RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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important pests include Haspidolema melanophthalma Lac., Monolepta goldingi Bry., Anomala distingnenda Blanch., A. mixta Fab., A. tibialis Lans, Delia arambourgi Sequy, Dysdercus superstitio sus Fab., Zonocerus variegatus Fab., and various species of Psallydolytta. The millet stem borer has been the most studied probably because its infestation and damage are the most widespread. Its life cycle, biology, population dynamics, and control measures, have been investigated; even integrated control is being considered. Raghuva, the millet head caterpillar, is a serious pest in areas above latitude 11° N. The major storage insect pests of millet have also been identified and some factors which affect their incidence have been investigated. Areas for future research are suggested. Host-Plant Resistance to Pearl Millet Insect Pests in India (Resistance des plantes-hotes aux insectes ravageurs du mil en Inde) Prem Kishore Entomologist, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India In pearl millet, a crop of low economic value, the most practicable long range solution for insect control lies in breeding high-yielding, resistant cultivars. A systematic approach to host-plant resistance studies to major pests started in 1964 with the establishment of the A l l India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project (A1CMIP). Emphasis is on screening varieties and hybrids for their relative susceptibility to shoot fly (Atherigona approximata) Malloch, stem borers (Chilo partellus Swin., and Sesamia inferens Wlk.), white grub (Holotrichia spp.), grey weevil (Myllocerus spp.), leaf roller (Marasmia trapezolis Guen.), fulgorid (Perigrinus maidis Ashm.), earhead caterpillars (Eublemma sp.) and others. Exactly 2345 accessions from ICRISAT have been evaluated for resistance to these pests, and the IP numbers of the less susceptible entries identified were: Leaf roller — 26, 366, 1176, 1178, 1289, 1302. Fulgorid - 78, 103, 1307, 1362. Earhead caterpillars — 57, 164, 326, 1130, 1316. Whitegrub — 478, 501, 835, 1169. Purilla - 79, 1307, 1395. New sources of resistance such as populations coded by A I C M I P as MP 9, MP 15, MP 31, MP 60, MP 80, MP 86, MP 95, MP 106, and PSB 8 have consistently shown lower levels of damage by shoot fly, stem borer and grey weevil in multilocational trials. Not much information is available on the mechanism of resistance, however, nonpreference for oviposition and antibiosis may be the major mechanism operating. Both nonadditive gene action and complementary gene action are responsible for inheritance of resistance. Lines such as MP 60, MW 5 and MH 107 have shown resistance to stored grain pests. Suitable techniques for screening under artificial infestation conditions and mass rearing of important pests need to be developed. 296
Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pests in Pearl Millet (Resistance des plantes-hotes aux insectes ravageurs du mil) H.C. Sharma Entomologist, Sorghum Group, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India Nearly 500 insect and other animal pests have been reported to feed on pearl millet, of which a few are serious or potential pests on a global or regional scale. Host-plant resistance is the most appropriate tool to keep insect populations below economic threshold levels. Resistance screening and breeding programs may be undertaken against pearl millet insects such as shoot fly (Atherigona approximata Malloch), stem borers {Acigona ignefusalis Hmps., Chilo partellus Swin., and Sesamia inferens Wlk.), armyworms (Mythimna separata Wlk., Spodoptera exempta Wlk., and S. frugiperda J.E. Smith), midge (Geromyia penniseti, Raghuva albipunctella de Joanis, and Eublema spp). A few other insects may be locally important. A strategy to screen for host-plant resistance involving planting dates, use of infester rows, split plantings, hot-spots, controlling other insects interfering in resistance screening, and artificial or no-choice screening has been suggested and discussed. Rearing insects on artificial diets or collecting and carrying diapausing larvae in 2% agar-agar has been suggested to augment natural populations. Sources of insect resistance identified under natural conditions have been listed, and need to be confirmed in multilocational trials. Oviposition nonpreference, and slower rates of development because of morphological barriers or antibiotic factors in the food source may contribute towards host-plant resistance to most insects. Early- and late-maturing cultivars escape Raghuva damage, while compact panicled cultivars tend to be damaged less. Cultivars with a thick cover of anthers suffer higher damage by Heliothis armigera. Presence of awns may be helpful in reducing oviposition and feeding by panicle feeding insects. Discussion The presentations and discussions indicated that the most important insect pests of pearl millet are grey weevil and white grub in Rajasthan; shoot fly, stem borer, and white grub in peninsular India; and spike worm (Raghuva albipunctella) and stem borer (Acigona ignefusalis) in West Africa. Midges, headbugs, blister beetles, and army worms are considered minor pests. Population monitoring of various insects has been conducted using light and pheromone traps, counting insect numbers (eggs, larvae, and pupae), as well as through damage surveys of crops. Peak activity of millet shoot fly (Atherigona approximata) has been recorded during Jul-Sep in peninsular India. A number of alternate host plants have been report-ed for off-season carryover of insect pests. Paragrass is an alternate host of the leaf roller, and a number of grasses are hosts for grey weevils in India and stem borers in West Africa during the off season. Among the various control measures, cultural techniques are advocated to reduce pest populations. Destruction of stems before the rainy season reduces the population carryover of stem borers. Early planting escapes shoot fly damage. A well-fertilized crop is generally attacked less by spikeworm, while the reverse is true for stem borer. Other cultural practices such as intercropping, mixed cropping, and crop rotation help reduce pest infestations. Although a number of predators, parasites, and pathogens have been reported to attack millet pests, their role in reducing pest populations is limited. Bacillus thuringiensis was suggested as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Use of insecticides is a costly way to control insect pests of millet. Although granular application of carbofuran has shown promising results in controlling shoot fly and stem borers, the cost-benefit ratio is yet to be determined. Foliar applications of endosulfan and phosalone are also promising. Drilling BHC with farmyard manure (2:3) in the furrows before planting helps control white grubs. It was suggested that since a 297
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
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stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
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Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358: Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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