RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pests of Pearl Millet in Rajasthan (Insectes ravageurs du mil au Rajasthan) S.K. Verma Entomologist, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342 003, India Pests recorded on pearl millet in Rajasthan, are mostly minor, except white grubs, red hairy caterpillars, leaf weevils, leaf rollers, rutelid beetles and sometimes, earworms. Among root feeders, Holotrichia consanguinea B1. is the most dominant and important white grub. The presence of H. reynaudi (Bren) is not confirmed. Aethus laticollis Wagner is reportedly becoming a major pest. Myllocerus maculosus Desb. is a regular moderately severe foliar pest throughout Rajasthan. The red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moorei Butler, causes heavy losses in young crops but it has not appeared in large numbers after 1979. Marasmia trapezalis Guenn. is usually a moderately severe leaf roller in good rainfall years. Mirid, lygaeid and delphacid bugs are minor pests. Shootfly, Atherigona approximata Mall., though reported, is generally absent on pearl millet. Autoba silicula (Swin.) and Heliothis armigera (Hb.) feed on ripening grains. Rhinyptia spp. beetles are important pests on milky grains of pearl millet. Maggots of Anacamptoneurum obliquum Becker breed in and damage grain in pearl millet heads. Rhizopertha dominica Fab. and Tribolium castaneum Herbst. are the principal storage pests of pearl millet grain. Orius sp. (Anthocoridae, Hemiptera) are predators of thrips and Exorista xanthaspis Wied (Tachinidae:- Diptera) is recorded as a larval parasite of Amsacta moorei Butl. Insect Pests of Pearl Millet in Peninsular India (Insectes ravageurs du mil dans la peninsule indienne) T.K. Murti Entomologist, All India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project ( A I C M I P ) , College of Agriculture, Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra 411 005, India Pearl Millet in India is attacked by a few insect pests which are of local or endemic importance. In peninsular India, the shoot fly (Atherigona approximata Mall.), stem borer (Chilo partellus S.) and white grubs (Holotrichia spp.) are the key pests. The research findings on various aspects of the key pests carried out under the A l l India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project ( A I C M I P ) are summarized. Seasonal activity of the shoot fly indicated that the fly breeds practically throughout the year and is at its peak during July to September. In studies of resistance sources to shoot fly and stem borer, 31 and 36 lines respectively were selected as less suceptible, of which populations coded by A I C M I P as MP 9, 15, 16, 19, 35, 47, 53, and 63, and WC-C75 and PSB 3 showed resistance to both the pests. Seven accessions from the ICRISAT Genetic Resources Unit and 27 lines had also shown resistance to white grubs and grey weevils, respectively, in similar studies. Genetics of pest resistance indicated a greater role of dominance for shoot fly resistance. In addition, 294
cultural practices such as early planting to minimize shoot fly incidence, insecticidal controls (soil application of phorate 10 G and foliar sprays of endosulfan, penthoate) for controlling shoot fly have been suggested. Intercropping with pulses can reduce white grub damage in pearl millet. Insects with a potential for becoming pests in the future have also been identified. Lastly, future lines of research were discussed. Pearl Millet Entomology Research in Senegal (Recherches sur l'entomologie du mil au Senegal R.T. Gahukar, V.S. Bhatnagar, W.S. Bos, Project CILSS/FAO de lutte integre, Secteur Centre Sud BP 199, Kaolack, Senegal and M . NDoye Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles (IS<strong>RA</strong>) Centre National de la Recherche Agronomique, BP 51, Bambey, Senegal Pearl millet is a major food crop in Senegal, and is attacked by about 100 insect pests. The damage severity mainly depends upon the climatic conditions and coincidence between the abundance of pest populations and vulnerable growth stage of the millet crop. Surveys of insect pests and their natural enemies were undertaken and their importance under subsistence farming conditions was evaluated. The stem borers (Acigona ignefusalis) Hmps. and spike worms (Raghuva albipunctella) De Joannis are considered as key pests. Considerable losses caused by sporadic attacks of Geromyia penniseti, Felt. Oedaleus senegalensis, Krauss Amsact a moloneyi Druce, Psalydolytta spp., Spodoptera exempta Wlk., Heliothis armigera Hb., and Lema planifroms have been reported. Limited information on the biology and ecology of major insects has been obtained from three observation sites in the south-central region where a warning system for spike worm attack with the help of a model of moth flights and egg counts is underway. The pest management strategy would be applied through a pilot project. Therefore, various methods are being tested, for example, utilization of resistant varieties, biological control agents (Bacillus thuringiensis and Bracon hebetor Say against spike worms), and partial burning of millet stems against borers. Socioeconomic problems, changes in agricultural policies, farmers' reactions, etc., must be considered to implement an efficient, economical, and stable pest management strategy. The Status of Millet Entomology in Nigeria (Etat actuel de l'entomologie du mil au Nigeria) Olupomi Ajayi Entomologist, Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Samara, Zaria, Nigeria Extensive surveys have identified up to 161 insect species that are associated with the millet crop in Nigeria. The major pests are the millet stem borers, Acigona ignefusalis Hmps., Raghuva graminivora Lap., Kraussaria angulifera Krauss, Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss, Meligethes sp., and possibly Dicraeus sp. Sporadically 295
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
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ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
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Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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