RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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800 600 400 200 0 800 600 400 200 L o c a l c o n t r o l Souna 3, Sahel 1982 IKMV, Sudan Savanna, 1983 1 IKMV, S a h e l , 1983 2 Z e r o f e r t i l i z e d p l o t s 200 400 600 800 Mean g r a i n y i e l d ( k g h a " 1 ) a t each s i t e F e r t i l i z e d p l o t s 0 200 400 600 800 Mean g r a i n y i e l d ( k g h a - 1 ) a t each s i t e Figure 2. Stability analysis of test millet cultivars in two zones, I C R 1 S A T farmers' test, 1982, 1983. (1. IKMV 8101, 8201, and 8202 are combined in these analyses. 2. IKMV 8201 and 8202 are combined in these analyses.) Data from plots with zero fertilizer and 100 kg ha -1 NPK (14:23:15) (1981-82) or 100 kg ha -1 NPK (14:23:15) and 50 kg ha -1 urea (1983-84) were employed in the analysis. Using the regression coefficients estimated yields were calculated at each input level for the local and elite cultivars. Due to high variance (magnified by the extremely low levels of on-farm yields), no significant differences between the local and test cultivar responses to either fertilizer or plowing were found (i.e., neither b 4 nor b 5 were significant in any of the regressions). Moreover, at each level of input use for both fertilizer and plowing, predicted grain yields for the paired local cultivars were greater than for yields for each of the test cultivars. Yield Components The separate components of grain yield were analyzed in an effort to identify how the elite cultivars were deficient when stressed by on-farm conditions. Plants per hectare, heads per plant, and grain yield per head were compared for each elite and local cultivar by using a t-test to determine the significance of mean differences. The analysis was done separately for the unfertilized and fertilized farmer test plots (Table 4). A l l components tended to be inferior for the test cultivars, often at significant levels. Depending on the particular cultivar, low plant stand was due to poor seedling vigor, low survival for the more mature plants, or to a combination of both factors. The low number of panicles per plant was due both to poor head exertion under drought and fertility Table 4. Comparison of yield components for local and test cultivars of millet in two zones of Burkina Faso, I C R I S A T farmers' tests, 1982, 1983 1,2 . Unfertilized plots Fertilized plots Zone Test Plants cultivar Year ha -1 Heads Grain yield plant -1 head -1 Plants ha -1 Heads Grain yield plant -1 head -1 Sahel Souna 1982 I K M V 3 1983 +* -* - - - -** -* Sudan savanna I K M V 4 1983 - -* - * * * + 1. A positive sign denotes those cases where the test cultivar surpassed the local control, and a negative sign the opposite. 2. Fertilizer rates were 100 kg ha 1 NPK (14:23:15) in 1982 and 100 kg ha -1 NPK (14:23:15) plus 50 kg ha -1 urea in 1983. 3. IKMV 8201 and 8202 are combined for these analyses. 4. IKMV 8101, 8201, and 8202 are combined for these analyses. * = P < .05; ** = P < .01; *** = P < .001. 242
stress, as well as to genetic differences in tillering. Poor yield per head was due in part to bird damage, especially during the 1983 tests in the Sahel Zone when the recommended date of planting was too early for these early-maturing cultivars. In addition, barren heads were frequent in most of the cultivars tested, for which the causal factors have not yet been satisfactorily diagnosed. These results are not final, and further testing of several of these cultivars in Burkina Faso is warranted. Nevertheless, several lessons can be learned from the poor performance. In part, these problems were due to recommended planting dates which were somewhat too early and which in a number of sites led to bird damage. However, in light of the results from the yield components analysis, (i.e., low plant stand and low number of heads per plant) delayed planting dates would not have entirely eliminated the performance gaps. Moreover, the planting date inflexibility of photoperiod-insensitive cultivars is itself a factor contributing to yield instability which can limit the general adoption potential of individual cultivars. More importantly the performance problems also reflect the poor adaptation of the test cultivars to conditions in farmers' fields. Because all test cultivars had been selected on the basis of consistent yield superiority on the research station, these results suggest that stresses present under the landextensive management and on the marginal land types selected by farmers for millet cultivation are not adequately represented in on-station selection criteria and screening procedures. Conclusions During the last two decades, climatic and demographic factors have combined to destabilize traditional farming systems in major portions of the WASAT, creating increasingly urgent pressures for technical change. One reflection of these trends is that lower and more variable rainfall, shorter cropping seasons, and the gradual expansion of cultivars onto less fertile and more drought-prone soils have reduced the suitability of traditional cereal cultivars which had been selected by farmers under more favorable conditions. Farmers have become increasingly active in selecting and experimenting with new cultivars, often outside formal agricultural extension programs. To allocate resources efficiently within modern millet improvement programs, it is clearly desirable to define goals which correspond to farmers' changing demands, and which satisfy the most probable current and future adoption conditions of specific target groups. The most common characteristic of new cultivars demanded by farmers is earlier maturity to fit both the shorter rainy season and the more shallow soils into which millet cultivation is expanding. Mediummaturity millet cultivars maturing 10-30 d earlier than the most common full-season locals, and with an important degree of photoperiod sensitivity to give farmers sufficient planting date flexibility, have the greatest adoption potential. Well-adapted parent materials for breeding varieties of these maturity lengths can come in part from collections of early local cultivars. Very early, photoperiod-insensitive cultivars will have very little effect on total production in all zones unless cropping systems change radically. Defining other appropriate objectives requires consideration of millet's role in the farming systems of distinct zones. Within the Sahel, where the extremely harsh environment limits farmers to millet as their only major cereal, the fundamental problems are low base yields, extremely low returns and high risk to new inputs. New cultivars must be more management responsive if production is to be increased in this zone. The obstacles and time required to introduce substantially improved complementary management in the Sahel however, should not be underestimated. In a country such as Burkina Faso, which includes higher potential agroclimatic zones, and where national resources are extremely limited, efficiency criteria will continue to lead policy makers to concentrate extension services and input supplies in the more humid zones where returns are higher and more assured. These factors, combined with the high risk aversion of Sahelian farmers, means that major management changes using purchased inputs will come more slowly in the Sahel than elsewhere. As a shorter-term objective, to ensure that the more management-responsive cultivars will not increase farmers' risk, millet improvement programs targeting that zone should place secondary emphasis on breeding for improved resistance to the major yieldloss factors. The Sudan transition zone and the northern Guinea savanna pose a different set of problems in defining appropriate millet breeding goals. More favorable agroclimatic conditions support highly diversified cropping systems in which millet generally plays a particular but subsidiary role in meeting household food needs. Farmers allocate their resources among various cereal activities with the goal of efficiently 243
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
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Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
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Page 303 and 304: Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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