RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Africa, where the largest area is grown in Zimbabwe, followed by Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, and Botswana. In these countries, pearl millet and finger millet are grown on over 800 000 ha, and annual grain production is about 500 000 t. The average yield of pearl millet per unit area is low because the crop is grown largely by poor farmers in communal areas using unimproved seeds and low inputs. Recently efforts have been made to increase pearl millet production by initiating research on a regional basis. Currently available hybrids produce 10-20% more grain than the best varieties available in the region. The hybrids can be grown in all millet-growing regions of the seven countries, except in Botswana and the southern part of Zimbabwe where the annual rainfall is very low (
La couleur des grains est variable. Elle va du jaune-or (HKP) au jaune (Guera-Guera). Signalons que pour la confection de certains plats, le paysan utilise selectivement certaines varietes plutdt que d'autres. Les techniques de transformation utilisees pour le decorticage et la production de farine sont basees sur la methode traditionnelle du mortier et du pilon. Cependant en zone urbaine, on utilise de plus en plus, les decortiqueuses et les moulins a grains au lieu de la methode traditionnelle. Le Nigerien a developpe une gamme de produits varies a base de mil. Un de ces produits le plus couramment consomme au Niger est le foura (en Haoussa) ou Donou (en Djerma-Sorrai). Puis viennent par ordre d'importance le turvo, le couscous, les galettes (massa), la bouillie, etc.). Pour la confection de ces produits, on utilise de la farine fraiche, (fourra, Tuwo), de la farine seche (Tuwo) ou de la farine legerement fermentee dans le cas de la preparation des galettes. Vu le role que joue le mil dans l'alimentation du Nigerien et les efforts entrepris en matiere d'amelioration de cette plante, l ' I N R A N est en train de mettre en place un programme "Qualite cerealiere du m i l " dont les objectifs principaux sont: • Evaluation des caracteristiques morphologiques et physico-chimiques du grain de chaque variete. • Evaluation de son aptitude a l'usinage. • Evaluation de la qualite nutritive et nutritionnelle. • Evaluation des qualites organoleptiques des produits finis. Ce programme se propose egalement d'identifier parmi ces varietes celles dont les grains ont une aptitude generate ou specifique. Grain Quality Research in Niger (Recherches sur les qualites organoleptiques au Niger Moussa Oumarou Laboratoire mycotoxines/Qualites cerealieres, I N R A N , Niamey, Niger In Niger, pearl millet is the most important food crop and a staple food for people in both urban and rural areas. The varieties commonly used for traditional preparations are improved local cultivars such as Haini Kirei (HK) and its early form (HKP), Guera Guera, Zar farawa, Ankoutess, and Composite Intervarietal de Tarna (CIVT). Grain color varies from golden yellow (HKP) to yellow (Guera Guera). The varieties are chosen according to the type of preparation. The traditional mortar and pestle are used for hulling and making flour. In urban areas, however, hulling machines and flour mills are becoming popular. A large variety of food is made from pearl millet in Niger, the most common being foura (in Hausa) or donou (in Djerma-Sonrai). Other important foods are tuwo, couscous, massa (pancakes), porridge, brabuska, and labdourou. Freshly ground flour (fourra, tuwo) or dried flour (tuwo) is used for preparing these foods. Pancakes are made from slightly fermented flour. Considering the importance of pearl millet in the local diet, the Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger ( I N R A N ) is developing a food quality program as part of the large crop-improvement effort. Its main objectives are to evaluate: • the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of the grain of different varieties; • the dehulling quality; • the nutritive value; and 287
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
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over the range that occurs in the f
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224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
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The conservative nature of qD is ex
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228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
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Research on all these responses sho
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Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
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Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336: Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338: • those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340: Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341: ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346: Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348: Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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