RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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population improvement, three populations, TNSC1, TNSC2, and TNSC3 were bred at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. They were also tested as parents in the hybrid breeding program. TNSC1 and TNSC2 maintained sweetness and showed complete restoration in the hybrid combinations with three standard male-sterile lines. They also possess good agronomic characters. They will be evaluated further before being released as varieties. New Approaches in Forage Breeding in Pearl Millet (Nouvelles approches a la selection des mils fourragers) R.R. Vohra Research Manager, Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company Limited, S. Patel Road, Jalna, Maharashtra 431 203, India An attempt was made to breed pearl millet hybrids exclusively for forage. Hybrid MBFH-1 (Mahyco Bajra Fodder Hybrid-1) has shown significant superior green fodder yield over improved varieties such as L-72 and L-74. Pearl millet fodder type hybrids are fast growing, and in two cuts can give about 501 ha -1 green fodder in 75-80 d. Breeding Pennisetum pedicellatum for Forage (Selection de Pennisetum pedicellatum pour le fourrage) A.P. Singh, P.D. Narain, and S. Saran Ranchi Veterinary College, Kanke, Ranchi, Bihar 834 006, India Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. is a grass species adapted to warm and humid conditions of the tropics and subtropics where its luxurious and nutritious herbage is used to feed animals. Both annual and perennial forms having 2n = 36, 48, and 54 were identified among 38 distinct morphological strains, although plants with 2n = 30 and 53 were also encountered during the course of detailed cytological and embryological investigations. Since P. pedicellatum is essentially apomictic, varietal improvement programs were based on isolating types with more of the sexual rather than the usual aposporic embryo sacs among the facultative apomicts. Strains such as T22 were very promising and, as a result, are presently being extensively exploited to create the desired variability in forage attributes from among crosses between the so-called facultative apomicts with distinct genetic markers. Other tools being adopted are the induction of sexuality by regulating photoperiod responses and mutation breeding. Meiotic irregularities in the progenies seem to be of very little hindrance in advancing the generations once heterotic vigor and desired types have been isolated by clonal selection. This is because apomixis causes the genotypes to breed true. Correlation and factor analysis have indicated positive loading of factor 1 on fodder yield, branch number, tiller number, stem girth, and leaf number, while plant height and leaf length were influenced by factor 2. 300
Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential of Associative Nitrogen Fixation in Rainfed Cereals (Potentiel de la fixation de l'azote par l'association racine-microbes chez les cereals pluviales) P. Tauro Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 12S 004, India Association between cereal plant roots and nitrogen-fixing bacteria has been well documented. Seed treatment with bacteria such as Azospirillum has shown to be beneficial. The mechanism by which cereals derive benefits from such association is, however, not very clear. In India, over 70% of the cropped area is rainfed agriculture, with little or no nitrogen inputs, so yields are low and variable. Pearl millet is grown on sandy soils, generally in rotation with chickpea. Average grain yields range between 200-300 kg ha -1 in Rajasthan, and between 500-600 kg ha -1 in Haryana, with about twice as much straw as grain. Recovered nitrogen under these conditions is 5-20 kg ha -1 . Any contribution from associative nitrogen fixation, however small, would have a greater meaning in this system than in irrigated cereals. Our studies over the past few years have revealed varying levels of nitrogenase activity which differ with genotypes. Marginal yield increases have also been reported from seed treatment with bacteria. Factors Affecting Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Cereals (Facteurs influencant la fixation de l'azote chez les cereales) S.P. Wani Microbiologist, Cereals, 1CRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. Nitrogen fixation is the result of interaction between the host plant, nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the environment. Nitrogen fixation associated with cereals may be improved by manipulating factors that affect the process either individually or in combination. Genotypic variation for stimulating nitrogen fixation has been observed in lines or cultivars of sorghum, pearl millet, and minor millets. Large variability from plant to plant in nitrogenase activity has been observed in the Ex-Bornu population of pearl millet. Work is underway to stabilize high and low nitrogenase activity in this population. Diurnal variation in nitrogenase activity of plants grown in field or greenhouse was observed. The highest level of activity occurred toward the end of the photoperiod. However, such a variation was not observed with plants placed under a constant temperature in the glasshouse. Seasonal variation in nitrogenase activity of plants was also observed and coincided with the biomass development of the plant. Both were highest at flowering. Environmental factors such as temperature, radiation, soil moisture, oxygen partial pressure, and soil factors (e.g., combined N and organic carbon levels) are known to affect nitrogen fixation. Significantly higher nitrogenase activity and better growth of sorghum and millet plants occurred when plants were grown in a mixture of sand and farmyard manure ( F Y M ) than when grown in vermiculite, soil, or a sand and soil medium. Nitrogenase activity and plant growth were greater in a mixture of sand with 2 or 3% F Y M than with 0.5 or 1% F Y M . Activity was higher when the plants were incubated at 33°C or 40°C than at 27°C. Activity also increased with increasing soil moisture. Nitrogenase activity in sorghum plants grown in tubes filled with washed sand was drastically reduced when the plants were regularly fed with a solution of combined nitrogen 301
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
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Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
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919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270: 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358: Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360: Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362: M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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