RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 3. Distribution of pearl millet, and rainfall, by district, in some African countries and the USA. Country Africa Botswana Cote d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Kenya Kitui District Machakos District Meru and Embu Districts Malawi Lower Shire Valley Luchenza Phalombe Plain Symon and Neno Karonga and Chitipa Niger 1 Niamey Dosso Maradi Zinder Tahoua Senegal North North central South central Sudan North Kordofan South Darfur North Darfur South Kordofan Zambia Zimbabwe Region I I I (south and southeast borders) Region IV (west and south central) Area ('000 ha) Mainly grown in the northeast Northcentral area Northeast area Northwest area Grown in all areas except eastern and western ends Guinea savanna (late millet) Sudan savanna (late and early millet) - - - - - - 781 646 643 589 439 - - - - - - Western province Southern province - - - 400 1300 1100 1500 - 1200 950 Rainfall (mm)
Table 4. Major constraints to production and general pearl millet production trends (1960-85) in some African countries and the USA. Country Africa Botswana Cote d'lvoire Gambia Ghana Kenya Malawi Niger Senegal Sudan Zambia Zimbabwe USA Major constraints to production Quelea birds, drought. Absence of improved varieties and fertilizer, and crop losses due to diseases and insects. Weeds, untimely availability of inputs, pests and diseases, low rainfall and fertility. Poor soil fertility, erratric rainfall, and downy mildew. Severe drought, armyworms, birds, poor seed set in local cultivars, poor husbandry, and lack of improved seed production and distribution. Lack of improved varieties, competition for land with sorghum, lack of recommendations on major cultural practices. Drought in the beginning and end of crop cycle, sandstorm in the beginning of the cropping season, highly eroded soils depleted of organic matter, damage by birds and pests (Raghuva). Low yield, low grain/straw ratio, drought, diseases, insects, Striga. Low and erratic rainfall, low soil fertility, unimproved cultural practices, unimproved cultivars, insects and pests, socioeconomic constraints. Lack of improved varieties and agronomic practices. Lack of fertilizers, no improved varieties for general release, no hybrids grown yet, not much use for pearl millet, although price is high. Temperature in the Texas panhandle. General production trends (1960-85) Production generally decreased, may be due to drought. From 1960 to 1979 millet production remained static (45 000 t). In 1980-83 it fell to 30000 t, but since 1984 there has been an increase in production due to government policies that have favored millet production. Increasing trend, but fluctuated during some drought years. Production is generally decreasing because of constraints and competition with other cereal crops such as rice and maize. Production about 30000 ha annually, but yields low without improved seed and crop management. Kenya has no dryland seed multiplication agent. Millet production increased following drought because large areas are sown during years following maize failure. Millet production varies considerably from year to year due to the unpredictability of the rainy season and fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of rainfall. Production dropped from 1 325000 t in 1983 to 769000 t in 1984 but rose in 1985 to 1 450 000 t. 475 000 to 750 000 t with an average of 665 160 t or 79.7% of the mean target. In the Seventh Plan, the production target is fixed at 650 000 t. The annual increase in production is 0.62%, lower than that of the population growth (2.8%). Area is increasing, but yield per hectare is decreasing, mainly due to drought, and low soil fertility due to continuous cultivation and low or no fertilizer use. - General production decrease up to 1981 as maize production increased, but millet increased from 1980-85 because of drought. Increase due to demand and new companies producing millet. 335
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
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Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358: Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360: Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362: M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364: S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366: ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368: RA-00110
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