RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Production Constraints Low hybrid coverage. Hybrid seeds need to be replaced each year. Hybrid seed production requires technical skills, off-season or off-location facilities, and financial investment. In spite of best efforts, in 1982-83 only about 40% of the pearl millet seed used in India was hybrid (Singh, G., no date), but the coverage varies from state to state. Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab use more than 75%, Haryana 62%, Maharashtra and Karnataka approached 50%, while only 26% was used in the major millet growing state, Rajasthan. Slow varietal spread. The spread of varieties has been slow. Unlike hybrids, varieties are heterogeneous, nonsynchronous, may be low tillering, and commercial seed is less uniform. The average productivity of varieties is lower than hybrids in A I C - M I P trials (Table 5). The certification of varietal seed has been a problem because varieties, with few exceptions, are less easily identified or described, but large quantities of certified seed of varieties have been produced in India. Limited cultivar choice. The cultivation on a large scale of a single cultivar, such as HB 3, or now BJ 104, builds soil inoculum, resulting in varietal breakdown from increased disease pressure. Farmers should be encouraged to plant more than one cultivar to prevent the rapid spread of downy mildew, and to stabilize production under different agroclimatic conditions. The seed agencies should also be encouraged to produce diverse hybrids and varieties. Table 5. Comparative performance of pearl millet hybrids and varieties in all India trials. Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Hybrids (kg ha -1 ) Initial trial 1954 1950 2215 2082 2104 2299 1764 1825 1908 Advanced trial 2142 1883 2002 2109 2184 2328 2049 1863 2021 Varieties (kg ha -1 ) Initial trial 1318 1744 1831 1787 1893 1821 1272 1496 1594 Advanced trial 1540 1945 1683 1727 1924 1784 1694 1577 1524 Source: Progress Reports of the All India Coordinated Millets Improvement Project, 1977-86. Low plant populations. Grain yield is directly related to plant stand. Poor germination from low quality seed and low soil moisture leads to seedling death, reduced plant stands, and low grain yields. Plant stand establishment is critical to obtain higher grain yields. Farmyard manure in seed furrows has helped to establish plant stands and produce higher grain yields (1834 kg ha -1 ) than pora sowing (1083 kg ha -1 ) or kera sowing (1094 kg ha" 1 ) ( A I C M I P 1977-1982). Farmyard manure application also improves the soil. Chemical fertilizer. Pearl millet usually receives no or low amounts of chemical fertilizer, but its response to fertilizer is tremendous. Even without fertilization, a high-yielding variety or a hybrid outyields local cultivars. Nitrogen application, however, widens this difference, indicating that the high-yielding varieties and hybrids use nitrogen more efficiently. Based on the response to nitrogen application, it is estimated that for every 1 kg N applied, the hybrids or improved varieties return 10-15 kg of grain at 30-60 kg ha -1 N as compared to no application. However, 40 kg ha -1 N was found to be profitable for most of the pearl millet growing regions, but higher nitrogen levels (60-80 kg ha 1 ) are recommended in areas with assured rainfall such as Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. The response was also higher in hybrids than in synthetics and composites ( A I C M I P 1977-79). Weeds and weed control. Because weeds compete with crops for water, nutrients, air, and space, it is imperative to keep fields weed-free. Hand weeding is superior to herbicidal application, but is more expensive and labor intensive, two elements which are limited under dry farming conditions. Preemergence application of Atrazine at 0.5 kg ha -1 a.i. (active ingredient) reduced weeds from 1610 to 460 nr 2 , and increased grain yield by 23% from 1870 kg ha -1 (no weeding) to 2310 kg ha -1 , compared to repeated weedings (2670 kg ha -1 ) (De and Gautam 1987). Transplanting. Under normal conditions, direct sowing is superior to transplanting, but if sowing is delayed, transplanting is better than direct seeding. Transplanting should be done with 3-week-old seedlings, and could be extended up to mid-August where feasible. Transplanting offsets the rapid decline in grain yield from late seeding, helps cull diseased seedlings,and reduces the intensity of secondary infection. 11
Diseases. Diseases are endemic to pearl millet in India. Depending on weather conditions and genotype, downy mildew, ergot, and smut assume epidemic proportions. Downy mildew is a recurring threat, threatening high-yielding varieties since the 1970s. Ergot and smut lower only grain yield, but downy mildew also kills plants. Research Strategies Genetic Resources The pearl millet germplasm collection at I C R I S A T is 17 621 accessions from 42 countries as of September 1985. To be more useful, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of the accessions should be published in a catalogue, which would stimulate use of the collection. Breeding Hybrids and Varieties Heterogeneous hybrids. Phenotypically and genotypically homogeneous pearl millet hybrids are produced by crossing two inbred lines. This uniformity makes the hybrids vulnerable to diseases and pests. There is evidence that open-pollinated varieties are less susceptible to ergot and smut since they flower less synchronously, and pollination protects against these diseases. The use of partially inbred or openpollinated restorers introduces phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity into the hybrids, and may reduce disease incidence. Multicross hybrids. The single-cross pearl millet hybrids are quickly becoming vulnerable to diseases, particularly downy mildew, because of genetic homogeneity. Triple- and double-cross hybrids may provide phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity to resist diseases. Bold-seeded hybrids and varieties. Seed size is a significant component