RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT
RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT
RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT
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Production Constraints<br />
Low hybrid coverage. Hybrid seeds need to be<br />
replaced each year. Hybrid seed production requires<br />
technical skills, off-season or off-location facilities,<br />
and financial investment. In spite of best efforts, in<br />
1982-83 only about 40% of the pearl millet seed used<br />
in India was hybrid (Singh, G., no date), but the<br />
coverage varies from state to state. Gujarat, Andhra<br />
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab use more than<br />
75%, Haryana 62%, Maharashtra and Karnataka<br />
approached 50%, while only 26% was used in the<br />
major millet growing state, Rajasthan.<br />
Slow varietal spread. The spread of varieties has<br />
been slow. Unlike hybrids, varieties are heterogeneous,<br />
nonsynchronous, may be low tillering, and<br />
commercial seed is less uniform. The average productivity<br />
of varieties is lower than hybrids in A I C -<br />
M I P trials (Table 5). The certification of varietal<br />
seed has been a problem because varieties, with few<br />
exceptions, are less easily identified or described, but<br />
large quantities of certified seed of varieties have<br />
been produced in India.<br />
Limited cultivar choice. The cultivation on a large<br />
scale of a single cultivar, such as HB 3, or now BJ<br />
104, builds soil inoculum, resulting in varietal breakdown<br />
from increased disease pressure. Farmers<br />
should be encouraged to plant more than one cultivar<br />
to prevent the rapid spread of downy mildew,<br />
and to stabilize production under different agroclimatic<br />
conditions. The seed agencies should also be<br />
encouraged to produce diverse hybrids and varieties.<br />
Table 5. Comparative performance of pearl millet<br />
hybrids and varieties in all India trials.<br />
Year<br />
1977<br />
1978<br />
1979<br />
1980<br />
1981<br />
1982<br />
1983<br />
1984<br />
1985<br />
Hybrids (kg ha -1 )<br />
Initial<br />
trial<br />
1954<br />
1950<br />
2215<br />
2082<br />
2104<br />
2299<br />
1764<br />
1825<br />
1908<br />
Advanced<br />
trial<br />
2142<br />
1883<br />
2002<br />
2109<br />
2184<br />
2328<br />
2049<br />
1863<br />
2021<br />
Varieties (kg ha -1 )<br />
Initial<br />
trial<br />
1318<br />
1744<br />
1831<br />
1787<br />
1893<br />
1821<br />
1272<br />
1496<br />
1594<br />
Advanced<br />
trial<br />
1540<br />
1945<br />
1683<br />
1727<br />
1924<br />
1784<br />
1694<br />
1577<br />
1524<br />
Source: Progress Reports of the All India Coordinated Millets<br />
Improvement Project, 1977-86.<br />
Low plant populations. Grain yield is directly<br />
related to plant stand. Poor germination from low<br />
quality seed and low soil moisture leads to seedling<br />
death, reduced plant stands, and low grain yields.<br />
Plant stand establishment is critical to obtain higher<br />
grain yields.<br />
Farmyard manure in seed furrows has helped to<br />
establish plant stands and produce higher grain<br />
yields (1834 kg ha -1 ) than pora sowing (1083 kg ha -1 )<br />
or kera sowing (1094 kg ha" 1 ) ( A I C M I P 1977-1982).<br />
Farmyard manure application also improves the<br />
soil.<br />
Chemical fertilizer. Pearl millet usually receives no<br />
or low amounts of chemical fertilizer, but its response<br />
to fertilizer is tremendous. Even without fertilization,<br />
a high-yielding variety or a hybrid outyields<br />
local cultivars. Nitrogen application, however, widens<br />
this difference, indicating that the high-yielding<br />
varieties and hybrids use nitrogen more efficiently.<br />
Based on the response to nitrogen application, it is<br />
estimated that for every 1 kg N applied, the hybrids<br />
or improved varieties return 10-15 kg of grain at<br />
30-60 kg ha -1 N as compared to no application.<br />
However, 40 kg ha -1 N was found to be profitable for<br />
most of the pearl millet growing regions, but higher<br />
nitrogen levels (60-80 kg ha 1 ) are recommended in<br />
areas with assured rainfall such as Gujarat and Uttar<br />
Pradesh. The response was also higher in hybrids<br />
than in synthetics and composites ( A I C M I P 1977-79).<br />
Weeds and weed control. Because weeds compete<br />
with crops for water, nutrients, air, and space, it is<br />
imperative to keep fields weed-free. Hand weeding is<br />
superior to herbicidal application, but is more<br />
expensive and labor intensive, two elements which<br />
are limited under dry farming conditions. Preemergence<br />
application of Atrazine at 0.5 kg ha -1 a.i.<br />
(active ingredient) reduced weeds from 1610 to 460<br />
nr 2 , and increased grain yield by 23% from 1870 kg<br />
ha -1 (no weeding) to 2310 kg ha -1 , compared to<br />
repeated weedings (2670 kg ha -1 ) (De and Gautam<br />
1987).<br />
Transplanting. Under normal conditions, direct<br />
sowing is superior to transplanting, but if sowing is<br />
delayed, transplanting is better than direct seeding.<br />
Transplanting should be done with 3-week-old seedlings,<br />
and could be extended up to mid-August<br />
where feasible. Transplanting offsets the rapid decline<br />
in grain yield from late seeding, helps cull diseased<br />
seedlings,and reduces the intensity of secondary<br />
infection.<br />
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