RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Preponderence of Downy Mildew of Pearl Millet in Delhi and Haryana (Preponderance du mildiou de mil a Delhi et au Haryana) S.B. Mathur Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, I A R I , New Delhi, India; D.P. Thakur Head, Department of Plant Pathology, H A U , Hisar, Haryana 125 004, India; and Janaki Kandhari Division of Micology and Plant Pathology, I A R I , New Delhi, India Cultivation of pearl millet is economical in the semi-arid tracts of Haryana and Delhi. In recent years, a widely cultivated hybrid, BJ 104, which had displayed a fair degree of field resistance to downy mildew (ScJerospora graminicola) for several years, has shown signs of resistance breakdown, particularly in Haryana. This has been attributed to the appearance of a new pathotype. To determine differences in pathotypes of Haryana and Delhi, 14 selected genotypes drawn from important centers of India were evaluated for their reactions to downy mildew in the DM sick-plots at Delhi and Hisar for 5 years (1980-84). A comparative assessment of mean DM incidence of genotypes over years showed close similarities between results from the two regions, despite considerable differences in weather conditions. It is therefore apparent that the same pathotype of S. graminicola is in the two regions, and that the resistance breakdown of BJ 104 is not due to the appearance of a new pathotype. Sources of Resistance to Downy Mildew from Local Landraces of Pearl Millet (Sources de resistance au mildiou parmi les varietes locales du mil) N.B. Pawar Plant Pathologist, A I C M I P , Bajra Research Station, Paithan Road, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431 001, India and S.S. Ghuge Senior Research Assistant, A I C M I P , Bajra Research Station, Paithan Road, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431 001, India Downy mildew of pearl millet, caused by ScJerospora graminicola, has been the major problem with this crop in India since the 1970-71 epidemic. The high-yielding hybrids succumbed to this disease lowering production substantially. Identification and utilization of host-plant resistance is, therefore, the surest and most feasible means of disease control. Pearl millet landraces provide a wide genetic variability for different traits. After collection from different parts of Maharashtra, 123 landraces of pearl millet were screened at Aurangabad. Entries were screened in a downy mildew sick-plot with infector rows. The screening was repeated in three seasons (1981-83). After scoring, 30 entries were resistant (0-5% severity) and 51 were moderately resistant (6-10% severity). Five selected entries were included in the of A l l India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project multilocational downy mildew nursery in the 1985 season. The results obtained from ICRISAT, Jamnagar, and Aurangabad indicate that these genotypes (Satara 4, UCV 2-4-1, Makhani, Jakharan and RSJ 3) have stable resistance in different agroclimatic zones across locations. These genotypes are relatively early and mature within 90-95 d. 312
Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in Pearl Millet Downy Mildew (Symptomes de rabougrissement et de retablissement ulterieur dus au mildiou du mil) S.L. Ball Plant Pathologist, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 2AT, Berks, UK Stunting is a form of symptom expression exhibited by particular cultivars of pearl millet in response to infection by Sclerospora graminicola. Such cultivars are susceptible to infection by the fungus, but do not permit fungal sporulation and therefore limit disease spread, which gives the crop a considerable advantage over cultivars which allow normal sporulation. Previous evidence showed that stunting was a feature of host genotype, was unaffected by the pathogen genotypes, and was potentially a durable character. However, field reports from India suggest that the stunt character is breaking down. Experiments were conducted to investigate possible explanations for this phenomenon. When a pathogen collection from Zambia was included in tests on a stunt host, hybrid BJ 104, the proportion of stunted plants was repeatedly lower than with other pathogen collections. Consequently there could be elements in the pathogen genotype able to overcome the stunt reaction. Conversely, the incidence of stunting differed between seed stocks of BJ 104 collected from different multiplication sites. Occasionally it was also noted that plants that stunted early may recover. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to compare diseased tissue. Mycelium in stunted plants were deformed and restricted. Treatment with the fungicide metalaxyl produced similar effects on the fungus and treated plants recovered from the disease. The possibility that effects of stunting and metalaxyl on the fungus may be related is discussed. Studies on Pearl Millet Rust (Etudes sur la rouille du mil) K.B. Sharma Agricultural Research Station, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India and V.N. Pathak Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313 001, India Detailed studies were undertaken on five single-spore cultures of Puccinia substriata var. indica, incitant of pearl millet rust in Rajasthan. Preinoculation exposure of the host to high humidity did not influence infection and disease development while postinoculation exposure was found necessary. Incubation period decreased with increasing duration of exposure to high humidity. Maximum disease levels occurred at 22°C. Light was essential for the disease development. The incubation period increased with a decrease in light intensity. The urediniospores survived for 40 weeks in glass vials at 5-8°C, 5 weeks under open field conditions, and 6 weeks under tree shade. When buried in the soil they did not survive for more than 3 weeks. Teliospores remained viable for 9 mo at room temperature, 8 mo under tree shade, and 7 mo under open field conditions. In inoculation tests, Pennisetum americanum and Solatium melongena were found susceptible to the rust pathogen. Loss in grain yield was directly correlated with an increase in the coefficient of disease index (CODEX). A fungicide, Baycor, caused 100% inhibition of urediniospores at 100 g ml -1 in vitro and provided maximum disease control (94.5%) under field conditions. 313
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358: Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360: Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362: M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364: S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366: ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368: RA-00110
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RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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