RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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iotic stresses exist as discrete entities—individual species, races, or biotypes—variation in environmental stress is continuous. Usually, biotic stress is also easier to manage experimentally. Finally, immunity, and possibly even true resistance to environmental stress, is not possible. The choice is among degrees of tolerance or adaptation. Nonetheless, breeding for adaptation to environmental stress is still a conventional scientific problem, to be attempted by conventional scientific methods. Plant breeders have, in the past, produced genetic materials with a wide range of traits using such standard methods. It is the contention of the authors that a similar approach is equally appropriate to increased tolerance to environmental stresses. General Framework There are two parts to the question of breeding for adaptation to environmental stress. (1) What methodology to use, and (2) what evidence is there to justify the investment of resources Although there have been a number of reviews of this topic recently, particularly on breeding for drought resistance (Blum 1985, I R R I 1982, Christiansen and Lewis 1982), the literature does not provide a consensus on either methodology or probability of success. Many reviews, in fact are little more than a discussion of possibilities. These are specified (Table 1) following Khalfaoui (1985). The steps themselves involve first understanding exactly what the problem is (I and II), establishing the basic requirements to employ plant breeding as a solution ( I I I and IV), and finally, deciding whether breeding for improvement is a real- Table 1. A logical framework to consider breeding for adaptation to environmental stress. I . I I . I I I . I V . V. V I . What is the specific stress for which improved adaptation is needed What factors are responsible for observed differences among cultivars under this stress How can systematic screening for genetic differences in adaptation be done Is there useful genetic variation for adaptation in breeding materials How can the breeder best select for improved adaptation Is breeding for adaptation justified istic solution (V and VI). The remainder of this paper covers each of these in turn, using two particular problem areas for pearl millet as examples: poor crop establishment and drought stress during grain filling. In most cases, illustrations presented are from work by the authors. Concrete Definition of the Problem Failure of Crop Establishment Pearl millet is particularly subject to poor stand establishment. The seed has limited reserves for early growth, and is generally grown in harsh climates by farmers who have limited land preparation and sowing methods. Failure of stand establishment, however, can occur for a wide variety of reasons: seed quality, sowing methods, seedbed environment, and the subsequent seedling environment. Comparative studies of reasons for stand failure in India and Niger (Soman et al. 1984b; P. Soman and L.K. Fussell, ICRISAT, personal communication), illustrate differences between areas. In both countries the emergence of seedlings as a percentage of seeds sown was low (50% and hill stands were poor; due to very high soil surface temperatures (>50°C at midday) which occurred in the absence of rain following emergence. In contrast, in Sikar district, India, where sowing is done in rows and desired plant population are higher, initial plant populations were very poor (
15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Niamey D e p a r t m e n t 12 12 9 9 6 6 3 3 0 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 0 25 50 >75 0 25 50 > 7 5 S e e d l i n g s a t 15/12 DAS ( m - 2 ) 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 25 50 >75 0 25 50 >75 S e e d l i n g s at 5 DAS (m - 2 ) 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 25 50 >75 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 25 50 >75 Seeds sown (m -2 ) Figure 1. Distribution of seeds sown (bottom), emerged seedlings (center), and surviving seedling (top) in farmers' fields in Dhandhan village, Siher District, Rajasthan, India in 1983, and in Niamey Department, Niger in 1985. (Source: Soman et al. 1984 and Soman and Fussell, I C R 1 S A T , Personal Communication). 271
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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188
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
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Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
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Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
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Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270: 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331: un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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