RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Penning de Vries, F.W.T., and Djiteye, M . A . (eds.) 1982. La productivite des paturages saheliens-une etude des sols, des vegetations et de l'exploitation de cette resource naturelle. (In Fr.) Agricultural Research Report no. 918. Wageningen, Netherlands: P U D O C (Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.) 525 pp. Pichot, J., and Roche, P. 1972. Le phosphore dans les sols tropicaux. (In Fr.) Agronomie Tropicale 27:939-965. Pichot, J., Burdin, S., Charoy, J., and Nabos, J. 1974. L'enfouissement des pailles de mil Pennisetum dans les sols sableux dunaires. Son influence sur les rendements et la nutrition minerale du mil. Son action sur les caracteristiques chemiques du sol et la dynamique de l'azote minerale. Agronomie Tropicale 29: 995-1005. Pieri, C. 1985a. Fertilisation des cultures vivrieres et fertilite des sols en agriculture paysanne sub-saharienne: l'experience de l ' I R A T . Pages 254-278 in Technologies appropries pour les paysans des zones semi-arides de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Ohm H.W. and Nagy J.G., eds.). West Lafayette, Indiana, USA: Purdue University. Pieri, C. 1985b. Conduite de la fertilisation des cultures vivrieres en zones semi-arides. (In Fr.) Pages 363-381 in La secheresse en zone intertropicale: pour une lutte integree. France: Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le developpement. Sawadogo, S., and Kaboe, M . O . 1984. Le point de la recherche sur les cultures associees en zone sahelo-soudaniennc du Burkina Faso. (In Fr.) Pages 126-153 in Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Intercropping in the Sahelian and Sahelo-Sudanian Zones of West Africa, 7-10 Nov 1984, Niamey, Niger. Bamako, Mali: Institute du Sahel. Serafini, P.G. 1985. Intercropping systems: the I C R I S A T / Mali experience: 1979-1983. Pages 154-179 in Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Intercropping in the Sahelian and Sahelo-sudanian zones of West Africa, 7-10 Nov 1984, Niamey, Niger. Bamako, Mali: Institute du Sahel. Spencer, D.S.C., and Sivakumar, M . V . K . 1987. Pearl millet in African agriculture. Pages 000-000, these proceedings. Swindale, L.D. 1985. Technological options for increased food production in West Africa. Presented at a Special ICRISAT Donors' Meeting, Niamey, Niger, 4 Sep 1985. Niamey, Niger. 12 pp. (Limited distribution.) Swinton, S.M., Numa, G., and Samba, L.A. 1984. Les cultures associees en milieu paysan dans deux regions du Niger: Filingue et Madarounfa. Pages 183-194 in Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Intercropping in the Sahelian and Sahelo-sudanian zones of West Africa, 7-10 Nov 1984, Niamey, Niger. Bamako, Mali: Institute du Sahel. Taylor, G.E. and Soumare, M. 1983. Strategies for forestry development in the semi-arid tropics: lessons for the Sahel. Prepared for the International Symposium on Strategies and Designs for Afforestation, Reforestation and Tree Planting, 19-23 Sep 1983, Wageningen, Netherlands: PUDOC (Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation). 35 pp. Thierstein, G.E. 1983. The animal-drawn wheeled tool carrier. Information Bulletin no.8. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. 12 pp. Tourte, R. 1971. Themes legers themes lourds systemes intensifs. Voies differentes ouvertes au developpement agricole du Senegal. Agronomie Tropicale 19:1034-1072. Tourte, R., and Fauche, J. 1953. Precisions sur l'ecartement optimum dans la culture de l'arachide et du mil au Senegal. (In Fr.) Bulletin Agronomique, Ministere de la France d'Outre Mer 11:64-71. Tourte, R., and Fauche, J. 1955. Recherches pluriannuelles sur les densites de semis et les ecartements des mils (Pennisetum) et sorghos. (In Fr.). Bulletin Agronomique, Ministere de la France d'Outre Mer 15:58-66. Troare, M . F . 1974. Etudes de la fumure minerale azotee intensive des cereales et du role specifique de la matiere organique dans la fertilite des sols au Mali. Agronomie Tropicale 29:567-586. Truong, B., Pichot, J., and Beunard, P. 1978. Caracterisaton et comparison des phosphates naturels tricalcique d'Afrique de l'Ouest en vue de leur utilisation directe en agriculture. Agronomie Tropicale 33:136-145. Ujah, J.E., and Adeoye, K.B. 1984. Effects of shelterbelts in the Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria on microclimate and yield of millet. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 33:99-107. von Maydell, H.J. 1983. Arbes et arbustes du Sahel, leur caracteristiques et leurs utilizations. (In Fr.) Schriftenreiheder GTZ No. 147. Echborn, Federal Republic of Germany : Duetesche Gesellschraft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). 516 pp. Weber, F.R. 1977. Reforestation in arid lands. Action/ Peace Corps Program and Training Journal, Manual Series no. 37E. Arlington, Virginia, USA: V I T A (Volunteers in Technical Assistance). 235 pp. Weber, F.R. and Hoskins, M. 1983. Agroforestry in the Sahel. Blacksburg, Virginia, USA: Virginia Polytechnique Institute and State University. 268
Breeding for Adaptation to Environmental Stress F.R. Bidinger 1 , V. Mahalakshmi 2 , P. Soman 2 , and B.S. Talukdar 3 Abstract Although breeding for adaptation to environmental stresses is a more complicated problem than breeding for adaptation to biotic stresses, the basic procedure is virtually identical. Initial steps include understanding the specific problems, and establishing methods to identify better-adapted materials. This is followed by determining if useful genetic variability for adaptation exists, and if so, deciding upon the best means to select for improved adaptation in a breeding program. The results of these steps then allow a rational decision on whether breeding for better adaptation is justified. This procedure is illustrated using two different environmental stress problems in pearl millet: failure of stand establishment and drought stress during grain filling. Useful progress has been made on understanding the problems involved and developing screening and selection methods. Current efforts center on assessing the genetic variability for these traits and evaluating the response to direct selection for adaptation. Introduction The title of this paper has been deliberately phrased as a question because there has traditionally been considerable skepticism about breeding for 'resistance' to environmental stresses. Selection for tolerance to certain stresses—such as freezing temperatures, low p H , and aluminium-toxic soils—has been effective (Blum 1985), but plant breeders have been far more willing to devote resources to breeding for disease and insect pest resistances than to breeding for adaptation to environmental stress. Research on environmental stress is admittedly more complex than research on biotic stress. While 1. Principal Physiologist, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India. 2. Physiologists, at the same location. 3. Plant Breeder, at the same location. Submitted as CP 372 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1987. Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 April 1986, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502324, India. ICRISAT. 269
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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188
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190
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192
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194
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
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References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
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Role and Utilization of Microbial A
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located through the root phloem. In
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They are not strong competitors in
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Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270: 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316: available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318: Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320: with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322: Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324: diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326: Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328: promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330: 69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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