RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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• ergot : en 1985, plusieurs entrees ont presente une severite inferieure a 1%. Cependant, on ignore les mecanismes genetiques regissant la resistance et les facteurs de l'equilibre dynamique entre l'hote et le parasite. L'etude de ces problemes importants apportera sans nul doute une contribution non negligeable a la lutte genetique contre ces pathogenes. Research on Pearl Millet Varietal Disease Resistance in Senegal (Recherches sur la resistance varietale du mil aux maladies au Senegal) D.F. MBaye Pathologist, ISRA-CNRA, Bambey, Senegal The three major diseases of pearl millet in Senegal are mildew (ScJerospora graminicola), smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae), and ergot (Claviceps fusiformis). The Institut Sen6galais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA) Pearl Millet Pathology Program is currently concentrating on the development or improvement of disease-resistant varieties. The aspects examined included biology and epidemiology of pathogens, screening techniques, and identification of sources of resistance. Biological and epidemiological studies have enabled the development of field-screening techniques and the improvement of inoculation techniques. The improved screening techniques were used to identify sources of resistance and the following results were obtained after 3 years of trials: • Mildew. 612 entries in 1983, 1981 entries in 1984, and 894 entries in 1985 showed resistance. • Smut. In 1983, 192 entries performed well; in 1984, disease severity was less than 10% in 971 entries; and in 1985, 805 entries (48% of the test material) proved to be resistant. • Ergot. In 1985 disease severity was less than 1% in several entries. The genetic mechanisms of this resistance and the factors governing the dynamic host-parasite balance are not yet known. A study of these problems will be extremely useful in genetically controlling these pathogens. The Pathology of Pearl Millet in Nigeria (Pathologie du mil au Nigeria) S.K. Manzo and P.D. Tyagi Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1044, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria Pearl millet is an important food crop in northern Nigeria, second in importance only to sorghum. In Nigeria three types of pearl millet are grown: "gero" millets which are early maturing and photoperiod insensitive, and "maiwa" and "dauro" millets which are photoperiod sensitive. A number of diseases infect these millet types but the three most important diseases at present are downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola), smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae), and ergot (Claviceps fusiformis). Other diseases of minor or localized importance are Phoma leaf spot, Dactyliophora leaf spot, Pyricularia leaf spot, rust, yellow leaf blotch (Pseudomonas sp.), Curvularia leaf spot, pokkah boeng, and maize streak. Striga hermonthica seriously attacks millet in the drier Sudan and Sahel savannah but not in the Guinea savannah. The Striga strain attacking pearl millet also attacks sorghum and maize, but to a much lesser extent. The etilogy of two fungal and one bacterial foliage 310
diseases hitherto undescribed are currently being studied in addition to an undescribed stalk rot. Research in Samaru, Nigeria, has provided evidence of pathogenic variation in Sclerospora graminicola, Striga hermonthica, and Tolyposporium penicillariae. Millet lines resistant to downy mildew, smut, and ergot have been identified in Nigeria. Many millet lines resistant to downy mildew elsewhere are highly susceptible to downy mildew in Nigeria, while those resistant in Nigeria tend to maintain their resistance elsewhere. This and the fact that most other diseases reported on pearl millet elsewhere are found in Nigeria make it an ideal location for international millet pathology research. Research on the Management of Pearl Millet Diseases in West Africa (Recherches sur la maitrise des maladies du mil en Afrique de l'Ouest) J.C. Selvaraj FAO Plant Pathologist, C I L S S / I P M Project, B.P. 1820, Bamako, Mali In West Africa downy mildew and smut cause appreciable yield loss in pearl millet. Ergot is potentially dangerous, but not economically important at present. Seedling establishment failures due to seed and soil-borne pathogens occur sporadically in all millet-growing areas. The long-term management strategy to protect traditional millet production should be through a judicious integration of host-plant resistance, seed treatment, and crop management practices. In Mali, locations where downy mildew is economically important have been identified by annual surveys. Experiments conducted in recent years show that good seedling establishment and control of downy mildew leading to a 12-16% increase in yield can be obtained by seed treatment with an experimental formulation containing 1.5 g metalaxyl + 0.625 g T M T D + 0.625 g Heptachlore a.i. kg -1 of seed. This has been verified and demonstrated through a network of on-farm experiments, and the product is recommended for use in locations where downy mildew is important. But in locations where downy mildew is not important, an experimental formulation containing 0.5 g Benomyl + 0.625 g T M T D + 0.625 g Heptachlore a.i. kg - 1 seed favored good seedling establishment and increased the number of productive tillers leading to a 10-12% increase in yield. This product is superior to the currently used TMTD/Heptachlore. Crop management research indicates that oospores play an important role in downy mildew epidemiology. Cultural practices that reduce oospore production, dissemination, and infection could help reduce downy mildew severity. Only limited success has been obtained in this area, and further studies are in progress. Sporangia may play only a limited, but complementary role in downy mildew epidemiology in certain humid locations in Mali. Sporangial infection can be reduced by frequent removal of all infected seedlings during the first 30 d after sowing. 311
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358: Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360: Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362: M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364: S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366: ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368: RA-00110
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