RA 00110.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 1. Predators, parasites, and pathogens observed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae of Raghuva albipunctella in the Sahel. Order Family Species of insect/ pathogen Stage attacked Predators Hemiptera Anthocoridae Pentatomidae Reduviidae Orius sp. Glypsus conspicuus Westw. Ectomocoris fenestratus Flug. Katanga etiennei Schouted on egg, larva larva larva larva Coleoptera Carabidae Chlaenius boisduvalii Dejean C.dusaultii Dufour Pheropsophus sp.nr.lafertei Arrow larva larva larva Hymenoptera Eumenidae Formicidae Vespidae Chrysopidae unidentified unidentified Polistes sp. Chrysopa sp. larva larva, pupa larva larva Parasites Hymenoptera Bethylidae Braconidae Chalcididae Encyrtidae Ichneumonidae Trichogrammatidae Goniozus sp. Apanteies sp. (Ultor group) Bracon hebetor Say Bracon spp. Cardiochiles sp. unidentified Litomastix sp. Hardromanus sp. Trichogrammatoidea sp. larva larva larva larva larva larva egg pupa egg Diptera Nematode Bombyliidae Tachinidae Meramithidae Thyridanthrax sp.nr. kappa Bowden Goniophthalmus halli Mes. Hexamermis sp. pupa larva larva Pathogens Fungi Fungi Imperfecti Aspergillus flavus Link Aspergillus sp. (Ochraceus group) larva larva Bacterium - unidentified larva biotic potential, and environmental adaptability. Exchange of East and West African material is planned following the indications of Mohyuddin and Greathead (1970). Integrated Pest Management Integrated pest management combines various practical, efficient, and economical methods to maintain pest levels below the economic threshold. In the case of the spike worm R. albipunctella, the methods tested include use of an improved cultivar (IBV 8001, apparently pest and disease resistant), release of parasites (particularly B. hebetor), and only one application at early heading of an insecticide known to be safe for auxiliary fauna (endosulfan). Detailed studies on the biology and ecology of the pests and their parasites, and on the different control methods, are required to determine a global strategy against the pearl millet pest complex (NDoye et al. 1984). Integrated pest management is a practical method, and appears to offer the only global.solution that can be applied throughout West Africa and the Sahel under the present cropping conditions. Conclusion and Perspectives The analysis of the prevailing pest situation has led the Sahelian countries to choose a global, integrated pest management program against pests of all food 202
Table 2. Predators, parasites, and pathogen observed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae of Acigona ignefusalis in the Sahel. Order Family Species of insect/ pathogen Stage attacked Predators Arachnida - Pyemotes ventricesus Newfs. larva Parasites Diptera Chloropidae Ceratopogon risbeci Seguy Epimadiza sp. larva pupa Phoridae Aphiochaeta sp. larva Tachinidae Sturmiopsis parasitica Curr. larva, pupa Hymenoptera Bethylidae Braconidae Goniozus precerae Risb. Apanteles sesamiae Cam. Euvipio rufa Szepl. E. fascialis Szepl. Glyptomorpha sp. Rhaconotus soudanensis Wilkn. larva larva larva larva pupa larva Chalcididae Hyporchalcidia soudanensis Stef. pupa Encyrtidae Euzkadia sp. ( integralis Merc.) larva Eulophidae Pediobius furvus Gah. Tetrastichus atriclavus Wtrst. pupa pupa Ichneumonidae Chasmias sp. Dentichasmias busseolae Hein Syzeuctus spp. pupa pupa larva Seelionidae Platytelenomus hylas Nixon egg Pathogen Fungus - Metarrhizium anisopliae (Met.) Sorok larva crops in order to maintain pest levels below economic thresholds. The integration of all appropriate methods based on the ecology and dynamics of pest populations should be relevant for small farmers. In order to develop a feasible complex of methods, the objective of pest management in the given cropping system, and possible constraints (biological, technical, socioeconomic, etc.) expected during the operations, should be clearly established (Geiger 1982). The results from the CILSS Projet Lutte Integree in the Sahelian countries would be useful in formulating a preliminary strategy, but this approach raises certain problems. In-depth studies on the economic thresholds, and the bioecology of the major pests are essential, because research will remain a predominant factor until results can be applied in farmers' fields. Pearl millet pest control programs should be based on varietal resistance and biological control. This ideal combination requires minimum effort from farmers. Other techniques such as burning or burying stalks and postharvest cultivation should be used depending on the nature of the pest. Chemical control should not be rejected completely, but used judiciously according to the target pest and chemical products used. Millet is a staple food crop in the Sahel and will be grown despite the present constraints. However, a relevant multidisciplinary approach to crop protection problems will provide long-term solutions and real advantages that cannot be measured in economic terms, but in terms of stable and regular yields. Such an approach would benefit the Sahelian farmer considerably. In order to achieve this, pest surveys and studies on the dynamics of the major pests—particularly stem borers and spike worms—should be advanced further. Population dynamics data is useful to establish a warning system that is essential to all integrated pest management programs. Finally, the transfer of research results of the last few years to the farmer should be intensified. 203
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Cover: Ex-Bornu, an important landr
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Correct citation: I C R I S A T (In
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Pearl Millet Entomology Insect Pest
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Potential and Prospects of Pearl Mi
