RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The poor performance in food production is due in large measure to the very low and sometimes negative rates of growth for the major staples, i.e., millet and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as well as groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) (Table 2). Millet recorded the lowest growth rate of all food crops, except for groundnuts, during the past two decades. Its growth rate of only 0.7% a -1 was substantially lower than the population growth rate of about 2.5% a -1 during the same period. Crop Use Pearl millet grain in Africa is grown primarily for human consumption. There are three primary methods of using the grain: as a grain-like flour (couscous), a dough (to), or a gruel (fura, boule, etc.). In West Africa, millet couscous is eaten mainly by the Peuhl, and is thus common in the regions where they live in Senegal, Gambia, and northern Nigeria. After decortication the grain is pounded into flour. Couscous is made by steaming the flour on a mat over an open pot, then sun drying. At mealtimes the couscous is boiled and served with a vegetable, fish, or meat sauce. Among the other major ethnic groups in the Sahel (Bambara, Germa, Mossi, etc.) millet is more often consumed as to. Millet flour is cooked with water Table 2. Annual growth of major agricultural commodities in sub-Saharan Africa. Commodity 1969-71 to 1977-79 Growth rate a -1 (%) 1977-79 to 1980-82 1969-71 to 1980-82 and an alkaline solution to make a thick paste or dough. The alkaline solution is made from burned millet straw. This is eaten by dipping into a meat or vegetable sauce. To prepare the gruel or porridge (fura, boule, etc.,) millet flour is boiled with water. M i l k , sugar, pepper, or salt may or may not be added. Fura is usually eaten as a secondary meal in the mornings or midday, although in times of scarcity it may be the only meal eaten. At the onset of harvest immature millet heads are occassionally roasted and eaten as a snack. Millet cakes (slightly fermented millet flour deep fried in vegetable oil) are often sold in markets and urban areas. Another minor use of millet is in beer making. Pearl millet straw has a number of important traditional uses in Africa. In areas where millet is the staple food, the straw is the most important building material for granaries and as a fencing material. It is also used to feed cattle and is sometimes harvested and stored for use as livestock feed during the dry season. Environmental Resources of the Area Because of its adaptability to drought, pearl millet is grown in the regions of sub-Saharan Africa which have an alternately wet and dry climate. Since 70% of pearl millet in Africa is grown in West Africa, a major emphasis will be placed on West Africa in this section. The low productivity of pearl millet in Africa is largely due to the harsh environment in which it is grown. Rainfall and soils are the major environmental resources that merit detailed analysis in the efforts to increase millet production. Cereals Maize Millet Rice (paddy) Sorghum Wheat Oil & Oilseeds Coconuts Groundnuts Palm oil Others Pulses Roots and tubers 1.3 1.3 0.4 2.9 1.6 -0.2 0.9 -0.9 2.2 1.1 1.8 Source: World Bank 1984, Table 22. 1.9 0.8 1.6 1.7 3.5 3.9 -0.8 -3.6 1.3 3.8 1.7 1.5 1.2 0.7 2.5 2.1 0.9 0.5 -1.7 2.0 1.8 1.8 Rainfall The bulk of African pearl millet is grown in the regions with annual rainfall ranging from 200-800 mm (Fig. 1). In West Africa, the rainfall gradient is very steep. Rains are usually limited to the summer months of May-Oct, and aridity prevails during the rest of the year. Rainfall in the millet growing regions of Africa is not only low, but erratic. Large variations in time and space occur. The coefficient of variation of annual rainfall ranges from 20-30%. For example, mean annual rainfall in Niamey in Niger is 560 mm 21
23°N 200 400 600 800 800 600 400 600 800 400 200 200 .800 800 600 200 400 600 800 800 600 400 800 Figure 1. Area planted to pearl millet in 1978 in relation to mean annual rainfall ( m m ) in Africa. Each dot equals 20 000 ha (Bidinger et al. 1982). over the last 80 years (Fig. 2), with a coefficient of variation of 26%. Rainfall varies not only annually but also from month to month within the same year. Using the criterion of a mean annual rainfall of 560 mm, Niamey had an above-normal year in 1964, a normal year in 1968, and a below-normal year in 1972. However the rains terminated in early September in both 1964 and 1968 while in 1972 they continued until 18 Oct. These sorts of variations greatly affect crop production. Furthermore, rain in West Africa often occurs in short but intense storms. Rainfall intensities usually range from 20-60 mm h -1 with high values reaching 120-160 mm h -1 . On soils with lower infiltration rates, much of the water from such intense rains could run off, leading to low effective rainfall and heavy soil loss. 22
Page 2 and 3: Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5: Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7: Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9: Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11: tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12: Opening Session
Page 15 and 16: globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18: Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20: area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21 and 22: apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 23 and 24: Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
Page 25 and 26: levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28: Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31: Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 34 and 35: 900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73: Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76: Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77: Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82: Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84:
with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88:
lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90:
turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92:
more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94:
Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108:
Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110:
the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112:
Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114:
Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116:
ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117:
Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121:
Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123:
S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125:
Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127:
Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129:
Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131:
6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134:
Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136:
Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138:
Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140:
Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144:
Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146:
possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148:
selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149:
Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153:
Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157:
Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161:
Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163:
2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165:
however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167:
Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169:
in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171:
Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173:
Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175:
(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177:
Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179:
ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181:
Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183:
References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185:
Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187:
Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189:
antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191:
Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193:
Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195:
Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197:
184
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
188
Page 202 and 203:
190
Page 204 and 205:
192
Page 206 and 207:
194
Page 208 and 209:
Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211:
eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213:
200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215:
Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217:
References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220:
Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222:
located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224:
They are not strong competitors in
Page 225:
Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229:
Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233:
much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235:
over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237:
224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239:
The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241:
228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243:
Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246:
Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250:
• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252:
in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254:
ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256:
stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257:
Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261:
919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265:
Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268:
Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270:
1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272:
a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274:
Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276:
tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278:
as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280:
Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282:
Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284:
15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286:
Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288:
Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290:
Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291:
Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296:
Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298:
Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300:
La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302:
processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304:
Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306:
Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308:
cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310:
Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312:
of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314:
Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316:
available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318:
Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320:
with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322:
Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324:
diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326:
Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328:
promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330:
69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331:
un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336:
Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338:
• those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340:
Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341:
ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346:
Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350:
Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352:
Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353:
Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358:
Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360:
Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362:
M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364:
S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
show all

RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?