RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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eaching an aggregate production level which at least meets family food needs, but not to maximize the yields or even the production of any particular crop. Due to its better suitability to poorer soils, and its lower response to inputs, farmers cultivate millet in low-input systems on their least productive land as a low-cost, low-risk means of increasing their overall food security. Under conditions of input scarcity, they rationally apply inputs primarily to those crops which give them substantially higher response, sorghum and maize, with only marginal levels of inputs applied to millet. This is the paradox facing millet improvement programs in the transition zone. It is clear that major increases in millet yields can only occur through higher input management systems. However, it is not clear that breeding for quantum yield increases within high input systems is a relevant or even realistic objective in this zone under current and foreseeable conditions. For farmers to justify applying inputs to millet, it is not sufficient that their use on millet be profitable, but that they be as profitable at the margin as when applied to other crops, such as sorghum or maize, which are substantially more responsive. Marginal improvements in the response of new millet cultivars will not be enough. Moreover, as sorghum and maize improvement programs succeed in producing improved cultivars with even higher response to inputs, the minimum target response rate will increase accordingly. In short, unless transition zone breeders judge that it is possible to increase response rates to levels competitive with current and future sorghum and maize cultivars, then they should consider low-input management on marginal land types as the most probable adoption conditions for new millet cultivars in the foreseeable future. In this case, the major objective should be to improve yield stability by incorporating improved resistance to the major causes of yield loss at the farm level. It is not a coincidence that such a strategy corresponds best to farmers' own goals of including millet in their transition zone farming systems. Implementing these objectives for both the Sahel and the Sudan and Guinea savanna demands a reassessment of present screening and selection methods on the research station, as well as giving greater accent to on-farm research. Priority now given to selecting for yield potential under high input management alone needs to be reconsidered. Only by screening at several input levels can cultivar differences in response to inputs be identified. Screening should also be conducted primarily on land types considered appropriate for millet cultivation in various regions. To achieve this, screening of advanced lines in well-controlled, researcher-managed onfarm trials may well need to be expanded. The major farm-level stress factors which contribute to the yield gap and to yield instability also need to be measured on farmers' fields, and systematically introduced on the research station at an early stage of selection. Finally, it should be clear that this strategy for millet improvement requires a close interdisciplinary effort involving specialists in physiology, plant protection, agronomy, and economics, as well as breeding. The role of the physiologist is particularly important since crop mechanisms for tolerance or resistance to the major stresses, and interactions among environmental stresses, are not yet adequately understood. Knowledge in both of these areas is needed in order to develop reliable and efficient screening techniques. This approach also requires greater work with farmers themselves at several stages of the breeding and selection process, not simply at the final stage of pre-extension screening. An early and continuing interactive relationship with farmers to define appropriate breeding objectives and to test concepts and materials will substantially reduce the time necessary to arrive at improved cultivars which are well adapted to our clients' needs. References Bonnal, J. 1983. Rapport de mission en Haute-Volta: aspects economiques du probleme de l'utilisation des voltaphosphates. I R A T / G E R D A T . Paris, France: Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres. 40 pp. Hildebrand, P. 1984. Modified stability analysis of farmer managed, on-farm trials. Agronomy Journal 76:271-274. I C R I S A T (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1984. Annual report 1983. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. 371 pp. Lang, M . , Roth, M . , and Preckel, P. 1984. Risk perception and risk management by farmers in Burkina Faso. West Lafayette, Indiana, USA: Purdue University. 36 pp. Mclntire, J. 1985. Constraints to fertilizer use in subsaharan Africa. Presented at the Seminar on Management of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers in Sub-Saharan Africa, Mar 1985, Lome, Togo. 45 pp. 244
Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . , and Ouedraogo, I. 1981. Farm and village production systems in the semi-arid tropics of West Africa: an interpretive review of research. Research Bulletin no. 4, Vol. 1. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324 India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- A r i d Tropics. 94 pp. Prudencio, Y.C. 1983. A village study of soil fertility management and food crop production in Upper Volta: technical and economic analysis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. 365 pp. Stoop, W . A . 1984a. Agronomic management of cerealcowpea cropping systems for major toposequence land types in West Africa. The Hague, Netherlands: International Service for National Agricultural Research. 39 pp. (Limited distribution.) Stoop, W.A. 1984b. Soil formation processes in the West Africa savanna landscape: implications for soil fertility and agronomic research aimed at different toposequence land types. The Hague, Netherlands: International Service for National Agricultural Research. 49 pp. (Limited distribution.) 245
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270: 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302: processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306: Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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