of grain yield. The commercial hybrids and varieties have small- to mediumbold grains, 4-6 g per 1000 grains, but grain size can vary from 2-14 g per 1000 grains. The private sector hybrids M B H 110 and M B H 118 are also bold seeded. It has become necessary to combine bold seed with higher effective tillering in male-sterile lines, restorers, and parents of open-pollinated varieties to produce higher-yielding, bold-grained hybrids and varieties. Sweet pearl millets. The need for dual-purpose grain and fodder pearl millet hybrids and varieties requires the attention of research workers. Brix readings can vary from 3-16%. The value of pearl millet would rise substantially if sweet pearl millets for sugar extraction could be bred. White- and yellow-grained pearl millets. Whitegrained pearl millets have an attractive color, high protein content, and are sweet. Yellow-grained pearl millets are rich in carotene, the precursor of vitamin A. The development of nutritionally superior whiteand yellow-grained pearl millets would enhance the food value of the millet consumed by the poorest section of the population, and may find a place in irrigated farming. Manipulation of Production Processes Adaptation, tillering, and plant density. High tillering potential appears to confer adaptive advantage to pearl millet in the semi-arid tropics. Low plant densities appear to promote tillering. Hybrids which have high tillering yielded more grain at low plant densities than composites and landraccs (Harinarayana 1980). Tillers are produced at the base and nodal points. The ratio of effective to basal tillers (0.35) favors basal tillers in hybrids compared to varieties (0.59) indicating that all basal tillers are not productive (Harinarayana 1980), and hence the source of photosynthates is limiting. Tillering differences indicate the necessity to intensify studies on tillering potential of different millet genotypes in relation to plant densities. Dry matter production and distribution. Hybrids and improved varieties produced more dry matter than local varieties. In spite of comparable harvest indices, hybrids produced higher grain yield than varieties, indicating high dry matter production and efficient distribution. Differences were also observed between early and late hybrids, and hybrids with common female and male parents. A l l these indicate the immense potential for breeding hybrids and varieties with higher harvest indices, or increased fodder production ( A I C M I P 1980). Effective water use. Nearly 40% of the cultivated area in India is likely to be irrigated during the 1980s. 12
Page 2 and 3: Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
Page 4 and 5: Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
Page 6 and 7: Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
Page 8 and 9: Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
Page 10 and 11: tropical countries i t w i l l be v
Page 12: Opening Session
Page 15 and 16: globusum has globose caryopses, and
Page 17 and 18: Area, Production, and Productivity:
Page 19 and 20: area increased substantially in Raj
Page 21: apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
Page 25 and 26: levels of adoption. The relative co
Page 27 and 28: Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
Page 30 and 31: Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
Page 32 and 33: The poor performance in food produc
Page 34 and 35: 900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
Page 36 and 37: population pressures in recent year
Page 38 and 39: Economics of Millet Production In 1
Page 40 and 41: ather than to yield increases, show
Page 42: Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
Page 45 and 46: making it possible to grow a number
Page 47 and 48: in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
Page 49 and 50: genome male-sterile lines, and A A
Page 51 and 52: Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
Page 53 and 54: Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
Page 55 and 56: Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
Page 57 and 58: Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
Page 60 and 61: peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
Page 62 and 63: Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
Page 64 and 65: properties for pearl millets. It is
Page 66 and 67: 54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
Page 68 and 69: the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
Page 70 and 71: Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
Page 72 and 73:
Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
Page 75 and 76:
Discussion The discussion of the pa
Page 77:
Improvement through Plant Breeding
Page 81 and 82:
Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
Page 83 and 84:
with protruding grains, but in the
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
Page 87 and 88:
lese millets constitute two distinc
Page 89 and 90:
turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
Page 91 and 92:
more to useful genetic diversificat
Page 93 and 94:
Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
Page 107 and 108:
Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
Page 109 and 110:
the weedy form can significantly in
Page 111 and 112:
Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
Page 113 and 114:
Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
Page 115 and 116:
ased on selection of drought-resist
Page 117:
Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
Page 120 and 121:
Andrews 1984), there are operationa
Page 122 and 123:
S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
Page 124 and 125:
Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
Page 126 and 127:
Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
Page 128 and 129:
Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
Page 130 and 131:
6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
Page 133 and 134:
Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
Page 135 and 136:
Table 2. Early released hybrids in
Page 137 and 138:
