RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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100 1981 Sahel 0 80 20 60 (3) 40 40 1982 1 60 20 0 100 (5) ( 3 ) (2) 4 7 165 155 145 135 125 115 105 95 85 80 100 0 80 4 (6) Sudan Savanna 20 60 (18) 40 40 (22) 1981 60 20 0 170 160 150 140 130 1982 10 120 (3) 110 7 100 (1) 90 80 100 100 0 80 1982 1981 Northern Guinea Savanna 20 60 40 40 20 0 1-10 1 (21) 11-20 21-31 May 3 (7) 1 (22) 3 1-10 11-20 Jun 21-30 P l a n t i n g date 1-10 (4) (5) 1 11-20 Jul 21-31 60 80 100 185 175 165 155 145 135 125 115 105 Required m a t u r i t y l e n g t h o f v a r i e t y p l a n t e d o n t h a t date [ M a t u r i t y l e n g t h = p l a n t i n g t o h a r v e s t ( d ) ] Figure 1. Evolution of millet area planted May-July in three zones of Burkina Faso, 1981, 1982. The percentage of total millet area replanted during the 10-day period is written in parenthesis for 1981 and without parenthesis for 1982. 238
in tests conducted by ICRISAT on farmers' fields. Grain yield responses were particularly low in the Sahel region where agroclimatic conditions essentially limit farmers to millet production (Table 2). Moreover, in the Sudan savanna, where farmers have wider options to allocate their scarce fertilizer to either sorghum or millet, the yield response for millet was approximately two-thirds of the sorghum response. The low absolute response in the principal millet producing zone, and the low relative response of millet compared to sorghum (and other cereals) in the transition zone create powerful economic disincentives against the use of fertilizer on millet. In the ICRISAT farmers' tests just cited, average returns to the recommended fertilizer dose when applied to local millet cultivars in the Sahel Zone were consistently negative, and average returns in the Sudan savanna were only 10% (Table 2). It is important to note that ICRISAT farmer tests evaluating the economics of phosphorus fertilizers applied to millet in the Sahel Zone of Niger have produced higher returns than tests in Burkina Faso. Differences are due to higher millet grain prices in Niger, and because the most available and currently recommended fertilizer in Burkina Faso is imported primarily for use on cotton and is therefore not an efficient formula for millet. A further analysis of returns over a range of fertilizer doses has shown that at all doses, average financial returns were highest in the more humid Guinean Zone and declined systematically in more arid areas, becoming marginal or negative in the Sahelian sites (ICRISAT 1984, pp. 313-314). The risk of financial losses followed a similar south-north pattern. Moreover, when sorghum was compared to millet in the Sudan transition zone, risks were consistently lower and financial returns to fertilizer higher. Finally, at real economic prices (subsidy removed), complex fertilizer would be an attractive investment only in the southern zones when applied to sorghum at onehalf the recommended rate, and urea would be economic when applied to sorghum but not to millet in the Sahel and Sudanian Zones. In short, following production efficiency criteria alone, policymakers at the national level would concentrate fertilizer use in the northern Guinea savanna zone, where millet area is relatively unimportant, and limit use in the Sahel Zone where millet dominates. At the farm level, where farmers have the option, priority for fertilizer use would be given to sorghum (or to other relatively more responsive crops) well before millet. These conclusions become Table 2. Average yield increment to the recommended fertilizer dose, 100 kg ha -1 cotton complex fertilizer (14:23:15) plus 50 kg ha -1 urea (47% N) in three zones of Burkina Faso, ICRISAT farmers' tests, 1983, 1984. Zone Sahel Sudan savanna Northern Guinea savanna Cultivar Test Local Test Local Test Local Grain yield increment (kg ha -1 ) Millet 120 140 280 330 NA NA Sorghum 90 30 500 400 510 450 particularly crucial when national fertilizer supplies are limited (for example from subsidy rationing effects—see Mclntire 1985), and when farm-level capital is a constraint. Both conditions are typical of most W A S A T countries. When either fertilizer availability or farm capital is limiting, farmers can nevertheless maximize their profits by allocating fertilizer between crops according to this marginalist principle: apply crop-specific doses at which the last unit of fertilizer applied to each crop produces identical increases in the value of production. The farm-level decision to allocate fertilizer according to marginalist rules of profit maximization can be demonstrated by modeling an average farm of 2.5 ha sorghum and 1.2 ha millet in the Sudan savanna transition zone using response coefficients estimated from farmers' test data. Only when farmers are able to spend more than 25 000 CFA to purchase fertilizer (five times the current average household expenditure on all variable inputs in that region), would they begin to allocate fertilizer to millet. With less available capital, farmers would maximize their profits by allocating all their fertilizer to sorghum, or to other more fertilizer- responsive crops. If farmers were to cultivate a sorghum cultivar with greater fertilizer responsiveness (such as ICSV 1002 in the present example), fertilizer would be rationally allocated to millet only when the fertilizer dose on sorghum had surpassed 250 kg ha 1 , representing a total household investment of nearly 90 000 CFA. For breeders, these results mean that outside of the Sahel, unless the fertilizer responsiveness of new millet cultivars can be substantially increased to levels competitive with the other major cereals, very 239
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
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References A I C M I P ( A U India
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Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
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Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
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antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
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Table 1. Performance of some select
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Table 4. Performance of some select
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Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
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184
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186
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Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
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Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284: 15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286: Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288: Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290: Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291: Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296: Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298: Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300: La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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