RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 200 1904 1912 1920 1928 1936 1944 1952 1960 1962 1976 Year Figure 2. Annual rainfall variability of Niamey Growing Season The variability in the annual and monthly rainfall opens to question the utility of the traditional practice of describing a crop-growing region using these figures. Average length of the growing season in the millet-growing regions of West Africa ranges from 60 d on the edge of Sahara to 150 d in the south. Of course, in drought years such as 1984, the growing season could be much shorter and lead to crop failure. Long-term daily rainfall data could be analyzed to provide meaningful information on the environmental risks to cropping. For example, the dates of beginning and ending of the rainy season and the length of the growing season have been used to highlight the differences in cropping potential between Kaolack (Senegal), and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), two locations with approximately the same mean annual rainfall (Table 3). The growing season at Kaolack is shorter than that at Ouagadougou by Table 3. Average dates of beginning and ending of rains and length of growing season at Kaolack and Ouagadougou. Location (Rainfall) Beginning of rains Date s.d. 1 Date Ending of rains s.d. Days Length of the growing season s.d. Kaolack (800 mm) 23 Jun 14 27 Sep 12 97 18 Ouagadougou (830 mm) 31 May 16 24 Sep 12 117 21 1. s.d. = standard deviation. 23
20 d. Obviously, crop breeders should pay more attention to the average length of the growing season than to mean annual rainfall. Drought Probabilities Although millet is grown in drought-prone environments, precise information does not exist on the nature of climatic droughts in West Africa during its growth cycle. Assuming that the sowing date coincides with the calculated beginning date of the rainy season (Table 3, for example), the average length of dry periods at 10-day intervals during the crop growth cycle can be computed. Such calculations show that in the millet-growing regions of West Africa, the probabilities of drought are high during the crop-establishment and grain-filling phases. Temperature Ong and Monteith (1985) have shown that temperature has a major effect on the rate at which crops grow. Germination, leaf and spikelet initiation, tillering, and grain filling have been shown to have pronounced differences in their responses to optimum and maximum temperatures. Maximum temperatures vary from 28-42°C during the millet-growing season in West Africa. In the central and southern regions of West Africa, maximum temperatures are generally less than 35°C and sometimes as low as 30°C, whereas in the north they are almost always higher than 35°C. The minimum temperatures range from 15-28°C (Konate 1984). These data suggest that in the northern regions of West Africa maximum temperatures exceed optimum values, especially during germination and grain-filling periods. High air temperatures lead to high soil temperatures. In the sandy soil of Niger, surface soil temperatures (at 2 mm) in June were reported to reach 45-50°C after a rain, which led to low stand survival (ICRISAT 1984a). Soils The major soil type on which millet is grown in the Sahelian zone of West Africa is the coarse-textured soils containing more than 65% sand and less than 18% clay (Swindale 1982). They occur extensively on flat to undulating topography developed under aeolian and alluvial sands. Low fertility, lack of water, and poor physical condition are important constraints to the use of these soils, which are low in organic matter, N, and P (Jones and Wild 1975, Ahn 1970). Soils in Niger for example, are very sandy with the sand fraction usually exceeding 92% (Table 4). The soils are acidic and average water-holding capacity varies, depending upon depth, from 75-150 mm. Poor fertility is a major problem in the sandy soils of the Sahel. Organic matter content and cation exchange capacity of these soils are very low (Table 4). Nitrogen management can be difficult because the soil has a low buffering capacity (Swindale 1982). To produce stable yields, the low phosphorus content of these soils needs to be improved by application of phosphorus fertilizers. Allowing arable land to lie fallow to recover fertility without added fertilizers is a traditional practice followed by subsistence farmers. But the number of fallow years between crops has been reduced because of growing Table 4. Some physical and chemical properties of soils at three locations in the millet growing areas of Niger. Soil characteristics Soil texture (%) Sand Silt Clay p H Water (1:1) K C L Organic matter (%) Total N (%) C:N ratio Phosphorus Total (%) Available P (Bray I) (ppm P) Exchangeable cations (meq 100 g -1 ) Ca M g K Na CEC (meq 100 g -1 ) Base saturation (%) Sadore 1 94 1 5 5.3 4.3 0.2 0.01 10 48 3.2 0.60 0.30 0.06 0.00 0.96 86 1. 13° 18'N 2° 21'E; 560 mm rainfall a -1 2. 13° 5'N 2° 54'E; 600 mm rainfall a -1 3. 11° 59'N 3° 30'E; 840 mm rainfall a -1 Locations Gobery 2 95 3 2 5.2 4.3 0.3 0.02 9 - 2.6 1.00 0.20 0.08 - 1.28 - Gaya 3 66 23 11 5.4 4.9 0.8 0.03 18 84 2.5 2.40 1.00 0.13 0.00 3.53 98 24
Page 2 and 3: Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5: Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7: Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9: Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11: tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12: Opening Session
Page 15 and 16: globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18: Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20: area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22: apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24: Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26: levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28: Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31: Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33: The poor performance in food produc
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84: with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94:
Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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192
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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