Table 6. Performance of third phase
Page 139 and 140:
Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
Page 143 and 144:
Senegal. This source is reported to
Page 145 and 146:
possible solutions to produce high
Page 147 and 148:
selected from IP 2696 has recently
Page 149:
Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
Page 153:
Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
Page 157:
Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
Page 160 and 161:
Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
Page 162 and 163:
2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165:
however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167:
Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169:
in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171:
Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173:
Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175:
(Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177:
Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179:
ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181:
Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183:
References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185:
Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187:
Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189:
antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191:
Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193:
Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195:
Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197:
184
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
188
Page 202 and 203:
190
Page 204 and 205:
192
Page 206 and 207:
194
Page 208 and 209:
Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211:
eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213:
200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 214 and 215:
Table 1. Predators, parasites, and
Page 216 and 217:
References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220:
Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222:
located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224:
They are not strong competitors in
Page 225:
Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229:
Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233:
much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235:
over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237:
224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239:
The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241:
228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243:
Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246:
Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248:
Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250:
• Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252:
in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254:
ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256:
stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257:
Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261:
919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
Page 264 and 265:
Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
Page 267 and 268:
Management Practices to Increase Yi
Page 269 and 270:
1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
Page 271 and 272:
a physical form similar to SSP and
Page 273 and 274:
Tillage The beneficial effects of t
Page 275 and 276:
tivars of different maturity groups
Page 277 and 278:
as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
Page 279 and 280:
Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
Page 281 and 282:
Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
Page 283 and 284:
15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
Page 285 and 286:
Table 2. Percentage of variation in
Page 287 and 288:
Table 3. Correlation of the drought
Page 289 and 290:
Selection for Traits Correlated to
Page 291:
Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
Page 295 and 296:
Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
Page 297 and 298:
Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
Page 299 and 300:
La couleur des grains est variable.
Page 301 and 302:
processed in different ways dependi
Page 303 and 304:
Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
Page 305 and 306:
Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
Page 307 and 308:
cultural practices such as early pl
Page 309 and 310:
Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
Page 311 and 312:
of synthetics and composite varieti
Page 313 and 314:
Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
Page 315 and 316:
available phosphate level in the so
Page 317 and 318:
Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
Page 319 and 320:
with cowpea system was the most eff
Page 321 and 322:
Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
Page 323 and 324:
diseases hitherto undescribed are c
Page 325 and 326:
Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
Page 327 and 328:
promising sources of resistance: Se
Page 329 and 330:
69-188 mm for total seedling length
Page 331:
un certain nombre de contraintes d'
Page 335 and 336:
Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
Page 337 and 338:
• those falling into other discip
Page 339 and 340:
Striga Breeding for resistance to S
Page 341:
ting improved cultivars to existing
Page 345 and 346:
Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4. Major constraints to produ
Page 349 and 350:
Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
Page 351 and 352:
Table 10. Area planted to released
Page 353:
Table 12. Production area and produ
Page 357 and 358:
Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
Page 359 and 360:
Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
Page 361 and 362:
M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
Page 363 and 364:
S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
Page 365 and 366:
ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
Page 367 and 368:
RA-00110
show all

RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?