RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Azospirillum brasilence is a free-living bacterium which exhibits associated symbiosis when present in the rhizosphere. These bacteria are capable of fixing 10-28 mg g -1 N of calcium malate in pure culture. In experiments conducted at seven locations over 3 years, inoculation of pearl millet seed with the local strains of the bacterium has increased yields markedly. According to Gautam (1984), the effectiveness of the bacterium increased considerably when it was applied in addition to low rates of N at 10-40 kg ha -1 (Table 7). Control of Evapotranspiration A widely-spaced pearl millet crop grown in the hotter parts of the year can lose considerable soil moisture. Organic mulching was tried by Dahiya and Singh (1977) and Malik (1979) at Hisar. They found that application of wheat or rice straw increased the pearl millet yield about 25%. This decreased the soil temperature by 4°C and increased the soil moisture content by 3%. Dauley et al. (1979) reported from Jodhpur in western India that polyethylene film was as good as organic mulches, but both were effective only in years when rainfall distribution was not uniform. Transpiration control as a means of decreasing soil moisture loss was studied by Kaushik and Gautam (1984), who found that grain yield was increased considerably by removing the upper one-third of the plant or foliar application of chemicals such as borax, kaolin, or atrazine, or by presowing treat- Table 7. Effect of N application and Azospirillum seed treatment on the grain yield of pearl millet. Treatments Control Azospirillum 10 kg ha -1 N 20 kg ha -1 N 40 kg ha -1 N 10 kg ha -1 N 20 kg ha -1 N 40 kg ha -1 N Source: Gautam 1984. + Azospirillum + Azospirillum + Azospirillum Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) (Mean of 6 locations over 3 years) 1150 1390 1450 1650 1910 1560 1840 2100 Table 8. Effect of treatments on grain yield of pearl millet. Treatments Untreated control Topping (30 days growth) Borax spray on plants (0.2% solution) Kaolin spray on plants (6% suspension) Atrazine spray on plants (100 ppm) Presowing treatment with 0.2% KNO 3 Presowing treatment with 0.2% NaCl Skipping alternate rows Dry straw mulch at 5 t ha -1 C D 5% Source: Kaushik and Gautam 1984, Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) 1600 1880 2100 1930 2050 2370 2050 1250 2300 230 ment with 0.2% solutions of KNO 3 or NaCl. These chemical treatments were as good as straw mulch applied at the rate of 5 t ha -1 (Table 8). References A I C M I P (All India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project). 1970-1973. Proceedings of the annual workshop of the A l l India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project (1970 to 1973). New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Dahiya, D.R., and Singh, K. 1977. Effect of nitrogen doses and its time and method of application on pearl millet with and without mulch in dry farming conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy 22:35-40. Daulay, H.S., Singh, H.P., Singh, R.P., and Singh, K.C. 1979. Effect of various anti-transpirants on the grain yield of pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone 18:101-115. De, R, Gupta, R.S., Singh, S.P., Pal, M . , Singh, S.N., Sharma, R.N., and Kaushik, S.K. 1978. Inter-planting maize, sorghum and pearl millet with short-duration grain legumes. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 48: 132-137. Gautam, R.C. 1970. A note on optimum plant space for hybrid bajra (Pennisetum typhoides). Indian Journal of Agronomy 15:395-396. Gautam, R.C. 1975. Effect of N fertilization and row spacing on the yield of hybrid pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agronomy 20:325-327. Gautam, R.C. 1984. Research findings in bajra cultivation. Indian Farming 34(3):7-13. 252
Gautam, R.C., and Kaushik, S.K. 1980a. Weed-free bajra does better. Intensive Agriculture 28(5):25. Gautam, R.C., and Kaushik, S.K. 1980b. Spray atrazine or propazine to control weeds in bajra. Indian Farming 29(12):21-25. Gautam, R.C., and Kaushik, S.K. 1984. Role of split application of nitrogen doses on the growth and yield of pearl millet hybrids. Indian Journal of Agronomy 29:327-330. Gautam, R.C., Kaushik, S.K., Singh, P, Tomer, P.S., Kurlekar, V.G., Gill, P.S., Joshi, N.L., Saini, S.L., and Pal, M. 1981. Quarter century of agronomic research on pearl millet — a review. Pages 110-129 in Quarter century of scientific research in India. New Delhi, India: Indian Journal of Agronomy. Giri, G, and De, R. 1979. Effect of preceding grain legumes on dryland pearl millet in NW India. Experimental Agriculture 15:169-172. Giri, G, and De, R. 1980. Effect of preceding grain legumes on growth and nitrogen uptake of dryland pearl millet. Plant and Soil 56:459-464. Kaushik, S.K., and Gautam, R.C. 1984. Drought evading studies in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agronomy 29:254-256. LaRue, T.A., and Patterson, T.G. 1981. How much nitrogen do legumes fix Advances in Agronomy 34:15-38. Malik, R.S. 1979. Seedling emergence in pearl millet as affected by residue management. Indian Journal of Agronomy 24:36-40. Patil, B.B., and De, R. 1978. Studies on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer, row spacing and use of anti-transpirants in mustard (Brassica campestris) grown under dryland conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science (UK) 91:257-264. Raheja, P.C. 1973. Mixed cropping. I C A R Technical Bulletin (Agric.) no. 42. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 40 pp. Singh P, and Joshi, N.L. 1980. Intercropping of pearl millet in arid areas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 50:338-341. Singh, R.P., Singh, K.C., and Ramakrishna, Y.S. 1978. Effect of systems of planting pearl millet on the yield, total productivity, moisture use and monetary returns. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 48:138-142. Subramanian, S., Lognathan, S., Ravikumar, V., and Krishnamoorthy, K.K. 1973. Effect of tillage and organic amendment on the physical properties of soil and yield of bajra. Madras Agricultural Journal 62:106-109. Tandon, H.L.S. 1980. Fertilizer use in dryland agriculture. Fertilizer Information Bulletin no. 13. New Delhi, India: European Nitrogen Service Program. 253
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
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eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
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200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270: 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308: cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310: Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312: of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314: Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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