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tropical countries i t w i l l be v
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Opening Session
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globusum has globose caryopses, and
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Area, Production, and Productivity:
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area increased substantially in Raj
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apply complex fertilizer at 20-60 k
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Diseases. Diseases are endemic to p
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levels of adoption. The relative co
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Socioeconomic Factors Management. T
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Pearl Millet in African Agriculture
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The poor performance in food produc
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900 800 700 600 Mean 500 400 300 20
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population pressures in recent year
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Economics of Millet Production In 1
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ather than to yield increases, show
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Simpara, M. B. 1985. La recherche s
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making it possible to grow a number
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in about 30 accessions. Unlike mono
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genome male-sterile lines, and A A
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Pearl m i l l e t (Pennisetum ameri
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Vasil, V., and Vasil, I . K . 1981a
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Introduction Pearl millet (Penniset
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Clean sorghum o r m i l l e t G r i
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peas, peanuts, or baobab leaves. Wh
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Beer Two major kinds of beer are pr
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properties for pearl millets. It is
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54 Figure 9. A. Pearl millet with a
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the germ (McDonough 1986). The high
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Table 6. Nitrogen distribution in s
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Banigo, E.O.I., de Man, J.B., and D
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Discussion The discussion of the pa
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Improvement through Plant Breeding
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Diversity and Utilization of Pearl
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with protruding grains, but in the
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Table 2. Pearl millet accessions as
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lese millets constitute two distinc
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turn, P. purpureum, (Dujardin and H
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more to useful genetic diversificat
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Hanna, W . W . , Wells, H . D . , a
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Varietal Improvement of Pearl Mille
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the weedy form can significantly in
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Table 3. Evaluation of heterosis in
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Table 4. Grain yield of local 3/4 p
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ased on selection of drought-resist
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Marchais, L., and Pernes, J. 1985.
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Andrews 1984), there are operationa
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S h o r t - t e r m g o a l s I n t
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Table 4a. Prediction equations, adv
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Table 4c. Prediction equations, adv
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Nebraska B s y n t h e t i c o r i
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6 P o p u l a t i o n c r o s s e s
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Pearl Millet Hybrids H . R . Dave 1
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Table 2. Early released hybrids in
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Table 6. Performance of third phase
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Breeding Pearl Millet Male-Sterile
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Table 1. Male-sterile lines of pear
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Senegal. This source is reported to
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possible solutions to produce high
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selected from IP 2696 has recently
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Burton, G.W., and Athwal, D.S. 1967
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Biological Factors Affecting Pearl
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Moderator's Overview Biological Fac
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Introduction Downy mildew of pearl
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2 3 1 2 4 6 I 5 3 1 A s e x u a l s
Page 164 and 165: however, that wind plays an importa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4. Figure assembly to demons
Page 168 and 169: in sterilized distilled water. Leav
Page 170 and 171: Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D .
