RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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covariance analysis and to establish the energy requirement for N 2 fixation, and that the crop should be studied as a community of plants. Subba Rao said that in general, leaf area need not be considered for acetylene reduction assay. Relationship between soil temperature and nitrogenase activity is important, but this may not determine the time of inoculation. The possibility of 33° C as optimum for N 2 fixation, may be indirect because the same temperature is also optimum for leaf expansion. It was suggested these factors should be studied further. It was also clarified that nitrogenase activity is maximum around flowering, and is likely to be affected by drought at this stage. Quantification of nitrogen fixed by bacteria was discussed. Under field conditions, it could be 10 kg ha -1 N, but some pot-culture studies using 15 N have indicated that 17% of total plant N at low N levels is derived from the atmosphere by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Subba Rao said that besides fixing nitrogen, these bacteria could have other positive effects on plant growth. Bagyaraj stressed the importance of mycorrhyza in agriculture. He said it is very important to develop methods of culturing mycorrhiza in the laboratory, and until such time, mycorrhiza research may be only of academic interest. Two areas that are not well understood are whether mycorrhiza needs recurring applications, and the residual effects of inoculation. Bagyaraj said that mycorrhiza-infected plants are resistant to parasitic fungi such as Sclerotium, possibly because mycorrhiza produce certain orthodihydroxy phenolic compounds. Krishna presented the mycorrhiza work in progress at ICRIS A T . During the discussions, it was pointed out that currently in Africa, acid treatment of rock phosphate is being tried, and it was suggested that the economics of acid treatment of rock phosphate, and the alternate method of rock phosphate and mycorrhizal fungi need to be established. To a question on the mode of action of mycorrhiza, Krishna said that mycorrhiza do not solubilize rock phosphate, but these fungi exploit more of the available P. Questions were raised on the interaction of mycorrhiza and other plant pathogenic fungi. Krishna clarified that mycorrhiza colonization offers resistance only to root pathogens. He also defined susceptibility, which indicates infection by mycorrhiza, and responsiveness, which indicates plant response. Doubts were raised about whether mycorrhiza produce phytoalexins, and thereby protect roots from root diseases. Subba Rao wondered if there is a genotype x strain interaction, but Krishna said that he is looking for horizontal susceptibility, as in the case of endemic diseases. He also explained that infected roots show greater affinity for P, and mycorrhiza increase the root surface area. Wani said that since one hybrid without mycorrhiza performed well, why not select such lines Krishna clarified that the plant is required to produce less energy per unit surface area explored when inoculated with mycorrhiza, compared to the energy required for root production and nutrient exploration. Tilak summarized the interaction of mycorrhiza and Azospirillum, and said that while inoculation with a mixture is advantageous, mycorrhizal inoculum production is a major constraint. The culture filtrate of Azospirillum enhances the spore germination of mycorrhiza, and it was suggested that this information may help to culture the V A M in the laboratory. Tilak clarified that he used 1500 kg ha -1 inoculum, and the Azospirillum inoculation could contribute about 10 kg ha -1 N, and that the remaining 10 kg ha -1 N could be applied. At higher N levels, Azospirillium has no effect. Subba Rao summarized the session: V A M could be seen inside the root, but cannot be cultured, while in contrast, Azospirillum can be cultured, but cannot be located inside the plant cell. Both microorganisms have immense potential to increase millet production, and in both Indian and African agriculture, inoculation with these microorganisms is very important, and research in this area should be strengthened. Methods to culture mycorrhiza need to be developed immediately. 304
Pearl Millet Production in Drier Areas Characterizing Variability in Rainfall in Arid Zones (Caracterisation de la variabilite pluviometrique dans les zones arides) A.K.S. Huda, Agroclimatologist, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India; S.M. Virmani, Principal Agroclimatologist, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India; and B.V. Ramana Rao Project Coordinator, Agroclimatology Project, C R I D A , Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Pearl millet is extensively grown as a rainfed crop by subsistence farmers mostly in sandy and often shallow soils in areas with 200-800 mm annual rainfall. More than 95% of the world's pearl millet is grown in Africa and South Asia, principally in the Sahelian-Sudanian Zones of West Africa and to the east and southeast of the Thar desert in India. Mean annual rainfall, and the distribution, area, and production of pearl millet in these regions are shown. Inter- and intraseasonal variability in available soil moisture is the major hazard to pearl millet production. Rainfall is erratic as well as low, and the water-holding capacity of soils is typically low to moderate, limiting the possibilities of buffering rainfall fluctuations with stored soil moisture. The latitudinal variation in the distribution of rainfall amounts for selected locations in West Africa is also illustrated. Variability in the long term pearl millet yield in the arid zones of Rajasthan has been related to the onset and withdrawal of the monsoon and the distribution of the seasonal rainfall. Probabilities of different lengths of the growing season are calculated for various locations in India with 200-800 mm annual rainfall. When the annual rainfall is about 300 mm, mean length of the growing season is 8 weeks. In Jodhpur, the probability of 300 mm rainfall is 70%. The mean length of the growing season increases to 12 weeks when the annual rainfall is about 425 mm, but the probability of this amount of rainfall is 40%. Long-term climatic data are analyzed for five selected locations in the arid zones of Rajasthan, and grain yield patterns in these locations are related to the occurrence of water deficits, calculated from the actual and potential evapotranspiration data in different growth stages. 305
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
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Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315: available phosphate level in the so
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358: Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360: Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362: M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364: S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366: ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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