RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Different environmental factors are limiting in these different circumstances, and they are examined separately for convenience. (Where appropriate, growth and yield are also considered in relation to the independent effects of D itself). Examples are given from work mainly on pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) which forms part of a collaborative research program between ICRISAT and the Department of Physiology and Environmental Science at Nottingham University, U K . The central analysis compares five stands of the pearl millet hybrid BK 560 grown in conditions ranging from the controlled environment greenhouses at Nottingham to very dry, postrainy seasons at Hyderabad and Niamey, Niger (latitude 14°N) (Table 1). Terms used in this paper, and units, where appropriate, are defined as follows: e = amount of dry matter formed per unit radiation intercepted (conversion coefficient) (g MJ -1 ) f = fraction of mean daily insolation intercepted by the canopy lv = root length per unit soil volume (cm cm -3 ) p = fraction of total dry matter allocated to an organ q = amount of dry matter produced per unit of water transpired (g K -1 ) t = time (d) D = saturation vapor pressure deficit (kPa) E = amount of water that the crop extracts from the soil (kg nr 2 ) K = extinction coefficient L = leaf area index (area of foliage per unit ground area) Lm = maximum leaf area index S = total radiation (daily mean) ( M J m -2 ) T = mean daily temperature (°C) Tb = base temperature (°C) W = dry matter production (kg nr 2 ) = water extraction front velocity (cm d -1 ) = thermal duration from sowing to 0.5 f (°Cd) = thermal duration from sowing to maturity (°Cd) Dry Matter Production When Water is Not Limiting The dry matter (W) produced by a stand growing on moist soil can be represented by W = Sfet —(1) This form of analysis is appropriate when radiation is limiting, either because the foliage is too sparse to intercept all the available radiation or because it exists for a small fraction of the year. Interception of Solar Radiation The area of foliage, represented by leaf area index (L), most strongly determines f at any time. For many tropical cereals and legumes grown at typical narrow row spacings, f can be related to L by an extinction coefficient (K) that depends mainly on the orientation and distribution of foliage. The value of K may change slightly with time if the organs intercepting most of the radiation change their orientation, or if the foliage becomes more randomly Table 1. Stands of pearl millet. Stand Location Year Season Daily maximum D (kPa) Soil water Planting density (m -2 ) Reference I II HI IV V Nottingham Hyderabad Hyderabad Hyderabad Niamey 1979 1978 1977/78 1977/78 1980/81 - Rainy Postrainy Postrainy Postrainy 1.4 1.5-2.0 2.4 2.4 4.0 W 1 W W D 2 D 28.6 22.2 26.6 26.6 11.5 Squire et al. 1984b Reddy & Willey 1981 Marshall & Willey 1983 Gregory A Reddy 1982 Gregory & Squire 1979 Squire et al. 1984a Azam-Ali et al. 1984a, b 1. W = rainfed or frequently irrigated. 2. D = irrigated to field capacity at sowing, and then irrigated no further. 220
oriented as the canopy closes, but generally K may be treated as a constant for a given species and cultivar grown in wet conditions. The total amount of radiation intercepted by a stand also depends on the period over which an intercepting surface is present. The extent and size of this surface was examined in terms of f, for four of the stands of pearl millet shown in Table 1, which began intercepting radiation at about 10 days after sowing (DAS), and were harvested at about 75 DAS (Fig. 1). Stand I intercepted most radiation and grew in a humid atmosphere and moist soil in a glasshouse with controlled environment at Nottingham. It achieved a maximum L of about 6, corresponding to a maximum f for total radiation (S) of 0.85 (0.93 for photosynthetically active radiation). Mean f was 0.34 between sowing and anthesis (45 DAS) and 0.83 S thereafter. From sowing to maturity, mean f was 0.54; averaged over a year it was 0.11. These values of f were achieved by stands for which emergence was successful, for which the canopy expanded rapidly in the absence of drought and nutrient deficiency, and for which there was negligible senescence after anthesis. Such successful emergence and rapid expansion of the canopy have also been observed in wet conditions in the semi-arid tropics, but there leaf area usually decreases as a result of senescence to reduce f by about 10% after flowering (Reddy and Willey 1981, Alagarswamy and Bidinger 1985). Fractional interception may be reduced considerably more than this in the field by a shortage of nutrients, but there is a dearth of reliable quantitative information on such effects when water is also not limiting. In a simple model of light interception by pearl millet canopies well supplied with water and nutrients, Squire et al. (1984b) showed mean f to depend on three main factors: (a) maximum f, (b) the time from sowing to the time when f achieved half its maximum value, and (c) the time from sowing to maturity. Work in controlled environments at Nottingham showed that variation in solar radiation, 1.0 ( i ) ( i i ) 0.34 0.80 I 0.27 0.6 0.25 0.66 0.22 0.35 I I I 0.26 0.2 V IV 20 40 60 Time a f t e r sowing ( d ) Figure 1. Fractional interception of total solar radiation (f) for four stands of pearl millet ( B K 560) (i) before and (ii) after anthesis. Numbers I - V refer to crops in Table 1. Numbers above each curve show mean f. 221
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
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however, that wind plays an importa
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Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
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in sterilized distilled water. Leav
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
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Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
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(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
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Table 1. Differential and stable do
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ness against certain Phycomycetes (
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Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
Page 198 and 199: 186
Page 200 and 201: 188
Page 202 and 203: 190
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: 194
Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215: Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265: Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268: Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270: 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272: a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274: Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276: tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278: as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280: Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282: Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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