mildew in 1971-75, but rose again in 1976-80 as new hybrids were introduced. Yields averaged 1143 kg ha -1 during 1980-85 as more new hybrids and composites were introduced. Decreasing trend from 1962-63 to 1974-75, but increased until 1978-79, from which time the trend has been decreasing again, perhaps due to competition from other crops. Traders reluctant to purchase WC-C75 (replacing BK 560) because they believe it stores poorly. Low yields in 1960-61 probably due to heavy rains. Production trend decreased until 1981-82, then increased. Changes apparently due to seasonal fluctuations. 340
Table 12. Production area and production of pearl millet grain in tonnes and kg ha -1 during 1983-85 in some Indian states. Production area ('000 ha) Production (t) Production (kg ha -1 ) Indian state 1983 1984 1985 1983 1984 1985 1983 1984 1985 Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Punjab Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh 493 1395 781 582 170.6 42 296 954 394 - 848 589 172.2 45 295.8 1040 - 750 456 161.7 59 366.3 954 293 828 1 178 000 506088 221 000 104 902 50 300 375 328 741 000 205 274 - 556 288 319000 122613 55 200 334 261 901 000 _ - 479 250 181 000 125 635 60 000 405 860 955000 596 845 648 380 615 1198 1268 777 521 - 656 542 712 1227 1130 866 - - 639 397 777 1019 1108 1001 Table 13. Rainfall and production in major pearl millet growing regions, in some Indian states. State Area ('000 ha) Production ('000 t) Rainfall (mm) State Area ('000 ha) Production ('000 t) Rainfall (mm) Andhra Pradesh 1 Nalgonda Prakasam Visakhapatnam Anantapur Mahbubnagar Haryana Bhiwani Mohindergarh Hisar Rohtak Jind Gurgaon Karnataka 2 Bijapur Gulbarga Raichur Belgaum 106 58 55 44 43 166 160 101 75 42 55 49 40 16 92 47 88 19 958 741 1125 551 742 324 420 393 597 269 620 680 700 673 900 Madhya Pradesh Chambal Ujjain Indore Gwalior Tamil Nadu 3 South Arcot Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Periyar Salem Madurai Ramnad North Arcot 97 8 47 7 99 78 57 22 19 18 26 21 145 84 67 24 23 22 12 17 650 800 1008 622 599 664 710 650 796 820 1. 1983 data. 2. 1984 data on four districts that encompass 87% of the state's millet-growing area. 3. 1985 data. 341
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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192
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
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Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 357 and 358: Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360: Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362: M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364: S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366: ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368: RA-00110
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