RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Quantitative Genetic Analysis in Pearl Millet (Analyse genetique quantitative du mil) D.S. Virk Millet Breeder, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004, India Quantitative genetic studies in pearl millet are reviewed. The D 2 analysis has shown no relationship between geographic diversity, genetic diversity, or the expression of heterosis. The components of genetic variation from diallel, line x tester, and North Carolina designs revealed the predominance of nonadditive variance for a majority of traits. However, the use of selfing series and modified triple test cross revealed the importance of additive variation for many characters. The components of mean revealed the existence of epistatis for the majority of traits. In general, the dominance (h), component was greater than the additive component. Successive weighted analysis of means was done in a limited number of cases. The general and specific combining variance estimates from diallel and line x tester showed predominance of the latter for most of the quantitative traits. Correlation of grain yield with head number is most consistent over different groupings of germplasm. Path coefficient analysis has also highlighted the direct effect of a number of characters on yield which could be utilized in selection. Stability analyses have revealed both linear and nonlinear genotype x environment interactions for grain yield. Varieties with general and specific adaptation could be be identified. In general, the studies conducted or the analyses performed suffered from one or the other limitations. There is a need to follow the biometric analyses more appropriately. Essais regionaux du mil conduits par le CILSS, 1981-1984 (Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CILSS, 1981-1984) G. Loynet, A. Kere et O. Sidibe Institut du Sahel, CILSS, Bamako, Mali Une evaluation des meilleures varietes de mil disponibles dans la region sahelienne aete realisee de 1981 a 1984 dans le cadre du Projet d'amelioration des mils, sorgho, niebe et mais, gere par l'lnstitut du Sahel. Les resultats obtenus au cours de ces quatre annees d'experimentation ont permis d'isoler les varietes les plus performantes dans des contextes climatiques varies s'etendant depuis le Tchad dans Test jusqu'au Senegal, aux zones subdesertiques saheliennes et soudano-saheliennes dans l'ouest. Un groupement geographique des varietes a ete realise en decoupant la region en trois zones homogenes, representatives des conditions agro-ecologiques de la region. Les resultats font apparaitre que les zones a pluviometrie comprise entre 200 et 600 mm demeurent les plus favorables a la culture, celles a pluviometrie superieure presentant d'importants risques de maladies. 292
Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CILSS, 1981-1984 (Essais regionaux du mil conduits par le CILSS 1981-1984) G. Loynet, A. Kere, and O. Sidibe Institut du Sahel, CILSS, Bamako, Mali Superior pearl millet varieties grown in the Sahelian region were evaluated from 1981 to 1984 as part of the Crop Improvement Project for pearl millet, sorghum, cowpea, and maize, directed by the Institut du Sahel. The best varieties were identified for different climatic situations extending from Chad in the east to Senegal and the subdesert, Sahelian, and Sudano-Sahelian Zones in the west. The varieties were grouped geographically by dividing the region into three agroecologically representative zones. Areas with rainfall between 200 and 600 mm are most suited to growing pearl millet; disease risks increase in high-rainfall regions. Analysis of the International Pearl Millet Adaptation Trial (IPMAT) (Analyse de l'Essai international du mil—objet adaptation (IPMAT)) J.R. Witcombe Principal Plant Breeder, Pearl Millet Group, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India The International Pearl Millet Adaptation Trial ( I P M A T ) , which includes both hybrids and varieties as entries, has been grown multilocationally in India and Pakistan. The grain yield data over 5 years have been analysed in a number of ways. A regression analysis indicated that the breeder's procedure of selecting from among the highest-yielding entries across environments is satisfactory, as it also selects entries that perform well in poor environments. Selecting entries on predicted performance in the lowest-yielding environment appears to be a less reliable procedure. The hybrids are generally higher-yielding than the varieties, but are less stable. The most important source of genotype x environment interaction in the regression analysis was due to the deviation from the regressions (S 2 d values), rather than variation between the regressions. The varieties were superior to the hybrids in this respect, with lower than average S 2 d values. A mean-standard deviation analysis showed that the highest-yielding genotype would always be preferred by the average, risk-averse farmer. Discussion Because composites may have high levels of variability, the suggestion was made to derive varieties by random mating a few selected progenies from the composite rather than using the composite itself as the finished product. It was pointed out that a few selection cycles in a diverse composite may result in reduced variability, so that the composite can be tested as the finished product. It was suggested that analysis of variance and t-test may be better methods than regression analysis for stability analyses. Nearest neighbor analysis (NNA) and lattice designs were also suggested. In reply it was pointed out that mean-standard deviation analysis was proposed as a better alternative to conventional regression analysis, and that N N A and lattice designs were impractical for across-location analyses. The comment was made that stability can be a property of individual genotypes. Varieties appeared to be more stable than hybrids for s 2 d values but this could be the result of a statistical artifact of the regression analysis. 293
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
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Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
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• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
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in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
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Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350: Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352: Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353: Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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