Page 172 and 173: Tasugi, H. 1933. Studies on Japanes
Page 174 and 175: (Decarvalho 1949), Nigeria (King an
Page 176 and 177: Table 1. Differential and stable do
Page 178 and 179: ness against certain Phycomycetes (
Page 180 and 181: Large s c a l e f i e l d s c r e e
Page 182 and 183: References A I C M I P ( A U India
Page 184 and 185: Sun, M . H . , Chang, S.S., and Tsa
Page 186 and 187: Introduction Ergot (Claviceps fusif
Page 188 and 189: antidotale (Thakur and Kanwar 1978)
Page 190 and 191: Table 1. Performance of some select
Page 192 and 193: Table 4. Performance of some select
Page 194 and 195: Siddiqui, M . R . , and Khan, I . D
Page 196 and 197: 184
Page 198 and 199: 186
Page 200 and 201: 188
Page 202 and 203: 190
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: 194
Page 208 and 209: Sahelian Zone Tunisia 0 km 1000 Mor
Page 210 and 211: eflexa, and other scarab beetle spe
Page 212 and 213: 200 Partially Burning, Bagging, and
Page 216 and 217: References Appert, J. 1957. Les Par
Page 219 and 220: Role and Utilization of Microbial A
Page 221 and 222: located through the root phloem. In
Page 223 and 224: They are not strong competitors in
Page 225: Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I . L . , and
Page 229: Climatic and Edaphic Limitations to
Page 232 and 233: much larger, about 2-4 kPa. Differe
Page 234 and 235: over the range that occurs in the f
Page 236 and 237: 224 top 2 m holds from 100-250 mm o
Page 238 and 239: The conservative nature of qD is ex
Page 240 and 241: 228 Table 4. Root and shoot charact
Page 242 and 243: Research on all these responses sho
Page 245 and 246: Making Millet Improvement Objective
Page 247 and 248: Table 1. Percentage of cultivated a
Page 249 and 250: • Well adapted, early-maturity, l
Page 251 and 252: in tests conducted by ICRISAT on fa
Page 253 and 254: ing a relatively good year in the S
Page 255 and 256: stress, as well as to genetic diffe
Page 257: Norman, D . W . , Newman, M . D . ,
Page 260 and 261: 919.0 1212.0, Total area: 11.19 m i
Page 262 and 263: Table 4. Economics of pearl millet
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Azospirillum as a Seed Inoculant Az
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Management Practices to Increase Yi
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1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 300 100
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a physical form similar to SSP and
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Tillage The beneficial effects of t
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tivars of different maturity groups
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as fertility. The nitrogen contribu
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Greenland, D.J. 1958. Nitrate fluct
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Breeding for Adaptation to Environm
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15 S i k a r D i s t r i c t 15 Nia
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Table 2. Percentage of variation in
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Table 3. Correlation of the drought
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Selection for Traits Correlated to
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Discussion Squire's paper drew on d
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Androgenesis and Enzymatic Diversit
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Research on Pearl Millet Hybrids in
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La couleur des grains est variable.
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processed in different ways dependi
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Genetic Divergence in Landraces of
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Pearl Millet Regional Trials by CIL
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cultural practices such as early pl
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Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pes
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of synthetics and composite varieti
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Pearl Millet Microbiology Potential
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available phosphate level in the so
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Pearl Millet Production in Drier Ar
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with cowpea system was the most eff
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Pearl Millet Pathology Disease Inci
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diseases hitherto undescribed are c
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Stunt and Counter-Stunt Symptoms in
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promising sources of resistance: Se
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69-188 mm for total seedling length
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un certain nombre de contraintes d'
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Priorities for Crop Protection Rese
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• those falling into other discip
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Striga Breeding for resistance to S
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ting improved cultivars to existing
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Survey of Pearl Millet Production a
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Table 4. Major constraints to produ
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Table 6. Extent of cultivation of r
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Table 10. Area planted to released
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Table 12. Production area and produ
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Participants Botswana Louis Mazhani
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Madhya Pradesh G.S. Chauhan Millet
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M . N . Prasad Professor & Head Cot
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S.K. Manzo Plant Pathologist Depart
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ICRISAT Center S. Appa Rao Botanist
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RA-00110
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